Intranet

Biography

Youth

Henri Dunant is born the May 8th 1828 in a family turned towards the Calvinisme: he is the oldest son of the trading Jean-Jacques Dunant and his wife Antoinette Dunant-Colladon which live with number 12 of the street Verlaine. His/her parents have an influence in the city and engage in the social action: his/her father is member of the Representative council, ancestor of the Municipal council of the town of Geneva, and is concerned with fate of the Orphelin S and former criminals whereas his mother who works in the sector of the benevolence - in particular for the poor and the patients - is the girl of Henri Colladon, director of the hospital and Maire of the commune of Avully. The welfare activities of the parents influence the education of their children: the social responsibility is early inculcated in Henri, his two sisters and his/her two younger brothers. Henri himself is characterized early by the intensity from his religious enthusiasm. Engaged in a evangelic church, it is assiduous with the Sermon S of the Pasteur Gaussen given to the Chapelle of the Oratory and reads the Bible regularly. It is sometimes quoted as having belonged to the Franc-maçonnerie even if the Company Henry Dunant indicates that no maconnic Loge it forever asserted like member. With the desire to engage with the social status, Dunant, influenced by a religious current present in Geneva and in other French-speaking areas and indicated under the name of Alarm clock at the 19th century, engages at the 18 years age within the Company for donations of alms. The following year, wishing to develop a less individual action, it organizes with friends the “Meeting of Thursday” which constitutes a regrouping of young men meeting in order to study the Bible and to support the stripped and sick people. It will become thereafter the Union of Geneva which it finances, for which it recruits the first members and of which he will become international secretary. It also passes most of its evenings and of its free Sundays to visit the prisoners of the prison of Évêché (disappeared today) and to help the poor. The November 30th 1852, it founds a Genevese group which will form the core of the Young Men' S Christian Association (YMCA) founded three years later with Paris and whose charter will be written by Dunant.

On the basis of its bad mark, Dunant leaves precociously the Collège Calvin and begins in 1849 a three years teaching at the banking Lullin and Sautter. At the end of its formation, there becomes employed of Banque but remains active with the social plan.

Businesses in Algeria

In 1853, Dunant visits, in the name of the Genevese Compagnie of the Swiss colonies which received a ground with Sétif by concession of the French government, the Algérie, the Tunisia and the Sicily. In spite of weak concrete results, it leads the businesses of its clients successfully. Inspired of its impressions of voyage, it writes and publishes in 1858 its first work entitled Notice on the Regency of Tunis . Using this book, it succeeds in reaching several scientific companies.

In 1856, it founds a colonial company and, after having obtained a ground concession in Algeria, sets up later two years the Finance company and industrial of the mills of Mons-Djémila at Saint-Arnaud (current El Eulma). Nevertheless, the authorization of the exploitation of a Fall of water to make function its mills does not arrive because the legislations on the rivers and the grounds are not clear and the proper colonial authorities are hardly shown co-operative. In 1858, Dunant also takes the French nationality so facilitating the access to the concessions of the colonial power.

One year later, it decides to address directly to the emperor Napoleon III whereas this one stopped with its armed in Lombardy. Indeed, the France fights there at the sides of the Piémontais against the Autrichiens which occupy of most of the north of the current Italy. The general headquarter of Napoleon III is in the small town of Solférino located near the Lake Garda. Dunant writes initially a praise with the emperor so that this one accepts its request. It then goes to Solférino in order to meet the emperor personally.

Battle of Solférino

Foundation of the Red Cross

Under the shock of these events, it turns over at the beginning of July to Geneva. On recommendation of his mother, it spends initially a month in the Chalet which a family friend with Montreux has. Then, it leaves for several weeks to Paris. For its action with Solférino, it receives in January 1860, at the same time as the Genevese doctor Louis Appia, the Order of Maurice saint and holy Lazare on behalf of the king of Italy Victor-Emmanuel II, the second more important distinction of the transalpine kingdom.

