Ijaza
The ijaza is an authorization or permission to teach sciences of Islam. Each scientist in each of the three levels of the religion (Islam/Fiqh, Iman/Aqida, Ihsan/Tasawwuf) must have a ijaza (authorization/permission) to teach which delivered to him a Master who also has a ijaza of another alim (Erudite) and so on until the Sahaba (companions of the Prophet), then with Mohammed.
This ijaza is the bond which connects the scientist to the chain of the knowledge and of knowledge going up until Mahomet which holds its Ijaza d' Allah via the Gabriel angle as Coran (Sourate 3 verse 103) mentions it. For example, a scientist of the fiqh must have a ijaza of a scientist who himself has a ijaza of another scientist and so on until Mahomet.
The scientists sunnites teaching various sciences of the religion always had a ijaza.
Sciences of Islam are numerous, one finds in particular:
1. 'Ilm year-Nahu - Science of Grammar
2. 'Ilm Al 'Ajaaz - Science off Miraculous Exposure off Quran
3. 'Ilm ul-Kalam - Science of the Philosophy of Islam
4. 'Ilm At-Tawhid - Science of unicity
5. 'Ilm Al 'Aqida - Science of the Moslem Doctrines
6. 'Ilm Al-Qur' year - Science of Coran
7. 'Ilm Al-Fiqh - Science of Jurisprudence
8. 'Ilm Al-Hadith - Science of the Prophetic Narrations
9. 'Ilm have-Sirah - Life science of Prophète Mohamed (S)
10. 'Ilm have-Sarf
11. 'Ilm Al-Bayan
12. 'Ilm At-Tafsir - Science of the interpretation of Coran
13. 'Ilm Al-Tajweed - Science of the mélodieuse recitation of Coran
14. 'Ilm At-Tarteel - Science of the fast Recitation of Coran
15. 'Ilm At-Tasawwuf ('Ilm ul-Ihsan) - Science of the purification of oneself (more known in occident under the name of Sufism)
16. 'Ilm ul-Mirath - Science of the Wills and other sciences ('Ulum),
None of these sciences as their terminologies existed time of Mahomet.
Importance of Ijaza in Islam
The Imam Muslim, a Moslem traditional scientist said, you must know of who you take your religion . In the book of Hafiz ibn Ali Kanz Al 'Ummal, " the hadith according to is found. The Prophet (S) said, " O Oumar, your DIN (religion) is your flesh and your blood. Look at those of which you take your DIN; take to it those which are on the way right and do not take it those which deviated. " A Scientist said, " knowledge is a spirit which is puffed up in the hearts, not philosophy or pretty tales with being written. Thus be very careful which take it to you. "
Interpretation in Islam is usually supervised by the authorities, the absence of central authority and of unit since the dismissal of the Othoman Caliph in 1924 the emergence of a multitude of free tendencies of their interpretation allowed. One of the fundamental rules of traditional Islam or moderated Islam, to take again the term of the media, is formal prohibition for the man of the commun run to interpret the religious texts with its own way.
Indeed, according to Islam only a scientist with the capacity and the right to interpret the texts and to observe the Islamic legal rules. This authorization to interpret and teach the religion called “Arabic Ijaza”, is obtained while studying near a Master, having obtained itself a “Ijaza” near an other Master and so on. This trade-guild makes go up the knowledge through initiatory chains to the companions of the Prophet then to the prophet Mohammed himself.
It is necessary according to the Moslem scientists that the student acquires good comprehension and the wisdom contained in the religious texts whose subtlety can mislead the layman. One can compare this method with that of the trade-guild of arts and trades born with the Middle Ages or the relation Master and disciple present in all the traditions and spiritualities of the world. Traditionally out of ground of Islam, the sultan was thus charged to take care that nobody interprets the religious texts without having authorization. The legal sorrow for whoever transgressed these limits varied capital punishment with the prison.
It is interesting to note that one of the inspirers of the doctrines of Political Islamism: Ibn Tamiyya, passed the majority of its life in prison because of its literal interpretations considered to be dangerous through the scientists of its time. The absence of central authority and unit since the decline then the dismissal of the Othoman Caliph in 1924 thus allowed the emergence of a multitude of free tendencies of their interpretation of the religious texts, of which in particular the current Wahabite.
Example of Ijaza in Fiqh
The ijaza in fiqh must go up until one of the 4 Imams whose chain of knowing to the companions and with the Prophet is known. We will quote for example Ijaza in fiqh of the scientist Muhammad Zahid ibn Hassan Al-Kawthari Al-Hanafi Al-Ash `ari (1296-1371):
Imam Al-Kawthari (D. 1371) learned its fiqh from his/her father and also from (D. 1345) and Shaykh Zayn Al 'Abidin Al-Alsuni (D. 1336).
The Al-Kawthari father learned his fiqh from the Master of hadith Ahmad Dya' Aldine Al-Kamushkhanawi (D. 1311) which took its fiqh of Sayyid Ahmad Al-Arwadi (D. 1275) which took its fiqh of the Master of hadith Muhammad Amin, Ibn `Abidin (D. 1252).
