The ido is a built Langue resulting from the Esperanto ( ido means “wire/girl, going down” in Esperanto, one uses also the d'" term; Espérantide "). Like the majority of the artificial languages, the ido was invented to be used as common language. It can be used today by approximately 2.000 speakers in the world (the estimates vary much). Some reviews are published in ido.

History

The language ido was created at the beginning of the 20th century. Several decades of work on the artificial languages however preceded its creation. This is why it is advisable to quote some of the precursors in this field, among most famous: Pascal, Descartes, Leibniz, and especially the father Johann Martin Schleyer, the inventor of the Volapük, and Dr. Lejzer Ludwik Zamenhof, father of the Esperanto.

It is a meeting of several partisans of the artificial languages, at the beginning of the 20th century, which gave rise to the language ido. This meeting is known under the name of “Delegation”. She meets for the first time in 1900, and a committee was founded in 1907. This committee included/understood eminent linguists, scientists and philosophers. They arrived quickly at the conclusion which there existed only two projects of international language worthy of interest. The first was Esperanto, unchanged since its appearance in 1887; the second was a language called Idiom Neutral, which had been developed by the old Academy of Volapük. The Delegation finally decided to choose Esperanto, but by applying reforms defined by the project “ido”. This project, of anonymous author at the time of his presentation, summarized the projects preceding the Delegation. This reform also took into account the linguistic progress carried out by the Idiom Neutral.

After the First World War, Ric Shepherd, a Swiss professor, studied the correspondence of Louis Couturat. He discovered that this last was the “anonymous” author of the ido. While being member of the Delegation, Louis Couturat was, at the time of the proposal, at the same time judge and part. As it did not have officially the right to propose a project, the ido was initially presented like the work of an anonymous author. After the acceptance of the ido project, it is Louis de Beaufront which asserted the paternity of the ido, thus replacing Louis Couturat. It appears thus that the birth of the ido is discussed and impressed negociations. (One will read on this subject, in novial, the testimony of the linguist Otto Jespersen, member of the Delegation).

The French philosopher Louis Couturat and his colleagues, whose Louis de Beaufront, worked with the improvement of the system. A schism followed among the esperantists. Majority remaining devoted to the “Fundamento” of Dr. Zamenhof, who fixed the rules of Esperanto definitively. Certain features of Esperanto, considered to be awkward by the partisans of the ido, were eliminated: the J of plural (criticized like “heavy”, “not very natural” and used in any other language, although there is a resemblance to the old Greek ); the agreement of the adjective with the name in case and of number; obligatory terminations for the accusative; and accented accentuated letters difficult to print at that time. Louis Couturat completely revised moreover the system of Dérivation of Esperanto, to produce a different system, each Affixe having a definite significance not being able to be “deformed”.

Principal differences between the ido and Esperanto

Alphabet

The alphabet of Esperanto comprises six letters Diacritiques (ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ), of which three are specific to Esperanto. The ido uses the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, without diacritic letters. If this difference were major at a certain time, it is less important today since data processing makes it possible to insert the particular letters (ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ) which uses Esperanto, grace inter alia to the characters Unicode.

Agreement of the adjectives

As in English, the ido does not impose the agreement in kind and of number between the Nom and the Adjectif. Esperanto imposes the agreement of number between the noun and the adjective.

The accusative

Esperanto requires that the direct objects take a final N to indicate the Accusatif. The ido allows the use of this characteristic when the object does not follow the subject in order to avoid ambiguity, but in all the other situations the accusative was eliminated by concern from grammatical simplicity.

Neutrality of the kinds of the ido

The words in ido are neutral of kind by defect. For example, frato expresses at the same time a brother or a sister (the english-speaking use the term sibling ). In ido, one will use the suffix - ino to specify the female one ( fratino , sister) and - ulo to specify the masculine ( fratulo , brother). In Esperanto, the terms are owing to lack of male kind. Thus frato wants to say brother and fratino wants to say sister (the female one of brother). To express this neutrality in Esperanto, one will be obliged to use the prefix Ge and plural.

Economy of the radicals of Esperanto

The ido uses sometimes more radicals than Esperanto. In ido, genitoro wants to say relative. Although it is possible to use genitorulo and genitorino , it is more current to use patro for father and matro for mother. These particular radicals have an intrinsic kind. It is a way which Esperanto does not take which uses only one radical in this case: patro for father, patrino for mother (female of father) and gepatroj for parents. The prefix Ge expresses the two kinds in Esperanto.