With the beginning of the year 1860, it initially tries to improve the financial position of its companies in Algérie, which it however does not manage to do. Moreover, since it cannot forget what it lived with Solférino, it writes its impressions of war to a friend living in Geneva, the countess of Gasparin, which makes them publish anonymously in the Journal of Geneva . It is the first time that one describes the horrors of a battle field. On its return, it begins the drafting from a book: a memory of Solférino . It described there the battle, the sufferings and the chaos of the following days. Moreover, it develops the idea to with it that the sorrow of the Soldat S could be reduced in the future. In all the countries, humanitarian organizations, founded on the neutrality and voluntariate, should be authorized to look after the casualties in the event of war:

a soldier out of combat because of its wounds ceases being an enemy and must from now on be regarded as an human being which needs assistance.
the doctors and the male nurses will be able to give their care without fear to be captured. Thus they will not be forced to give up their casualties in the event of unfavourable opening.

In September 1862, it makes print the book with its own expenses at the Genevese Imprimerie Fick and distributes the 1600 specimens to a great number of political personalities and soldiers of all the Europe. Thereafter, Dunant accomplishes voyages through the Continent to spread its idea. This book is received almost unanimously in a positive way, with interest and enthusiasm, whereas Dunant receives recognition and sympathy. In December 1862, an 2nd edition is printed whereas with the beginning of the year following, a third version is printed and translated into English, German, Italian and Swedish. Among the little of negative reactions appear that of the Minister for the French war, Jacques Louis Randon for which the book is directed “against the France”. In addition, Florence Nightingale is shown surprisingly critical since it thinks that the companies of assistance proposed by Dunant would undertake a task which fall on the governments.

The president of the Company of Genevese public utility, the lawyer Gustave Moynier, made of this book and the ideas of Dunant the topic of the assembly of the members of his held company the February 9th 1863. The proposals of Dunant are examined and regarded as valid and realizable by the various members. Dunant itself is named as member of a commission which also includes/understands Moynier, the general Guillaume-Henri Dufour as well as the doctors Louis Appia and Theodore Maunoir. During its first meeting the February 17th, the five members decide to transform the commission into Safety and Health Committee. This day since is regarded as the creation date of the International committee of help to the wounded soldiers indicated as of 1876 under the name of International committee of the Red Cross. Dufour becomes about it the first president with Moynier as vice-president and Dunant as secretary of the committee.

Conflict with Moynier

Bankruptcy and forfeiture

The year 1865 is marked in Algérie by a series of catastrophic events: Revolt S, a epidemic of Cholera, an invasion of Grasshopper S, seisms, a Dryness and a Winter unusually rigorous. For all these reasons, but also - for a significant share - because he up to that point neglected his business to promote his ideas, the financial position of Dunant worsens appreciably. In April 1867 takes place the winding-up of the finance company taking part in its companies: the Genevese Credit. Its affiliation with the Board of directors of this company causes a Scandale and it is constrained to announce the bankruptcy its company whereas its family and friends are also implied in its companies of share their investments. The August 17th, it is condemned by the Genevese bankruptcy court for fraudulent bankruptcy. Because of the social constraints of the time, this economic crash landing led to requests for withdrawal of the international committee. The August 25th, it resigns of its post of secretary of the committee and is completely excluded from this one the September 8th. Moynier, who dealt with the presidency of the committee in 1864, plays a crucial role in this exclusion.

The mother of Dunant dies the February 2nd 1868. During the year, it is also excluded from the YMCA. As of March 1867, it had left Geneva which it will not re-examine any more after its rejection by the Genevese company succeeding its legal judgment. Moynier will probably on different occasions use his relations and his influence to prevent that Dunant does not receive from the financial aid of his/her friends or partisans coming from various countries. In addition, the Médaille of Or of sciences morals of the World Fair of Paris is not given to him as envisaged - by the fact of operations of Moynier - but to Moynier, Dufour and Dunant, so that the money related to the price is transferred directly in the case from the international committee. The offer of the emperor Napoleon III to deal with half of the Dette S of Dunant, if his/her friends deal with other half, also fails because of Moynier.

