The Islamic term philosophy () indicates the whole of the knowledge, philosophical reflections and questionings whose authors are Penseur S Musulman S. It is all at the same time the large heiress of the Greek Philosophie and Roman and of the Tradition Coranique. It also influenced Western philosophies medieval and modern.

Origins and influences

The sources of Islamic philosophy come at the same time from the Islam in itself (Coran and Sunna ) as well as philosophy Greek, Iranian pre-Islamic and Indian.

It is while seeking to refine the doctrines of Islam and to interpret the Hadith correctly, while extrapolating on the religious questions which had not been explicitly solved in Coran that with the method of the Ijtihad begin the first philosophical and theological debates in Islam, in particular between the partisans of the free will or Qadar (of Arabic: will qadara, which has the capacity), and the Djabarites (of djabar force, constraint), in favor of the Fatalisme.

The Théologie in Islam must answer interrogations concerning the Théodicée, the eschatology, the Anthropologie, the negative Théologie and of compared Religion.

  • the hellenistic Philosophy of Islam (Falsafa)
  • dialectical theology (Kalâm)
  • the Sufism, esoteric theory of Islam.
  • the literalistic schools (Atharisme as for the madhhab Hanbalisme)

Traditional period

See also: Kalâm, Falsafa

The Madhhab motazilite was born from an opposition to the traditional sights of the Moslems in favor of the Califat. Then, being interested in the attacks which Islam on behalf of the not-Moslems underwent, these motazilists quickly became obsessed by the debate with other theologies and currents of thought inside Islam itself.

Very quickly, encouraged by the caliph Al-Mamun who made motazilism the doctrines official in 827 and will create the Maison of wisdom in 832, philosophy Greek was introduced into the Persan and Arab intellectual mediums. The peripatetic École started to have representatives among them: it was the case of Al-Kindi, of Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina (Avicenne), and of Ibn Rushd (Averroès).

Those which sought by a philosophical demonstration to consolidate and show the cogency of their religious faith were recruited by Hunayn ibn Ishaq, a Arab Christian who directed the Maison of wisdom in the 870. They collected, translated and synthesized all that the genius of the other cultures Greek, Indian, Iranian could produce before undertaking the comments on these works and formed the bases of the Moslem philosophy of. Those which will use this methodology known as Ilm - Al-Kalâm based on the Greek Dialectique will be to call mutakalamin . In answer to the Motazilisme, Abu Al-Hassan Al-Ash' ari, initially a motazilist himself, developed Kalâm and founded the school of thought acharite which was based on this methodology. Thus the kalâm and the falsafa will influence several Madhhab S. the Karaïtes, a branch of the Judaïsme, are inspired also little by little by the dialectical form of the kalâm to be opposed to their adversaries. These philosophers are done called the Mas' udi . Their arguments and reasoning will influence in return the Moslem sights.

Under the Abbasid caliphate of the S, a certain number of thinkers and scientists, and among them of many Moslems " hérétiques" or of the not-Moslems, played a role in the transmission in the Occident of the knowledge Greek, Indian, and other wisdoms pre-Islamic, mésopotamienne and Iranian woman. Three speculative thinkers, both Persan Al-Farabi and Avicenne, and the Arab Al-Kindi, combined the Aristotélisme and the Néoplatonisme with other currents in Islam. They were regarded by much as deviating compared to religious orthodoxy, and some judged them even like philosophers not-Moslems.

The ismaélien are not with the variation of the influence of philosophy] and several thinkers collaborates to produce with Basra an encyclopedia: the Ikhwan Al-Safa.

12th century

The 12th century sees the apotheosis of pure philosophy and the decline of Kalâm, later. This supreme exaltation of philosophy must be allotted, to a large extent with Persan Al-Ghazali and the Jew Juda Halevi. By emitting criticisms, they produced by reaction a current favorable to philosophy by a making and calling into question of the concepts their theories more logical and clearer. Ibn Bajjah and Averroès produced most beautiful works of the Islamic thought. Averroès closes the debate by its work of a great boldness. The fury of the Orthodoxes is indeed such as the debate is not possible any more. The orthodoxe ones are caught some without distinction with all the philosophers and make burn the books. With the death of Averroès, the Arab peripatetic school of thought declined while the loss of Spain to the profit of the Christians; will allow the debate to continue in Occident, via the Jews, and more particularly of the Maïmonide S.

In the East, peripatetic philosophy continued with the Othoman court of the emperors S, in Iran or India such as for example with the philosophers ignored like Chah Waliullah and Ahmad Sirhindi. Schools were based such as that of Ibn Arabî, Sohrawardi and Mulla Sadra and are always active. Moreover, logic continued to be taught in the religious seminars until today. It is of tradition to separate the philosophical schools concerned by the beliefs Chiite S and those which are not it.

Modern philosophy

The Hikmah continues to be taught. Allama Muhammad Iqbal is a large thinker of the Indian sub-continent which reformed and reinvigorated Islamic philosophy at the beginning of the 20th century.

Islamic philosophers

See also: Philosophical of Islam sunnite

A faylasuf is a Arab Philosophe, heir to Greek philosophy in the particular context of Islam ( falsafa ). The mutakalamin are the partisans of the Kalâm

Other contemporary thinkers are also known:

  • Allama Muhammad Iqbal
  • Sayyid Abul Went Maududi
  • Ismail Al-Faruqi
  • Fazlur Rahman
  • Allameh Tabatabaei and Moussa Sader
  • Morteza Motahhari
  • Ali Shariati
  • Sayyid Abul-Hassan Rafi' I Qazwini
  • Allamah Muhammad Salih Ha' iri Simnanin
  • Mirza Mahdi Ha' iri
  • Murtaza Motahhari
  • Seyyed Hossein Nasr.
  • In Malaysia, Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas a thinker in metaphysics.

See too

Related articles

  • Philosophy

  • Islamic Sciences and technology
  • Néoplatonisme

External bonds

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