Internet is the world Data-processing network which makes available to the public services like the Email and the World Wide Web. Its users are designated by the Néologisme “Internaute”. Technically, Internet is defined as the world public network using the Communication protocol IP ( Internet Protocol ).

Internet having been popularized by the appearance of the World Wide Web, both are sometimes confused by the public not informed. Actually, the Web is one of the applications of Internet, like are the Email, the Instant messaging and the systems of division of file S Poste at station.

In addition, from the point of view of the Confidentiality of the Communication S, it is important to distinguish Internet from Intranet S, the networks private within companies, administrations, etc, and of the Extranet S, interconnections of Intranets being able to borrow Internet.

Terminology

The name " Internet" comes from INTERconnected NETworks (in French: inter-connected networks). The French-speaking use is to write the word with a capital letter and without article, although it is not more one proper name which a mark. This said, there is still much controversy on the subject.

History

See also: History of Internet

The memos that J.C.R. Licklider of the Massachusetts Institute off Technology (MIT) wrote in August 1962 are the oldest texts describing the social interactions which would be possible with a network of Ordinateur S. That was in particular to facilitate the communications between researchers of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). In October 1962, Licklider was the first chief of the research program in Informatique of the DARPA. He persuaded his successors Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor and the researcher of MIT Lawrence G. Roberts of the interest of the data-processing networks.

In 1961, Leonard Kleinrock of MIT had published the first theoretical text on telecommunications per packages and in 1964 it published the first book on the subject.

In 1965, Roberts tested with Thomas Merrill the first data-processing connection to long distance, between the Massachusetts and the California. The result showed that computers could work together remotely, but that the mode of telecommunication by establishment of circuit of the telephone system was unsuited. The concept of communication per packages of Kleinrock was essential.

In 1966, Roberts was engaged by Taylor in the DARPA to conceive the ARPANET. It published the plans in 1967. By presenting this text, he discovered two other groups of researchers working independently on the same subject: a group of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) of the the United Kingdom with Donald Davies and Roger Scantlebury, and a group of the RAND Corporation with Paul Baran.

Between 1962 and 1965, the group of the RAND had studied the packet transmission for the American army. The goal was to be able to maintain telecommunications in the event of attack (possibly atomic), which allows a packet transmission in a network not centralized. It was about a development independent of ARPANET: although probably robust vis-a-vis such an attack, ARPANET was however conceived only to facilitate telecommunications between researchers. The report/ratio of Paul Baran remained purely theoretical, and quickly fell into the lapse of memory. But the myth of “ARPANET as last rampart with an atomic attack” finds its origin there.

During this time, in British National Physical Laboratory, the team of Donald Davies had progressed: NPL Network, the first mesh network based on the transmission of Datagramme S ( packets ) was functional. But the history of Internet was not written by Europeans: ARPANET will be from now on the official origin of Internet.

In August 1968, the DARPA agreed to finance the development of the material of Routage of the packages of ARPANET. This development was entrusted in December to a group of the firm BBN (Bolt Beranek and Newman) of Boston. This last worked with Robert E. Kahn (Bob Kahn) on the network architecture. Roberts improved the topological and economic aspects of the network. Kleinrock prepared systems of measurement of the network.

In September 1969, BBN installed the first equipment with the the University of California (UCLA) where Kleinrock worked. The second node of the network was installed with the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) where Douglas Engelbart worked on a project of Hypertexte. Two additional nodes were added with the university of Santa Barbara and the university of the Utah. End 1969, ARPANET thus counted four nodes.

Network Working Group (NWG) led by Steve Crocker finishes the communication protocol station-with-station CPC in December 1970. This protocol was adopted between 1971 and 1972 by the hot links with ARPANET. This allowed the development of applications by the users of the network.

In 1972, Ray Tomlinson developed the first important application: the Email. In October 1972, Kahn organized the first demonstration with large scales of ARPANET to the International Computer Communication Conference (ICCC). It was the first public demonstration.

The concept of Internet was born from ARPANET. The idea was to allow connection between various networks: ARPANET, of the communications with the satellites, the communications by radio. This idea was introduced by Kahn in 1972 under the name of Internetting . Protocol CPC of ARPANET did not make it possible to address hosts out of ARPANET nor to correct possible errors of transmission. Kahn thus decided to develop a new protocol, which became finally TCP/IP.