Dunant leaves to be established with Paris where he lives under very modest conditions. It tries however to propagate its ideas again. During the Franco-German war of 1870 - 1871, it founds the Company of general assistance then general Alliance for the order and civilization. Its objectives are the reduction in the number of armed conflicts, of the extent of the involved forces and oppression by improving by a formation the standards morals and cultural of the ordinary citizens of the company. Moreover Alliance for the protection of workers is set up fighting against the exploitation of the latter just as against the influence considered as corrupting and atheistic of the International association of the workers founded in 1864 at London. During the recruitment of the members of general Alliance for the order and civilization, Dunant will require negotiations on the Désarmement and the installation of a international court of justice charged to manage the conflicts interetatic in order to regulate them without use of the force.

Action in favor of the prisoners of war

During the first congress of general Alliance for the order and civilization held in 1872 with Paris, an article of Dunant concerning the treatment of the prisoner of war is read with the participants. He had already written this article in 1867 for the first conference of the Croix-Rouge but this contribution had however not been examined. After these proposals were adopted with enthusiasm by the people present, Dunant tries, through a voyage in England, to gain supports for the organization of an International Conference in connection with the question of the prisoners of war. It holds of the speeches, in particular the August 6th with London and the September 11th with Plymouth in front of the members of Social the Science Association whose objectives are comparable with those of general Alliance for the order and civilization. During its speech with Plymouth, he knows a Malayan because of an accumulation of tiredness.

Its proposals again meet an approval and an unquestionable enthusiasm. Shortly after that Napoleon III still ensured it of its support, this one dies the January 9th 1873 of an operation of the gallstones. In February 1874, Dunant is named international secretary at the time of the first congress of the Company for the improvement of the conditions of the prisoners of war lately created with Paris. This one projects the implementation of a diplomatic conference for May of the same year and request with Dunant to help with the preparations with Paris. On the initiative of the Tsar Alexandre II of Russia, it goes however in July and in August 1874 to Brussels to attend a similar conference. On the basis of discussion carrying on a project of the Russian Government intended to widen the convention signed in Geneva, the proposals of Dunant in favor of the prisoner of war receive only little attention of the participants. The conference of Brussels takes finally fine without modifications of existing convention or concrete decisions as for the question of the prisoners of war. Whereas Moynier, as a president of the international committee, is satisfied with this result since it feared a failure with the convention of Geneva, Dunant out of disappointed spring.

Poverty and lapse of memory

Thereafter, it recruits more still to achieve the goals of general Alliance for the order and civilization. He writes articles and holds of the speeches also devoted to the fight for the release of the slaves in North America. Moreover, it conceives in collaboration with the Italy N max Gracia the idea of the foundation of a world Bibliothèque which will be taken again approximately a century later by UNESCO. Among its other ideas visionaries appear the foundation of a State of Israel. Because of engagement for its ideas, its personal businesses are neglected and it is involved in debt even more, which pushes its entourage to avoid it. Even the movement of the Croix-Rouge, which extended more still by the foundation of national companies in many countries, almost forgot it even if the companies of Austria, of the Netherlands, Sweden, Prussia and Spain name it like honorary member. The Franco-German war and the French political life after the foundation of the Third Republic constitute another turning in the life of Dunant. It withdraws even more public life and develops a marked timidity which will mark in a decisive way its behavior until the end of its life.

