Instrumental (linguistics)

See also: Instrumental

In Linguistic, the instrumental is a Cas expressing the instrument (Actant known as instrument ), the means by which the action is achieved. For example, in French, the instrumental one is generally expressed by the preposition with : “It paints with a brush ”. In other languages, it is expressed by a suffix.

In Finnois the instrumental one merges with the Adessif (suffix -la/-llä ): veitsi “knife” → veitsellä “with a knife” or “on a knife”.

Finnish has also an old case, the instructive one (suff. - in ), which does not know a difference between singular and plural and produced expressions now solidified: paljain silmin “with the naked eye”.

In Estonian, it merges with the Comitatif (suffix - ga ): car “car” → autoga “conveys some” or “with the car”.

In Russian, it has its own form (творительныйпадеж), certain prepositions (ex: за, behind ) being able to build itself with the instrumental one:

- ом/-ём for the male and neutral substantives
- ым/-им for the masculine adjectives and neutral
- ой/- ёй (- ью) for female the

In Basque, it is characterized by the suffix - Z ( - az , - ez ): indefinite buru-z , singular buru-az , plural buru-ez ; “with the head” (it is also called médiatif ).

In Esperanto, one uses, that is to say a preposition ( per , father of …), that is to say an adverbial form:

Li frapis wine per bastono (It struck you with a stick)
Ili interparolas father of interpretisto (They speak each other via an interpreter)
frapi bastone (to strike with a stick).

In Latvian, one uses the preposition rear with the form of the accusative in the singular and the form of the dative in the plural.

rear brāļu (with the brother), rear brāļiem (with the brothers)

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