Inchoatif Aspect

The inchoatif aspect (sometimes: inchoative voice , also called ingressif aspect , or inceptif ) said initalement Aspect of a Verbe suitable to indicate either the beginning of an action or an activity, or the entry in a state. This term is also applied to various verbal constructions and nonverbal elements likely to confer on the statement this same value (adverbs, particles etc)

The term of Aspect having different meanings according to the linguists, its use for the inchoatif one is disputed of long time. One sticks here to his most general definition (the representation that is as well as made the speaker of the lawsuit expressed), which includes the inchoatif one, the progressive one or the resultative one for example, whatever the manner that uses such or such particular language to translate it.

It is difficult to restrict the inchoation with the expression of the beginning of a lawsuit in opposition to the entry in a state. In both cases the passage of an initial state (absence of property or lawsuit is concerned) at another: there is passage of " rien" with " something ". This treatment makes it possible to give an account of the relations existing between the forms to inchoative value and transitivity. The difference between inchoation and progressive Aspect (for an action " in train de" to achieve itself) is, in fact, more complex than it does not appear to with it. It is noted that " to be in the train de" , when it introduces to be + adj. tends to take a inchoative value: There, you are being unpleasant .

In French

In French grammar, several reference books associate the inchoatif with a finished list of Morphème S and phrases:

1) the Prefix ( in ): to fall asleep , to fly away

2) the suffixes - ir , - iser : to age , to make green , to caramelize , to modernize

3) various auxiliary of mode and verbal phrases: to start with , to put itself at , to enter in , to take (its take-off) , to fall (sick, pregnant etc)

4) causative verbs meaning " to return Adj." made intransitive by the addition of the reflexive pronoun (cf below décausatifs of Russian and German): to liquefy (to become liquid) coming to liquefy (to return liquid).

This restrictive list was seen lengthened considerably by research articulating the study of the lexicon and grammar. One can thus, without aiming at exhaustiveness, adding:

5) multiple uses of particularly polysemous verbs such as to pass or to take , which, without being always glosables by to begin or to become , does not decline about it less various facets of the inchoation:
- to pass as it poses a continuity between two distinct states: to pass first violin (acquisition of a statute presented like a promotion), to pass to the green (to become circumscribed by a limited number of possible states), to pass at the following stage etc
- to take as it marks the acquisition of a stable condition: to take age/belly (to become old/corpulent), mayonnaise took (there is inchoation in exact measurement where one can consider that a mayonnaise which does not have taken is not yet - or not really - a mayonnaise) or more clearly still the fashion took (if as well is as a fashion which does not take not is not devoted like mode). See also the re-employment to take as auxiliary inchoatif in Haitian Creole ( cf will infra ).

6) certain uses of the grammatical Times. In particular preterit:

Ex: It sang : idlers attroupèrent = started to sing

Ex: It sang : the idlers applauded = interpreted a song

7) Jean-Jacques Franckel raises moreover inchoatifs employment of the preaching of property when this one is marked by all followed by an adjective: “(...) beside it is red which corresponds to the attribution of the property to be red , stable condition, It is very red tends to bring into play a litigious dimension. That means that following particular circumstance, it is become red , it has reddened at the point to be " saturated by the rouge" (...) It is very beautiful means that it was made very beautiful (...), very clean that it is coldly washed (...)”.

In Latin

In Latin, it is one of the remarkable values of the suffix - Sc :

EX: amāscō , “I start to like” < amō “I like”

In the popular language, - Sc was also used to create verbs known as causative (" to return adj. ) of transitive direction. Ernout raises (Ve S. a. J.C.) innōtescō “I make known”, mollēscō “I softened”. Cf will infra .

In German

1) The verbal prefix er
" To be in fleur" or " to produce fleurs" can go by blühen , whereas the compound erblühen means necessarily the entry in the corresponding state. The adverbial phrases of time of the two following examples are thus not interchangeable

Ex Die Rosen blühen hundert Jahre Lang " The pinks flower hundred ans"

Ex Die Rosen erblühen in einem Tag " The pinks flower in a jour"

One will also compare the adjective krank " malade" , the verbal derivative employed in the expression year etwas kranken (" to fish by quelquechose"), the derivative with vocalic alternation kränkeln " to be malade" and inchoatif the erkranken " to fall malade".

It should be noted that er has in addition the property of transitiver a verb: auf jemanden warten → jemanden erwarten “to await somebody”.

2) Separable particles auf' (-) ', ein (-) , los (-) , ein (-)
To compare: blühen (cf above) and aufblühen to open out; brennen to burn anbrennen to take fire, attach (in the pan) etc; gehen "aller" vs. losgehen "partir" ; schlafen "dormir" vs. einschlafen "endormir"

Employee adverbially, los is employed besides like starting signal:

Ex Drei, zwei, eins… los! " Three, two, one… Leave! "

3) the verbal lexicon: sterben "mourir" in comparison with early center " is inchoatif/ingressif; to be mort".
Many verbs inchoatifs are obtained by decausativisation : one passes from " to return adj" (causative) with " to become adj." (inchoatif) by suppression of transitivity. For example, with the verb of position liegen " to be allongé" causative the legen " answers; to pose " flat; , whose décausatif sich legen means " allonger".