Between 1874 and 1886, it continues a life as a recluse, in material misery, living in particular with Stuttgart, Rome, Corfou, Basle and Karlsruhe. Few details of its life during this period are known. But the financial support of various friends as well as occasional activities, where knowledge and guarantors enable him to garner small profits, prevent it from sinking. Among its supports appear the American banker Charles Bowles which had taken share as delegated to the diplomatic conference of 1864, Jean-Jacques Bourcart, Alsatian Business man as max Gracia which helped Dunant in its correspondence with its Créancier S. Léonie Kastner-Boursault, widow of the Compositeur Jean-Georges Kastner assistance also Dunant on several occasions in difficult situations. Thus, it charges it with the marketing of the Pyrophon, a Musical instrument invented by her son Friedrich Eugen Kastner. Even if Dunant does not reach that point, this activity and a long voyage in Italy with Kastner-Boursault of 1875 until the beginning of the Années 1880 preserves it of a life in complete the Pauvreté. In Stuttgart, it makes knowledge in 1877 of the student Rudolf Müller with whom it becomes friendly.

Reprocess in Heiden

In 1881, it goes for the first time in company of friends of Stuttgart in Biedermeierdorf located above the town of Heiden in the canton of Appenzell Rhodos-External. Starting from 1887, whereas he lives with London, he receives a small monthly financial aid of its partisans. Since this one has a lifestyle certainly modest but without falling into poverty, he manages definitively to settle in July of the same year in the Paradies hotel of the Stähelin family located at Heiden. After this family sold the pension a few years later, it goes in the common neighbor of Trogen and saw starting from the end 1890 in the Lindenbühl hotel without however feeling with its ease. After more than one year, it turns over to Heiden and saw starting from the April 30th 1892 in the hospital of the city which is directed by the doctor Hermann Altherr. It is withdrawn then completely with the courses of the following years and leaves the place more and more, at the evening of its life, mystical thought and prophetic visions. Among the reasons of the choice of Dunant related to Heiden appear, at the sides of the prospect for insulation and re-elected this city like place of rest and treatment, the sight on the Lac of Constancy which points out its birthplace to him and the Lac Léman which that he likes to remind during his walks.

Shortly after its arrival, it binds friendship with the young teacher Wilhelm Sonderegger and his Susanna wife. Under the pressure of Sonderegger, it begins the drafting from its Mémoires. Susanna then suggests to him the foundation of a section of the Croix-Rouge to Heiden, an idea which fills with enthusiasm Dunant. In 1890, he becomes honorary president of the founded section the February 27th of the same year.

It founds great hopes in the friendship with Sonderegger with regard to the propagation of its ideas, in particular in the shape of a new edition of its book. However, this friendship later strongly suffers from not justified charges of Dunant according to which Sonderegger would make cause common with Moynier remained to Geneva. The premature death of Sonderegger in 1904, at the 42 years age, weighs on Dunant in spite of the major tensions existing between the two men. The admiration of Sonderegger for Dunant, remained intact in spite of the reproaches of this last, was transmitted late to his/her son Hans Konrad Sonderegger and to his Rene grandson who will publish in 1935 letters of Dunant inherited his father.

Late recall

In September 1895, Georg Baumberger, editor association of the newspaper Die Ostschweiz of Saint-Gall, writes an article on the founder of the Croix-Rouge with which it discusses while coming by chance with Heiden in August same year. This article entitled Henri Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross is published in the German review On ground and sea which is diffused in few days in all the Europe. One remembers him then and it receives messages of sympathy and support of the whole world. It again appears in the conscience of many people as a founder of the movement of the Croix-Rouge even if the international committee of Geneva still avoids any contact with him. Dunant receives in particular the Binet-Fendt price given by the Federal council and the recognition of the Pape Leon XIII for his personal devotion. Thanks to an annual pension sent by the Russian tsarina Maria Fedorovna and other payments, its financial position improves quickly.