The Master in hadith Ibrahim Haqqi and Shaykh Zayn Al 'Abidin Al Alsuni took to them fiqh of the Master of hadith Ahmad Shakir (d.1315)
who took his fiqh of the Master of hadith Muhammad Ghalib (D. 1286)
who took his fiqh of Sulayman ibn Al-Hassan Al-Kraydi (D. 1268)
who took his fiqh of Ibrahim Al-Akhiskhawi (D. 1232)
who took his fiqh of Muhammad Munib Al 'Aynatabi (D. 1238)
who took his fiqh of Isma' it ibn Muhammad Al-Qunawi (D. 1195)
who took his fiqh `Abd Al-Karim Al-Qunawi Al-Amidi (d.1150)
who took his fiqh of Muhammad Al-Yamani Al-Azhari (D. 1135)
who took his fiqh ``Abd Al-Hayy Al-Shurunbulali
who took his fiqh `Abu Al-Ikhlas Al-Hassan Al-Shurunbulali (D. 1069)
who took his fiqh ``Abd Allah ibn Muhammad Al-Nuhrayri
and of Aldine Shams Muhammad Al-Muhibbi Al-Qahiri (D. 1041)
who took his fiqh ``Ali Al-Maqdisi (D. 1004)
who took his fiqh `Ahmad ibn Yunus Al-Shalabi (D. 948)
who took his fiqh ``Abd Al-Barr ibn Al-Shahna (D. 921)
who took his fiqh `from Imam Al-Kamal ibn Al-Humam (D. 861)
who took his fiqh `Aldine Siraj `Umar ibn “Ali Qari” Al-Hidaya (D. 829)
who took his fiqh `
1) of `Ala' S Aldine Al-Sirami (D. 790)
who took his fiqh `Jalal Aldine Al-Karlani
who took his fiqh `Abd Al 'Aziz Al-Bukhari (D. 730)
who took his fiqh of Aldine Hafiz Imam `Abd Allah ibn Ahmad Al-Nasafi (d.701)
who took his fiqh Imams Muhammad ibn `Abd Al-Sattar Al-Kardari
2) of Aldine Akmal Muhammad Al-Babarti (D. 796)
who took his fiqh of Aldine Qawwam Muhammad Al-Khaki (D. 749)
who took his fiqh Al-Husayn Al-Saghnaqi (D. 711)
who took his fiqh `Aldine Hafiz Al-Kabir Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nasr Al-Bukhari (D. 693)
who took his fiqh of Muhammad ibn `Abd Al-Sattar Al-Kardari (D. 642)
Al-Kardari took its fiqh Imam `Ali ibn Abi Bakr Al-Marghinani (D. 593)
who took his fiqh `Al-Najm Abu Hafs `Umar Al-Nasafi (D. 537)
who took to his fiqh brothers Pazdawi Fakhr Al-Islam (D. 482) and Sadr Al-Islam (D. 493), first took his fiqh Al-Sarkhasi (D. 483)
who took his fiqh `shaykh Al-Halwa' I (D. 448)
who took his fiqh `Al-Husayn ibn Khidr Al-Nasafi (D. 423)
who took his fiqh `Muhammad ibn Al-Fadl Al-Bukhari (D. 381)
who took his fiqh ``Abd Allah ibn Muhammad Al-Harithi (D. 340)
who took his fiqh `Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Hafs (D. 264)
who took his fiqh `Abu Hafs Al-Kabir (D. 217)
who took his fiqh Imam Muhammad ibn Al-Hassan Al-Shaybani (D. 189) the companion of the Imam Abu Hanifa
while Sadr Al-Islam who took her fiqh `Isma' it ibn `Abd Al-Sadiq
who took his fiqh `from `Abd Al-Karim Al-Pazdawi (D. 390)
who took his fiqh of Abu Mansur Al-Maturidi (D. 333)
who took his fiqh `Abu Bakr Al-Jawjazani
who took his fiqh `Abu Sulayman Musa ibn Sulayman Al-Jawjazani
who took his fiqh Imam Muhammad ibn Al-Hassan Al-Shaybani.
Al-Shaybani which took its fiqh of the founder of madhhab Imam Abu Hanifa Al-Naked `man (D. 150)
who took his fiqh `Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman (D. 120)
who took his fiqh `Ibrahim ibn Yazid Al-Nakha `I (D. 95)
who took his fiqh ``Alqama ibn Qays (D. 62), Al-Aswad ibn Yazid
(D. 75), and Abu `Abd Al-Rahman `Abd Allah ibn Hubayyib Al-Sulami (d.74 but 73)
Alqama and Al-Aswad took its fiqh `Abd Allah ibn Mas `ud (D. 32) - ruffle -, and Al-Sulami which took its fiqh `Sayyiduna `Ali - ruffle. Ibn Farmhouse `ud (ruffle) and Sayyiduna “Ali (ruffle) took note their of Prophète Mohamed”
Sources
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