Inorganic chemistry
The inorganic chemistry (in the past mineral ) is a branch of the Chimie which is interested in all the compounds not-organics, i.e. with composed of chemical elements belonging to the whole of the periodic table, except for the made up organics. One can distinguish several categories of compounds studied in inorganic chemistry:
- the Metals and their alloys (iron, copper, aluminum, steel, bronze, etc).
- molecular compounds of nonmetal elements (Silicon, the Phosphorus, the Chlorine, etc).
- complex S metal, containing one or more metal cations surrounded by molecules having of the free pairs of electrons called “ligand S”. As the interaction ligand/metal names “coordination”, the chemistry of this type of complexes is the “chemistry of coordination”.
The dichotomy Organic chemistry/inorganic chemistry, is not synonymous with chemistry with alive/abiotic chemistry (apart from the alive systems). Indeed, inorganic chemistry has an intersection with the chemistry of the alive one. It is about the bioinorganic Chimie. Many a element S metal is in addition essential for the living beings.
From the materials point of view, inorganic chemistry is at the base of the synthesis of the metals, Céramique S and Verre S.
In 1690, into its Course of chemistry, Nicolas Lémery introduced the distinction between the “inorganic chemistry”, which utilized at the time only of the inert compounds, and the “Organic chemistry”, from which the substances result from the animals and the plants. Until worms the middle of the 19th century, the Organic chemistry was limited to the substances extracted the living organisms. It was thought whereas the organic compounds had a “vital Force” which differentiated them from the mineral substances and which explained the little of resemblances noted between these two types of substances. The chemists were nevertheless able to transform a compound coming from the reign alive into another resulting from the same reign. However they distinguished the substances which did not have any relationship with the alive reign, the such Soufre or the Salpêtre, from those which came from the alive bodies: internal organs of the clamping plates, venom of snake, etc They thus made the distinction between inorganic chemistry and the organic chemistry. It was generally allowed that, worked out by the “vital Force”, the organic substances formed a category with share, which could obey the same rules only the mineral substances.
Many work of first importance was going to then result adopting the developed formulas and in including/understanding the bond which exists between the real structure of a compound and its developed Formule. Among this work, one can quote the discovery of the tetravalence of carbon (Friedrich Kekulé von Stradonitz) The advent of the organic chemistry is often associated with the experiment carried out in 1828 by the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler, which managed to transform an inorganic compound, the Cyanate of ammonium, in an organic substance, the Urée. With its discovery, Wöhler broke the barrier between the inorganic, or made up compounds mineral, and the organic substances and disabled person the theory of the vital force.
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