In 1897, Rudolf Müller, become professor of secondary education in Stuttgart, publishes at the editions Greiner & Pfeiffer the history of the birth of the Red Cross and the convention of Geneva where the role of Dunant as a founder is underlined for the first time since its withdrawal of the international committee. The book contains also the new German-speaking and shortened edition a memory of Solférino . Dunant itself at that time maintains an exchange Correspondance with the pacifist Austrian Bertha von Suttner following the visit of the latter with Heiden.

He also writes many articles in a review published by this one, With bottom the weapons! , including one Test under the title With the press . Moreover, it publishes also extracts of manuscripts not published under the title Petit arsenal against militarism or Petit arsenal against the war . Impressed by the action of Suttner and Florence Nightingale, it comes to the conviction that the women could play a part much more important in the realization of a durable peace than the men. He sees in this respect the defense of the personal interest, the Militarisme and the brutality as of the typically male principles whereas he allots to the women the love of next, the Empathie and the aspiration with the resolution of the conflicts. While being based on this observation, it strongly supports the equal rights for the women.

In 1897, it suggests the foundation of an international federation of nurses under the name of green Croix. In February 1899, before the First conference of $the Hague, it publishes a Essai in the German Revue , under the title Proposition with its majesty of the emperor Nicolas II , which constitutes its last attempt to take share with the public debate of the time in favor of the efforts of peace.

Nobel Prize of peace

In 1901, Dunant receives the first Nobel Prize of peace for the foundation of the international Croix-Rouge and the initiation of the the first convention of Geneva. In a telegram which it receives the December 10th, the Nobel committee based with Oslo communicates its decision thus to him:

In Henry Dunant, Heiden. The Nobel committee of the Norwegian Parliament to the honor to communicate to you that it gives you the Nobel Prize of peace 1901 to you, Henry Dunant, and in Frederic Passy. The committee sends its regards and its goods vœux. to you

To defend its opinions, Dunant had acted near the Nobel committee through the army medical officer Norwegian Hans Daae with which Rudolf Müller had dispatched a copy of its book. With Dunant, it is pacifist French Frederic Passy, founder of the first international Ligue of peace to Paris (1867) and member with him of the Alliance for the order and the civilization, which is distinguished. The congratulations, which are communicated to him officially at the time of the attribution of the price, mean for him late rehabilitation, 34 years after the facts, and the recognition of its actions for the birth of the Croix-Rouge, gesture more important still for him than all the other prices, distinctions, honors and words of sympathy precedents. For the movement of the the Red Cross, the price means important recognition of its work and importance of the convention of Geneva in an atmosphere of war risk in continuous increase because of an intensification of the international tensions as well as a military armament growing. Moynier just as the international committee were also nominated for the price. Even if Dunant were proposed by a broad pallet of partisans - including three professors of Brussels, seven professors of Amsterdam, 92 members of Parliament Swedish, 64 members of Parliament of the Wurtemberg, two ministers Norwegian as well as the permanent International office of peace -, its nomination was not disputed for the price. One remained however divided on the effect of the Croix-Rouge and the convention of Geneva on a conflict: don't they return more the war attracting because they support part of the sorrow related to this one? In this context, Rudolf Müller decides in favor of the attribution of the price with Dunant in a long letter at the Nobel committee and submits the proposal to share the price between Frederic Passy, envisaged at the origin like single member elect, and Dunant. Since a handing-over of the price with Dunant was to be examined a few years later, it proposed its health condition like its advanced age.

The handing-over common of the price to Passy and Dunant is also interesting because of the differences which exist then between the movement for the peace and the movement of the Croix-Rouge. With the decision to divide the first Nobel Prize of peace between Passy, pacifist traditional and the most known representative of the movement for peace at the time, and humanistic Dunant, the Nobel committee creates two essential categories on which it will be based for the later handing-over of the price. On a side the men are then later the organizations which are devoted to peace and thus correspond to the part of the will of Alfred Nobel which envisages the price for that which “most of the time or the best possible one acts for the removal or the reduction of the armies like for the formation and the diffusion of congress of peace…” In addition, in the tradition of the attribution of the price with Dunant, the price will be given in the future to crown the actions in the humane sector. That follows an argumentation according to which the humanitarian actions are finally also regarded as peaceful and thus correspond to the part of the will of Nobel who envisages the price for that which “most of the time or the best possible one acts for the fraternity of the people…”

As for Hans Daae, it succeeded in placing part of the money of the price, of an amount of 104.000 Swiss francs in a Norwegian Banque , thus protecting it before creditors from Dunant. Dunant itself did not touch the money during the remainder of its life.

