Ismail Enver

Ismail Enver (Istanbul, November 22nd 1881, August 4th 1922) known by Europeans during his political career like Enver Pasha (Turkish: Enver Paşa ) or Enver Bey , was a military officer and one of the chiefs of the revolution Young person-Turks.

Biography

Its origins and its family

He was born in Istanbul from a family of origin Gagaouze converted with Islam at the 18th century into the Crimea. His/her father was a Turkish railway employee. His/her father wanted that Enver has best possible education, thus it starts part of his studies in Germany. He enters the Othoman Armée later a few years and accepted a modern military formation in the Prussian guard where he will be enormously influenced by the Western ideas.

The military career and the revolution of the Young person-Turks

In 1902 it is affected in Macedonia to fight against the nationalist men of the maquis Greek and Bulgarian.

It joined the Young person-Turks in 1906, a liberal political group and reformist. It is one of the principal organizers of the military revolution which obliged the sultan Abdülhamid II to restore the Othoman Constitution of 1876, and it is also responsible for the coup d'etat which obliged the sultan to abdicate.

It spends thereafter some time to Berlin, then one asks him to return to Istanbul to crush the counter-revolution Islamiste developed by the sultan.

In 1911, it marries Nadjié (born in 1899), the little girl of the Abdulmedjid Sultan, therefore the niece of the Sultan Mehmed V. He became thus family member imperial. It was about a marriage arranged for political reasons, the grooms met for the first time that after the marriage.

In 1911 and 1912 it directs the guerillas in Tripolitaine, during the conflict against the Italy. It returns to Istanbul for the Guerre of Balkans which marks the end of Othoman sovereignty in Balkans, after the revolt of the Young person-Turks in January 1913.

Years of being able

He convenes the management committee of “Union and Progress” and with radical officers. He decides to seize the power, he invades the seat of the government (the Sublime Door) and kills with end carrying the Minister for the Nazim war, and drives out Kamil Pasha and the members of the cabinet. After having reversed the government, it even constitutes a triumvirate made up of him, Talat Pasha and Cemal Pasha. The triumvirate is then made grant the full powerss by a terrorized room and puts the Parliament on vacation. A group of politician protests against the intrigues authoritative of Enver, they are made stop and hang.

In July 1913, it engages in Bulgaria where it takes again Edirne. It consequently is named, the conqueror of Edirné .

After the assassination of the top dog Mahmoud Chevket the June 21st 1913, the liberal federalists are enormously weakened and the unionistic ones take again the capacity. Marrying Naciye, the niece of the sultan, it reinforces his position and obtains a certain immunity vis-a-vis its political adversaries.

The First World War

Persuaded that it would have a great future, it engages the Ottoman Empire in the camp of the central powers during the First World War. Germany relied on him so much that the German authorities speak about Enverland to indicate the Turkey. It was its war, a war which would enable him to become the leader undeniable and uncontested of the Ottoman Empire, and to be able to implement its ideas panturquists. It transforms the Sultan Mehmed V, old man and apprehensive to undergo the fate of his two beforehand détrônés and imprisoned brothers, in a Head of State which does not have any real capacity and which signs all that one sends to him without putting the least question. This point that Mehmed V was not even with the current which its State was going to enter in war to the sides of Germany.

It personally directs the forwarding of Sarikamis in 1914 on Russian. This operation is a strategic disaster and the majority of its 90.000 men died, not because of the confrontations but because of the cold. It saves its own life of accuracy and does not take part any more in any military operation. Of fear of breaking the moral national, a severe censure is applied to this dark page of the History whose details were revealed that years later.

In April 1915, in full war, it gave the authorization to Talat Pasha, the Minister of Interior Department, to organize the deportation of the Othoman Armenians, which was balanced on qualified massacres of genocide.

He resigns and flees on November 2nd 1918 for the Germany then in Central Asia a few days after the victory of Alliés in 1918 and before the signature of the Armistice of Moudros the October 30th 1918, on board a German submarine. The three pashas flee and a court of Istanbul condemns them to dead for their participation in the Armenian genocide.

After the war

It takes refuge in Germany with Neubabelsberg. It tries to return to Turkey in 1920 to take again the head of the nationalist movement but the influence of Mustafa Kemal prevents it. It takes part in the congress of Bakou organized by the International Communist, and who brings together the Turkish-speaking people of the Soviet Russia and abroad.

It contacts German officers then to continue the war in Central Asia against the the United Kingdom. Its objective was to reunify the Turkish-speaking armed forces of the Central Asia with the units of the Red Army to create independent Turkéstan.

It thus approaches thereafter the Bolchevik S and it leaves for the Turkestan (current Tadjikistan) to repress a panislamic revolt , but it betrays the the USSR to organize a Moslem resistance vis-a-vis the communist while being pressed on the Turkish-speaking people of the Central Asia.

After having battled during more than one year, he sees his resources becoming exhausted and his last companions of fight to leave it.

Given up on all, it decides in a great despair to charge only a battalion with the Red Army in great behavior. Into full winter, close to Baldzhuan to the Tadjikistan, he springs through the plain towards the Russian infantrymen. The commander of the battalion gives the order to shoot at this man who charges with far. He is killed the August 4th 1922, after his death, the Soviet battalion carries on his road as if nothing had occurred.

Spring following Russian discover his body laid down in the steppe. Its uniform of general and its decorations made it possible to identify it. Its chest was sifted balls, and its head turned towards the East.

The heritage

The August 4th 1996, the body of Enver is repatriated in Turkey since the Tadjikistan. It was buried like a national hero on the Colline of Freedom ( Abide-i Hürriyet Tepesi ), in Şişli, on European bank of Istanbul.

References

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