In parallel, a project inspired by ARPANET was directed in France by Louis Pouzin: the project Cyclades. Many properties of TCP/IP were thus developed, earlier, for Cyclades. Pouzin and Kahn indicate that TCP/IP was inspired by Cyclades.

In 1973, Kahn required of Vinton G. Stag (Vint Cerf) (sometimes called father of Internet ) to work with him, because Cerf knew the details of implementation of CPC. The first document referring to TCP is written in 1973 by Cerf: has Partial Specification off International year Transmission Protocol . The first formal specification of TCP goes back to December 1974, it is the RFC 675.

The initial version of TCP allowed only the communication by establishing a virtual circuit. That functioned well for the transfer of file or remote work, but was not adapted to applications like Internet telephony. TCP was thus separated from IP and UDP proposed for the transmissions without establishment of a circuit.

At the end of the Years 1980, the NSF (the National Science Foundation) which depends on the American administration, sets up five data-processing centers surpuissants, to which the user S could be connected, whatever the place where they were with the the United States: ARPANet became thus accessible on more large scales. The system met one big hit and, after the important levelling (material and lines) at the end of the Années 1980, opened with the commercial traffic at the beginning of the Années 1990. The beginning of the Years 1990 mark, in fact, birth of Internet such as we know it today: the network connecting all these networks speaking the same language, known under the name of standard TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) which makes it possible Ordinateur S different to communicate easily between them.

Governorship

See also: Governorship of Internet

According to the definition of the work group on the Governorship of Internet, it is necessary to understand by “governorship of the Internet” the development and the application by the State S, the private sector and the Civil society, within the framework of their respective roles, of principles, Norme S, rules, procedures of catch of Décision S and common programs suitable to model the evolution and the Usage of the Internet.

It is necessary to note the importance of the Registres of metadata in the establishment of rules of access to the Ressources Web which use Uniform Resource To identify (which can be the URL which is posted on the bar of navigation of the Personal computer).

On a world level

The report/ratio of the Work group on the governorship of the Internet gives a whole of recommendations on the governorship of Internet.

A certain number of organizations are in charge of the management of Internet, with specific attributions. They take part in the development of the technical standards, the attribution of the domain names, the IP addresses, etc:

  • ICANN, under the supervision of the ministry for the American Trade;
  • IETF;
  • ISOC.

With an aim of maintaining or of widening the Neutrality of the networks, but also of engaging the various total parts in a dialog on the subject of the governorship, the the United Nations convened:

At the regional level (continents)

In the European Union:

See Use of the URI for the access to the computer's resources in the European Union

Statistics

See also: Internet in the world

Legal aspects

The right of the Internet gathers the whole of the ideas and concepts relating to the duty applicable to Internet network.

The right of the Internet is in special problems, since Internet network is international, with a mainly private governorship. However, the States can be prevailed of the direction or the governorship of the local/national part of Internet network.

Thus organizations like the CNIL (National Commission of data processing and freedoms) exert a mission of control of the activities of the French Internet.

In the same order of idea, China, for example, blocks a big part of the Web sites of international width (Google, or Wikipédia).

It should be noted that the concept of resource evolved/moved since the birth of the Web, and of the reflections are in hand on the concept of Web resource, and in particular on the access terms by address IP, domain name, and uniform identifier of resource (Uniform Resource To identify in English).

Flows of information can in certain cases use metadata (author, title, date,…), which can raise questions in connection with the right of the intellectual property.

A conference on the Internet took place at the Polytechnic school in 1998, in France. The points of law were abundantly mentioned there.

Technique

Internet is composed of a multitude of networks distributed in the whole world. Each network is attached to a clean entity (Université, Fournisseur of access to Internet, Armée) and is seen allotting a single identifier called Autonomous System (ACE). In order to be able to communicate between them, the networks exchange data, either by establishing a direct connection, or while being attached to a node of exchange (not of peering ).