Verbs and auxiliaries such as werden litt are added. " devenir": krank werden is close to erkranken : " to fall malade" ; beginnen "commencer" etc

4) various verbal phrases, such as for example ins Schwitzen kommen " to put itself in sueur"

Helbig & Buscha regard the inchoation as a particular case of perfective operation, which is defined for this language by a battery of test syntactic: choice of the auxiliary with the form known as Perfekt of the intransitive verbs (to compare: er STI eingeschlafen vs. er hat geschlafen which answers the france It is deadened vs. It slept ), use of the participle 2nd form according to epithet ( das eingeschlafene Kind " the child endormi" , but not * geschlafene ).

In Russian

1) The verbal prefixes, or more exactly (cf will infra ) the préverbes za- , Po , vz- (and its alternative slavonne voz- ), strong current have in certain cases a inchoatif direction:

EX: One begal “It ran in all directions” → One za begal “it started to run (in all directions)”

EX: Process šël medlenno “the process was held slowly” went → Process Po šël “the process moving be-went” (Mr. Gorbatchev)

Conditions of appearance of inchoative interpretation, and the generated values, are very variable according to the préverbes. Strong current and vz- brings into play the intensity of the lawsuits. In the case of Po , it matters that the Simplex is a verb of displacement known as Déterminé authorizing the representation of a way, of an unfolding (above: Po šël contrary to the verb za xodil which marks an abrupt actuation without given destination), or a property which is not acquired immediately ( Po krasnet - “to redden”). It was noted that corresponding simplex could also assume a inchoative value (“to take the way of”):

EX : (...) sdav moloko, šël Na pochtu (e.g. studied by J. Fountain “After having brought milk, it went to the post office” ( i.e. it took the way of it)

The inchoative interpretation of the préverbe requires sometimes the addition of the reflexive particle - sja postfixée with transitive or intransitive verbs: razgovorit' “to make speak somebody” → razgovorit' sja “to start to speaking, starting a conversation, to leave its dumbness”; plakat' “to cry” → rasplakat' sja “to melt in sobs” (beside zaplakat “to put to cry”). In the same way:

EX : Iz iskry vozgoritsja plamja “Of the spark will spout out the flame” (revolutionary slogan borrowed from the poet decembrist A. Odoïevski) - on goret' “to burn, to be consumed”

Note: the indicated verbal prefixes préverbes have the property to make pass the verbs which they modify in the grammatical category of the perfective verbs , which do not get busy to indicate an action in progress. A remarkable property of the Russian préverbes inchoatifs is that starting from the compounds obtained, it is rare to be able to derive from the verbs imperfectifs . One thus distinguishes very clearly a imperfective inchoation (simple verbs: šël taken with the direction “it took the way, moved towards”), of a perfective inchoation (préverbés verbs: pošël meaning “it left; here it is the party”).

2) The verbal suffixes - N (inaccentuée syllable) and E / have on adjectival bases mark the entry in a state: “to become Adj. ” For example, on the complete or truncated basis krepkij “extremely, resistant” builds respectively krepčat' ( Marazm krepčaet “stagnation worsens”, current expression) and krepnut' ( Naši sily krepnut “Our forces grow”)

Moreover, as in German, the stock of the verbs inchoatifs comprises the many décausatif one: beside staret " to become vieux" (inchoatif formed on staryj " vieux") exist the causative derivative starit' " to age, return vieux" , from which intransitive the starit' sja " is formed; to be made vieux".

3) The auxiliary with inchoative value, like all the auxiliaries indicating such or such phase of the lawsuit (beginning, continuation, end), combine with a necessarily imperfectif infinitive verb:

EX : One načal (stal) plakat' “It started (put itself at) to cry”

In Hungarian

The Hungarian uses a great number of Préverbe S, of which some can have a inchoatif direction. However, each one of them generally has several competitor directions:

el- (also: distance, arrival, passage, filling, exhaustion, excess, failure, durative, perfective)
fel-/föl- (also: upwards, inversion, fixing, opening, disintegration, intervention in public, perfective)
hozzá- (also: in direction of)
ki- (also: towards outside, going beyond, until the end, perfective)
meg- (also: perfective-resultative, abrupt perfectivation, insistence/effectivity)
neki- (also: towards, against) .

EX : elsírja magát “to start to cry”

EX: nekilendül “to spring”.

Certain deverbative suffixes can also form verbs with inchoatif direction:

- AD/- ED (also: durative-continuous)
- odik/- edik/- ödik (considered).

EX : ébred “to awake”.

In Turkish

One uses the perfect participle aorist + a form of the verb olmak (to be, to become):

EX: Utan' ır' oldum : I was taken of shame.

EX: Israr etmezsen söz dinle' mez' olur : If you do not insist it will start to disobey.

In Esperanto

One can employ the prefix ek- :

EX: bruligi = to burn (something) → ekbruligi = to ignite.

In Haitian Creole

Words such as pran , derived from the French expression “to be caught with”, or wine (“to come to”), can be used as marks of inchoatif aspect:

EX: daN year pran Fe m badly , the tooth was put to hurt me

EX: Manje has wine ap bouyi , to eat it in is venu/s' is put to boil.

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