Insignia (lenguaje de programaciÃ³n)

Years of youth

Pushed by his/her father who takes care of his education, even since his prison from where it corresponds with it, Indira Nehru is pupil with Poona, then share to study in Europe, with Oxford and in Suisse before returning to India. It adheres in 1937 to the party of the Congress, takes part in the fight against the colonizer and accomplishes in 1942 a six months stay in prison for its activities.

From its union with Feroze are born two boys, Rajiv Gandhi (1944-1991) then Sanjay Gandhi (1946-1980). The accession of Jawaharlal Nehru to the head of independent India in 1947 makes of Indira Gandhi nearest collaborator to his/her father. It accompanies it within the framework by its functions and official trips, in particular with the Conférence of Bandung in 1955, and lives near him in its residence of Teen Murti House, while her Feroze husband is elected appointed with the first Lok Sabha. This last does not hesitate to be critical towards the government of Nehru and the dissensions within the couple involve their separation. Feroze Gandhi disappears in 1960 from an cardiac arrest.

Political beginnings

With died of his/her father in 1964, it is as a Minister for Information and Transport that Indira Gandhi integrates the government of Lal Bahadur Shastri. The precipitated disappearance of this last, embanked by an heart attack after the signature of the agreements of Tachkent in January 1966 opens for the second time in two years the succession of the direction of the " greater democracy of the monde". If Indira Gandhi collaborated a long time with his/her father and were even carried to the head of the Parti the Congress at the time of the year of 1959, its election at the post of Prime Minister does not have anything obvious then and other applicants act as possible successors, following the example temporary Prime Minister Nanda or of the representative of the right wing of the party, Morarji Desai. Equipped with a great popularity and having made its first weapons in the fight against the British colonizer then at the sides of his/her father, Indira Gandhi receives the support of influential the Kamaraj, the " maker of roi" , in the hope to be able to handle its action in writing pad but also to profit from sound from the point of view of the general elections of 1967 will have. It does not appear to him whereas as a political figure of transition which it will be easy to once replace this last expiry.

Prime Minister

The first challenge with which Indira Gandhi is confronted is that of the famine which threatens India. It meets the president Lyndon B. Johnson in the United States in order to obtain an food aid and insists on its refusal n the other hand to undergo unspecified American pressures on the Indian political line. However, if it is critical with regard to the Guerre of Vietnam, it is seen thorough to implement important and unpopular devaluation of the Indian rupee in June 1966. Animated by a firm will to withdraw themselves from any dependence with respect to a foreign power and to guarantee to its country food self-sufficiency, it concludes the Green revolution under the aegis of M.S. Swaminathan which makes it possible India to see to move away the spectrum from the hunger, and by there-same the threats of interference.

In spite of the loss of many seats, the fourth general elections make it possible the party of the Congress to preserve a small majority in 1967 at the Lok Sabha. Indira Gandhi manages to be maintained with the head of the government but must compose with Morarji Desai which becomes Deputy Prime Minister and obtains the wallet of finances. Competition between the two personalities rate/rhythm then Indian political life in the years which follow.

Strategist and brilliant political thinker, Indira Gandhi was inhabited by a desire of personal power out of the commun run. As it occupied the highest position of the government in a company remained very patriarchal, one could have expected that Indira Gandhi is a passive chief, but its actions did not cease proving the opposite.

In the line of Nehru, Indira Gandhi intends to base its policy on socialism, the non-alignment and the defense of a laic democracy. It thus makes elect in 1967 a Moslem with the presidency of the Indian Union, Dr. Zakir Hussain. The disappearance of this one in 1969 constitutes a turning in the Indian political life and opens a crisis for the party. In dissension with Desai and the right wing of the Congress as for the candidate with the presidential election, it clearly registers its action on the left by nationalizing by ordinance the fourteen plus large banks of the country and by revoking Desai. The election of the candidate of Indira Gandhi, Varahagiri Venkata Giri, with the report heading, appears for it like a personal victory. Appear progressist, it incarnates the left wing of the party consequently. When Indira Gandhi is excluded from the party by its leaders, the scission is consumed. Its partisans gather in the New Congress or Congress (R) for Ruling while its opponents enter the opposition within the Old Congress or Congress (0) for Old or Organization . To preserve the majority, it is based from now on on the support of the Communist party prosovietic, the NCV.

Charismatic figure, Indira Gandhi maintains enthusiasm the popular masses around its person for better ensuring her authority and its legitimacy, it for what she sometimes sees herself taxing with populist. It confirms its orientation progressist thus while abolishing into 1970 the privileges from which still the Maharajahs and other princes profited. It obtains from president Giri the dissolution of Lok Sabha in order to put a term at the difficult situation of its minority government. It is strong of an absolute majority that she is again elected Prime Minister in 1971 and cumulates from now on the wallets of the Interior, the Plan, Information and Atomic energy. Its electoral triumph and soldier vis-a-vis Pakistan in 1971 confirm an increasingly authoritative capacity.

As a Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi carefully used all the levers at its disposal to consolidate its capacity and its authority. It thus named manifestly inefficient heads of government and flatterers, of which Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, a weak president that Indira Gandhi knew unable to exert its prerogatives and to undermine his authority. In its own party, it reformed the bureaucratic mechanisms and of governorship until, in the facts, any decision can come only from it.

