Intel 4004

The Intel 4004 conceived by the inventive engineers of Intel Marcian Hoff, which formulated the architectural proposal in 1969, and Federico Faggin, the chief of project which created his realization in 1970-1971, is regarded as the first Microprocesseur world.

History

In 1969, the Japanese company Busicom, first important customer of Intel (founded the same year, in 1968) went to find Intel with the design of logic for a family of Calculatrice S to discuss the development of integrated circuits which are necessary for them for réalizer their design. The architecture used by Busicom was partitionné in seven chips: a CPU with specific goal him also partitionée in three chips with a memory for reading only (ROMANIAN) dedicated to storage of the programs; a memory with recording shifted (Register Shift) having for goal to store information; and two chips of entry and exit (I/O).

Marcian Hoff (called Ted Hoff), assisted by Stan Mazor of Intel proposed a simpler architecture employing four chips: an architecture of CPU of general utility using RAM to store the information which could be integrated in a chip, a memory chip for reading only (ROMANIAN), a memory chip with chance access (RAM) and an entered chip and exit (I/O). Engineers de Busicom evaluated the proposal of Hoff and accepted it in october 1969.

Federico Faggin, which was then employed at Fairchild Semiconductor, was committed has Intel in April 1970 there to direct the project and to carry out the 4004. During its use with Fairchild Faggin in 1968 the original technology of the silicon created spoils, Silicon Gate Technology (SGT), a technology which made it possible to produce the microprocessor, and carried out the first integrated circuit MOS using SGT (the Fairchild 3708). Whereas he worked in Olivetti with Borgolombardo in Italy in 1961, Faggin had acquired experiment on the design and the realization of a small electronic computer and stays very familiar with its architecture. At Intel Federico Faggin created a new methodology of project, nonexisting until there, employing the silicon spoils for the design of random logic, which made it possible to integrate the microprocessor in only one chip. It was also implied in each aspect of the development with the assistence of Masatoshi Shima of Busicom. Shima, thereafter, wrote the software for the printing computer of office for Busicom, the first finished product to use the microprocessor.

Being given that Busicom had the exclusive rights on the 4004, Intel could not sell it with aucuns other customers. Faggin by seeing the potential that the 4004 could have on general applications, exhorted the direction of Intel to renegotiate the contract with Busicom to make it possible to widen the market of the microprocessor. Heuresement at the same time, ED Gelbach, resulting from the company Texas Instruments, which had just been named the new Defect President of the marketing and the sales of Intel, included/understood the potential of the microprocessor quickly and decided to market it. The 4004 was finally introduced on the general market in November 1971, thus opening a new chapter daN the history of micro-electronics.

Although the 4004 is largely regarded as the first Microprocesseur, another model was developed one year front in 1970 by Ray Holt of the American company Central Air Dated Computer to equip the military fighter plan F-14 Tomcat with the airframe manufacturer Grumman.

Features

The 4004 left in a pack DIP 16-pine in Céramique the November 15th 1971.

The 4004 was also provided with a family of components of support. For example, each “ROMANIAN Program” internally locked for its own use the 12 bits of addresses of program of the 4004, which left 4 Kio of access report to the adress bus of 4 bits if the 16 ROMANIANS were installed. The circuit of the 4004 contained 2.300 Transistor S, and was followed the following year of the first Microprocesseur 8 bits of 3.300 Transistor S, the Intel 8008 (and the Intel 4040, one 4004 revised).

The fourth product on the market of the Microprocesseur S of Intel was the processor which began the revolution of the Micro-ordinateur S, the Intel 8080.

First Microprocessor of the history and industry
First processor of the range Intel elder X86 of the Pentium S used for the PC compatible
Performances equivalent to the 30 cubic meters of a ENIAC concentrated on 10 mm square
Calculator 4 bits, 16 registers of data 4 bits, set of 46 instructions
1280 half-bytes of data, 4 Kio of instructions programs in memory ROMANIAN of 256 bytes
Largeur of the data bus 4 bits, width of the adress bus 10 bits, addressable memory 640 bytes
Fréquence of clock: 740kHz, 8 cycles (10.8us) per instruction, 16 pins DIP (welded), 15 volt
2300 Transistor S MOS (Semiconductor Metal-Oxide) in technology 10 microns, 60.000 instructions a second
Architecture Harvard: Separate storage of the programs and the data, contrary to the majority of manufactured architectures Harvard, the 4004 with its need to reduce the number of pins, uses a simple multiplexed bus of 4 bits for the transfers:

12 bits of addresses (addressable memory 640 bytes)
8 bits of instructions, which should not be placed in the same memory as the 4 bits of data.

46 instructions on the whole (41 of them is 8 bits, and 5 of them are 16 bits).
16 registers of 4 bits each one.
Pile interns subroutine deep of 3 levels.
Format of the chip: 3,81 mm length on 2,79 mm broad: 10,62 mm2 hardly.
industrial Tariff 200 dollars

Family of complementary components

4001 : ROMANIAN of 256 bytes (programme of 256 instructions of 8 bits), and port integrated of input/output on 4 bits.
4002: RAM of 40 bytes (given of 80 words of 4 bits), and port integrated of input/output on 4 bits. The memory part of the chip is organized in four registers of twenty words of 4 bits:

16 data words (used for the figures of the mantissa in the computer of origin)
4 words of statute (used for the exhibitors and the signs in the computer of origin)

4003: exit shift register of 10 bits for scanner keyboards, postings, printers, etc
4008: addresses locked of 8 bits for the access to the memory chips standard, and port integrated of input/output on 4 bits
4009: converter of input/output and programs for the memories standards and the chips of inputs/outputs.

Note: a chip 4001 cannot be used in a system without a pair of chips 4008/4009.

Object of collection

Intel 4004, is naturally, one of the chips collected Collector most required in the world. The 4004 of very great value are those which are out of gold and white, with what is called “of the gray traces” on the white part. In 2007, such chips reached approximately 20.000$ on EBay. Those in white and gold without gray traces are slightly lower values and reach 15.000 to 18.000 $ typically. The chips without “code of date” in lower part, are older versions, and thus are worth slightly more, about 25.000$. One notes other chips of values such as Intel 4040.

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