Died

Beside some other honors which are granted to him in the years which follow, it is made to Honorary doctor medical college of the Université of Heidelberg in 1903 at the same time as Gustave Moynier. It spends the last years of its life to the hospital of Heiden where it falls into the depression and fear to be continued by its creditors and his Moynier adversary. Although he sees still related to the Christian Foi , he moves away as well from the Calvinisme as of other forms of organized religion and scorns any religious institution during his last years.

According to the indications provided by the nurses dealing with him, its last act is the sending of a version of its book published by Rudolf Müller with a personal word with the queen of Italy. It dies out in the evening of the October 30th 1910 around 22:00 and thus survived nearly two months Moynier.

In spite of the congratulations of the committee of the the Red Cross addressed to Dunant at the time of the handing-over of the Nobel Prize, no improvement occurred in their relations.

Its last words addressed to Doctor Altherr were: “Ah, that becomes black! ” In a letter addressed to Wilhelm Sonderegger, he expresses his wish as for the circumstances of his burial: I wish to be carried out of ground as a Chien would be it, without only one of your ceremonies which I do not recognize. I surely count on your kindness to take care on my last terrestrial desire. I count on your friendship so that it is thus. I am a young disciple of the Christ as to the first century, i.e. rien.

It is thus buried three days later in discretion and without celebration with the Sihlfeld cemetery of Zurich. Among the people present appear, at the sides of Hermann Altherr and Rudolf Müller, some envoys of various associations of the Croix-Rouge coming from Switzerland and of Germany like its made nephews of Geneva. With modest fortune that it accumulated at the time of its death through the money of the Nobel Prize and of many donations, it offers in its will written the May 2nd and July 27th 1910 a free bed in the hospital of Heiden for the patients appearing among the stripped citizens of the city. Moreover, it forwards to his closest friends, of which Müller, Altherr and its wife as well as the collaborators of the hospital, of small money sums in thanks. It offers what remains to him with organizations of public utility in Norway and in Suisse and transfers to its executor the capacity to decide choice of the member elects. The fact that a complete payment of the weight of its debts was not possible had strongly weighed on him at the end of its life. All the books, notes, letters and other documents in its possession as its distinctions will be given to its nephew Maurice Dunant who lives with Geneva. At ends of research, the correspondence exchanged with Rudolf Müller is made public in 1975.

Thought and heritage

At the time of the birthday of Henri Dunant, the May 8th, the movement of the international Croix-Rouge commemorates its memory. Moreover, the Musée Henry Dunant is today in the building of the hospital of Heiden in which it spent the last years of his life. In its birthplace of Geneva, like in several cities located in other countries, streets, places, schools and other buildings bear its name even if, in Geneva, the first memorial is inaugurated only at the time of the hundredth birthday of the foundation of the international committee in 1963. In addition, every two years, the standing committee of the movement of the Red Cross gives the medal Henry Dunant which constitutes the highest distinction of the movement.

During the evaluation of the role of Dunant in the foundation of the Red Cross, it is also necessary however considered the role of its adversary Gustave Moynier. Dunant, through its book, its Charisma and its activities before the conference of Geneva in 1863 plays without any doubt a decisive part in the installation of the international committee and the convention of Geneva. In the history of birth of the Red Cross, he plays the part of the idealist without the ideas of which the historical development after the Bataille of Solférino would have perhaps followed another way. Its fortuitous presence on a battle field resembling so many others of this time, the treatment of its experiments in a book and the proposals which it develops gives to Solférino and the year 1859 their place in the history. In addition, this success would have been hardly possible without the pragmatic action of Moynier largely responsible in the later development for the committee and the expansion of the movement of the Red Cross and of its activities.