The state of emergency

The personal practice of the capacity by Indira Gandhi and the accumulation of the difficulties on the internal plan cause as from 1973 a development of the dispute which crystallizes around the veteran gandhien Jayaprakash Narayan. This one, supported by the chiefs of the opposition, organizes large protest meetings. It is in this context that intervenes on June 12th, 1975 the invalidation of the election of Indira Gandhi in Lok Sahbha for irregularities during its countryside, decision which should force it to give up the head of the government. Of all measurements which it was brought to take, most spectacular is consequently the state of emergency which it proclaims in the night from June 25th to 26th 1975 in order to avoid having to resign. Calling upon article 352 of the Indian Constitution, Indira Gandhi grants capacities dictatorial and proceeded to a massive reduction of the civil liberties and a muselage of the political opposition and press. Rival heads of party were imprisoned and the electricity supply was stopped in the Press Offices and the television broadcast stations. Of return in the capital, the Prime Minister makes vote by the Parliament a series of laws and constitutional amendments increasingly hard; all were voted without almost any debate. The not very constraining nature of the constitution of the India made it possible Indira to circumvent the legislation and to thus take cover from criminal prosecutions once raised the state of emergency. As important as were these reforms, Indira Gandhi judged however that its capacity remained insufficient. At this point in time it decided to handle President Ahmed by forcing it to promulgate laws of exception without the downstream of the Parliament, which enabled him to control by Décret.

This dictatorial period lasts almost two years. It is marked by the fulgurating political ascendance of the son junior by the Prime Minister, Sanjay Gandhi, which although having no electoral mandate, sees its influence increasing in a disproportionate way, playing a leading role in the arrests of opponents and the discussed sterilization campaigns.

In 1977, méjugeant considerably its popularity, Indira Gandhi organizes new elections which involve its fall. Overcome in its own district, it accepts this defeat then.

The return to the capacity

Stopped and judged by the government of the Janata which puts an end to the state of emergency, it is posed in victim of the new capacity and finds a strong popularity which, vis-a-vis the dissensions of the new leaders of the country, consolidates it like the leader of the opposition and again brings back it to the capacity at the time of the elections of 1980. She exercises then a mandate much less authoritative but Sanjay Gandhi continuous to play near her a paramount role and fact appears of " dauphin" indicated. The disappearance of this last in an air crash in June 1980 destabilizes it. It pushes her Rajiv oldest son then to assist it and start a political career, becoming thus its new political heir. It gives from now on to its economic policy a certain inflection towards liberalism. To date, the assessment of Indira Gandhi as a Prime Minister remains mitigated. Although it had a strong personality, and that its governorship was popular near certain categories of the population of India, in particular at the young people and the poor, its decision to declare the state of emergency with an aim of escaping the continuations remains discussed.

Foreign politics

With its come to power, Indira Gandhi confirms the declaration of Tachkent signed by its predecessor and falls under the policy nehruvienne Non-alignement of which it becomes one of the leaders, at the sides of Nasser and Tito. Pragmatic, it signs nevertheless on August 9th, 1971 with the USSR a treaty of friendship, peace and of co-operation the purpose of which, although not being a military alliance, is to counter the bringing together of China and Pakistan with the United States of Nixon. It carries out in 1971 a victorious war against Pakistan to the sides of the freedom fighters of Eastern Bengal, grouped around the Ligue Awami of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and which leads to the independence of the Bangladesh. The agreements of Simla in 1972 with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto then devote the prevalence of India in the area while Indira Gandhi makes of its country the first nuclear power of the third world in 1974. In 1975, it makes Sikkim the 22e State of the Indian Union. After its return to the capacity in 1980, she chooses a diplomatic centring with regard to the two Large ones. With the head of the Movement of non-aligned in 1983, it occupies at the end of its life a dominating place within the countries of the South of which it is one of the spokespersons.

Last years and assassination

The “reign” of Indira Gandhi also saw the deterioration of the relations between Hindu communities and sikh S, which will involve finally its Assassinat. During the last years of its life, it undergoes the growing popularity of a chief and missionary sikh, Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, and of its message preaching a community sikh sovereign and autonomous. Indira Gandhi then worked to propagate an negative image of Bhindranwale and to impose on the community sikh the calm one and obedience without taking any interest in its aspiration to autonomy. Consequently, in June 1984, the Operation Bluestar, organized long time, was started. The Indian army passed in addition to the crowned character of the Harimandir Sahib or Temple of Gold to Amritsar, the principal place of prayer of the sikhs. Under the orders of Jarnail Singh, the armed militants who had taken refuge there were massacred at the same time as thousands of men, women and children innocent. Indira Gandhi proposed the traditional warlike character of the sikhs and their aspiration secessionist in order to make accept by the public opinion the fact that the operation was inevitable. The October 31st 1984, it was assassinated by its two bodyguards Sikh S. He followed several days of riots and disorders against the community sikhe, making several hundreds of deaths. The November 3rd, approximately a million Indians attended the funerary sacring of Indira Gandhi according to the Hindu rite, in the presence of representatives of many countries of which Laurent Fabius for the France. Official mourning lasted 12 days and the return to a state of calm progressive but was peppered with incidents, in particular at the time of the 515ème birthday of the birth of the Master founder of the religion sikhe, Gurû Nanak, the November 8th. The November 11th, the new Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, wire of Indira, dispersed since a plane ashes of his/her mother to the top of the the Himalayas, where the Gange takes its source.

Descent

The two wire of Indira Gandhi, Sanjay and Rajiv carried out also a political career. Sanjay Gandhi died in 1980 in an air crash, by missing aerobaticss. Rajiv Gandhi is named Prime Minister with died of his mother. He resigns of his station in 1989 and will be assassinated by a woman Kamikaze LTTE close to Madras. Its widow, and daughter-in-law of Indira, Sonia Gandhi, has after being herself a long time kept away of the policy, taken the head of the Party of the Congress in 1998. His/her son, Rahul, and his/her daughter Priyanka, grandchildren of Indira, also make of the policy.

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