Each network is thus connected to several other networks. When a communication must be established between two computers belonging to different ACES, the way should then be determined to carry out among the networks. No element of Internet knows the network as a whole, the data are simply redirected towards another node according to rules of Routage. Approximately 50% of the world traffic of Internet pass by the State of Virginia.

Israeli researchers of the university of Bar-Ilan declared after having analyzed the nodes connecting the whole of the sites that Internet is a network jellyfish. They define it as having a dense heart (where Search engines are) connected to a multitude of other sites, which are connected between them only by this heart, similar to a grid with structure fractale. This zone makes it possible 70% of the network to remain connected without passing by the heart. The researchers thus indicate this zone like tracks to unchoke the traffic, by distributing best the sites of this zone.

Required

To be on Internet - the Fabric, the mother of all networks - , requires an access IP. For that, the General public employs material and Logiciel S following:

Software is, them, necessary to exploit Internet according to the uses:

  • World Wide Web: a Navigator Web
  • Email: a customer smtp and POP (or POP3) or IMAP (or IMAP4)
  • Transfers of file: a customer or a waiter ftp (File Protocol Transfer)
Others still ensure the safety, for example:
  • Fire wall

Protocols

Internet functions according to a shell model, copied on OSI model. The elements belonging to the same layers use a Communication protocol to exchange information.

A protocol is a whole of rules which define a language in order to make communicate several Ordinateur S. They are defined by opened standards, RFC.

Each protocol has particular indications and, together, they provide a range of means making it possible to answer the multiplicity and the diversity of the needs on Internet.

The principal ones are the following:

  • IP ( Internet Protocol ): protocol network which defines the elementary mode of exchange between the computers participating in the network in their giving a single address on the network.

    • TCP: person in charge of the establishment of the connection and the control of the transmission. It is a protocol of reliable handing-over. It makes sure that the recipient received the data, contrary to UDP.
      • HTTP ( Hypertext Transfer Protocol ): protocol implemented for the loading of the Web pages.
      • HTTPS : during HTTP for navigation in protected mode.
      • ftp ( File Transfer Protocol ): protocol used for the transfer of file on Internet.
      • smtp ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ): mode of exchange of the Email in sending.
      • POP3 ( Post Office Protocol version 3): mode of exchange of the email in reception.
      • IMAP ( Internet Message Access Protocol ): another mode of exchange of email.
      • IRC ( Internet Relay Chat ): protocol of instantaneous discussion.
      • NNTP ( Network News Transfer Protocol ): protocol of transfer of message used by the discussion forums Usenet
      • SSL or TLS : protocols of made safe transaction, used in particular for the protected payment.
      • P2P ( Peer to Peer ): mode of file-swapping
    • UDP: allows to communicate, in an unreliable but light way, by small Datagramme S.
    • ICMP ( Internet Control Message Protocol ): protocol of control of protocol IP.

Independently of the transfer between two points, some protocols are necessary also so that the footbridges can exchange information of Routage. They are Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).

The Fabric like Utopia

The Fabric (the World Wide Web in English) is undoubtedly the last Utopia after the fall of the Communisme and shares all the characteristics specific to the Utopias actually installation. On the one hand, the Fabric is based on abstract principles and she is guided by a certain idealism, but on the other hand, the private interests tend to take again the top and to fight the principles of origins.

The Fabric is guided by a certain basic idealism. That which one can regard as the inventor of the Fabric, the British Sir Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the first navigator, the protocol of writing HTTP and president of the World Wide Web Consortium indeed gave up all its rights in order to allow the rapid diffusion of protocol HTTP and the idea of Fabric in general. Moreover, he always insisted on the idea that the Fabric was to be a system nonarranged hierarchically where the bonds are done directly by Hypertexte and not by a node centralizing information. The Fabric some share allows even the realization of an old dream of reorganization of information according to either of the linear models but by Hypertexte exposed for the first time by Vannevar Bush. But the Fabric is also determined by important private interests coming owing to the fact that private data processing develops extremely quickly. The multiplication of commercial sites in is already a sign. But it should well be seen that certain companies almost tried to dominate the Fabric.

Any analysis of the Fabric is thus with the crossroads of several reading levels and analysis: economy, data processing, sociology, technology. But it concept-key to define it remainder that of Utopia applied.

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