From a historical point of view, the combination of the action of the two men contributed to the success of the Red Cross, the convention of Geneva and the proposals of Dunant concerning the question of the prisoner of war. Approximately ten years after the foundation of the international committee and the adoption of the convention of Geneva, the development of its activity for the prisoners of war shows initially some parallels with the events of the years 1863 and 1864. Even if with final the failure has several reasons, without the competition of the Tsar Alexandre III and of its conference of Brussels in 1874, a co-operation renewed between Dunant and Moynier would have perhaps had more success. A legal solution of the problems of the prisoners of war completely will be found only 25 years later in the Conventions of $the Hague of 1899 and 1907 like after the death of Dunant and Moynier through the new conventions of Geneva signed in 1929 and 1949.

The fact that almost all its ideas were carried out with the wire of time and are still mainly relevant shows that Dunant had much in advance on the visions of its time. That is also worth, beyond the justification of the movement of the Red Cross and the expansion of the activities of the international committee for YMCA, the foundation of the State of Israel, the creation of an organization intended to protect the cultural heritage from the Humanité in the form of UNESCO like for its engagement in the release of the slaves in North America and the equality of the women.

Literature and cinema

The biography of Dunant was transposed on different occasions in books and films, as well in the documentary ones as of the fictions. The first published literary work is the Romance biographical the traveller. Visions of Henry Dunant of Eveline Hasler. In this one, the life of Dunant is told from the narrative point of view by an anonymous observer in the last years for its life. Another known novel, Dunant. The novel of the Red Cross of Martin Gumpert, appears already in 1938 and also counts among the first literary transpositions of the life of Dunant. Among the documentary works most important in German figure the book of Willy Heudtlass and Walter Gruber several times published between 1962 and 1985: J. Henry Dunant. Founder of the Red Cross. Author of the convention of Geneva . Besides Heudtlass, at the beginning of the Years 1960, had the possibility of reaching letters up to now unknown because being in possession of the descendants of Rudolf Müller and Hans Daae.

Of man with men of Christian-Jaque, free-Switzerland coproduction one duration old 96 minutes, leaves in the rooms in 1948. In 1978, Dieter Forte assembles a Play which he baptizes Jean Henry Dunant or the introduction of civilization and made played for the first time the March 30th 1978 to the National theater of Darmstadt. A German-speaking version leaves in the cinemas GDR in 1964. Documentary on its life is produced in 1998 by the Musée Henry Dunant in the shape of a film of approximately 30 minutes: Henry Dunant (1828-1910) . The first transposition in the form of a Telefilm entitled Henry Dunant, red on the cross and diffused by the first time the March 10th 2006 with Geneva. From one duration of approximately 90 minutes and realized by Dominique Othenin-Girard by means of a budget of approximately 5,6 million euros cofinanced by Arte, the National company of Algerian television like 18 European television channels, it was born from the co-operation between the studios and television channels from Austria, Suisse and France. However, the Company Henry Dunant found there a certain error count compared to the reality of the life of Dunant.

Publications

'' Notice on the Regency of Tunis '', Geneva, 1858
Empire of restored Charlemagne or the Roman Holy roman Empire reconstituted by its majesty the emperor Napoleon III , Geneva, 1859
Memorandum about the finance company and industrial of the Mills of Mons-Djemila in Algeria. Paris, not gone back (v. 1859)
a memory to Solférino , Geneva, 1862
slavery among Moslems and in the United States of America , Geneva, 1863
charity on the battle fields , Geneva, 1864
prisoners of war , Paris, 1867
universal international Library , Paris, 1867

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