Indo-European Languages

See also: Indo-European

In Linguistic, the Indo-European languages train a family of Langue S having a common origin, the common Indo-European. They gather approximately a thousand of spoken languages by three billion individuals. It is supposed that all these languages come from a single mother language, the Indo-European language. Although this remains a theory (there is no hard copy, this dating from the prehistoric time ), it remains solid today about it. One could reconstitute this language by steppings (phonetic, grammatical.) between these various languages.

They are generally classified in great groups but one of the most important distinctions for compared linguistics relates to the opposition between languages known as '' satem '' or '' centum '', opposition which separates them according to a clear Isoglosse (with a strange enclave tokharienne). Not that this opposition is important in oneself: it however constitutes the difference most definitely visible between the Indo-European languages.

History

At the 17th century the linguist Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn has a presentiment of the existence of an old language common to the languages Greek, Latin, Persian, Germanic, Slavic, Celtic and Baltic, that he baptizes name of “scythic”. Its work remains however without posterity.

At the 19th century William Jones identifies the Indo-European family again. In its Third speech at the Asian company of Calcutta in 1786 it wrote:

“ the language sanskrite, whatever its antiquity, is of an admirable structure; more perfect than Greek; fuller than Latin, and exquisément refined than any of both but having towards each one of them two a stronger affinity, as well in the roots of the verbs as in the forms of grammar, as it in pourroit to have resulted by accident; if strong in truth that no philologist them pourroit to examine all three without believing that they emerged from some common source, which, perhaps, exists more. ”

The systematic comparisons led by Franz Bopp on these languages confirmed this assumption, and its Grammaire compared of the languages sanscrites, zende, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Slavic, gohic, and German , published between 1833 and 1852 marked the beginning of the Indo-European studies.

a question mark (?) announce an uncertainty on the regrouping .

Large branches

balto-Slavic Branch

Baltic Subbranch

Slavic Subbranch

Germanic Branch

italo-Celtic Branch

Italic Subbranch

  • group osco-ombrien
  • group
    • Falisque
    • Vénète, Liburnien
    • Sicule, Morgète
    • Dalmato-pannonien (?)
    • Rhétique (?)
    • Latin (which is the principal ancestor of the Romance languages)

Romance Languages

  • italo-Westerner
    • Castilian ibéro-novel
      • (Spanish current French)
      • Asturien
      • Andalusian Léonais
      • (alternative of the Castilian )
      • Aragonese
      • Galician estrémadure
      • Judeo-Spanish
      • Portuguese
        • From the Azores Mirandais
          • Algarvio (Algarve)
          • Alentejano (Alentejo) (these two last languages are varieties of Portuguese as well as the Brésil IEN or Portuguese colonies as that of the Cape Verde
    • gallo-novel
    • Rhaeto-Romanic
    • Italian italo-novel
      • (standard language, based on the Tuscan and created by Dante.
      • speeches gallo-italics
      • Vénitien (all dialects of Venezia)
        • Istrien
        • Toscan
      • dialects central-Southerners
        • center: Marchigiano, Roman Ombrien and of Latium (the romanesco is a dialect of the Toscan)
          • Southern
        • :
          • Abruzzais (dialect of the Southernmost )
          • apulien (dialect of the Southernmost or Neapolitan)
          • Neapolitan
          • Lucan or lucanien (dialect of the Southernmost ) (two varieties)
        • extreme-South:
      • Sicilian
      • Calabrian southernmost (very near to the Sicilian , in the north of Calabria one speaks Lucan as in Pouilles about north)
      • Italo-Eastern Salentin
  • Corsica Italo-Southerner
    • Sarde
      • Campidanien
      • Logoudorien of which the Nuorais
      • Gallurais and Sassarais

Celtic Subbranch

According to Jean-Louis Brunaux the Celtic languages can be distributed in the following way:

  • Brittonique (spoken in Great Britain)
  • Gallic (extinct language spoken in the plain about Po, in France, in Belgium, and Switzerland of 300 av. JC with 200 a. JC)
  • goidelic or Gaelic (spoken in Scotland and Ireland)
    • Irish (and its old form )
    • Scottish (or strop)
    • Mannois (or manxois) (extinct language)
    • Picte (extinct language)

  • Lépontique (extinct language spoken in the area about the Italian lakes about 700 and 400 av JC)

  • Celtibère (extinct language spoken in Spain about 300 with 100 av. JC)

Connect thraco-it

  • Daco-thrace

Connect Helléno-Phrygian

  • Hellenic group

    • group Arcado-cypriote:
      • Mycénien
      • Arcadien, Cypriot, Pamphylien
    • group Ionian-attic:
      • attic (Greek old)
        • Koinè (average common Greek)
          • Greek modern
      • Ionian (of Asia, islander, of Eubée)
    • wind group (philistine, lesbian, Thessalien)
    • Western group
  • Phrygian (?)

Connect tokharien

  • Tokharien has (agnéen or tokharien itself)
  • Tokharien B (koutchéen or kuci)

Connect Indo-iranien

Indo-Aryan subbranch

(or indicates ) (Langues of India):

Iranian Subbranch

the family Anatolian is not, like the Indo-European family, resulting from the Proto-indo-European.

Anatolian Languages

  • hittite, also called nésite or hittite-nésite.
  • Palaite
  • Louvite
    • Mylien
      • South-Phrygian Lycien
      • Kylaonien
      • Isaurien
      • Lydian Cilicien
  • Pisidien
  • Karien (?)
  • Pre-Hellenic has (?)

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