Personal names

The ido does not translate personal names. John Lennon will remain writes same manner. For the names using a different alphabet, one will try to write in ido the word so as to approach more close possible of his original phonetics. Esperanto, for its part, tends to translate personal names and the places then to write them in capital letter. For example, John will become Johano in Esperanto.

To avoid the comparisons at ends partisanes

In spite of the differences, let us note that each of the two languages has its own merits, for example Ido would be adapted more because of its highher degree of accuracy in particular among the verbs, like bridge for the translations between two or several languages or at the teaching level. On the other hand, Esperanto enjoys a social network much more developed. They have each one speakers ¹ sufficient to claim with an existence clean, which classifies them, not in the category “projects linguistic to compare”, but rather in the category “living languages to study”.

Several subjects (of which the number of speakers) are disputed between esperantists and idists believing itself in competition ². The fact that the two languages are similar and share a common goal can mislay some of an altruistic ideal of them. Let us note that none of the two languages is declining and that the loss of one or the other, would undoubtedly be a failure for those wishing that the people lay out of languages second easy to learn how to communicate between them.

Each language should be approached in a spirit of discovery; appreciated for its characteristics, its subtleties and the possibilities that its knowledge gets to us.

¹ the most pessimistic estimates indicate approximately 2.000 possible speakers for the ido and more than 100.000 for the espéranto.

² Several idists name the ido “reformed Esperanto” or “improved Esperanto”. In opposition, several esperantists qualify the language ido “heresy”, or seek to decrease it by mentioning its small number of locuteurs.

Phonetic and pronunciation

The Vowel S

  • has - as has in tanner;

  • E - as E in very or E in it, but never like E in holding or lying;
  • I - as I in machine;
  • O - as O in trot;
  • U - as or in hole, never like U in plum.

Each vowel decides in ido. For a French-speaking person, the difficulty will be to pronounce the Diphtongue S. Ainsi have decides E-or in ido, and not like “French play”. In the same way for with the which decides ah-or in ido, and not like “top” in French.

The Consonant S

The following consonants have the same pronunciation as in French: B, D, F, J, K, L, m, N, p, T, v, Z. The other consonants decide as follows:

  • C - as ts in tsétsé (e.g.: Ca);

  • G - always as in station, never as son-in-law;
  • H - always audible and expired: honoro - honor;
  • R - rolled if possible, but always marked;
  • S - always as in ground, never as pink;
  • W - as in or of yes, never like W in coach (delivery like the v of cow);
  • X - as ks or gz in xylophone;
  • there - always as in yoghourt or yoga, never as dynasty;

There exist two Digramme S of consonants in ido:

  • HS - as CH in cat or way;
  • CH - as tch in Czech.

Tonic accent

For the polysyllabic words , the tonic Accent is placed on before last Syllabe, except for the verbs with the infinitf. Examples: sko lo , ka' fe' O and me ler nas (school, coffee and I learn). The verbs with infinitive have the tonic accent placed on the last syllable. Examples: i' rar , its VAr and drin kar (to go, know and to drink). If a I or a U precedes another vowel, the pair is regarded as only one syllable. Examples: ra' dio , fa' mi' lio and my nuo (radio, family and hand).

Grammar

The grammar of the ido is regular, simple and comprises very few exceptions (see the paragraph on the tonic accent above).

Radicals/terminations

The words in ido are made starting from a radical and of a termination. The termination indicates the nature of the mot. Ainsi all the names end in - O , adjectives by - has , the verbs with infinitive by - rear , etc the words can be combined with prefixes or suffixes. Here some terminations, including principal times of verb:

The verbs in ido have a regular termination. Thus the termination - ace will be the same one for all the people: I, you, it/it, us, you, they/they.

Pronouns

There exists a familiar form you for the pronoun considering (2nd person of the singular).

The ido has a pronoun without reference to kind which we do not have in French (use of the masculine prevailing in French ambiguity). Thus in ido, if one does not wish to specify the kind (or if it is unknown), one will use the pronoun read in the singular and Li in the plural (nonspecific or groups mixed).

Syntax

The word order in a sentence is in general: subject, verb, complement (S).
  • the adjectives can be put before the name as in English, or after the name, as in French. libro blua and blua libro is allowed.
  • the ido place the termination - N to mark the accusative whenever there could be ambiguity. Example of the use of the termination - N: the blua libron cut me.

The negation is indicated by the word in front of the verb. did not cut Me libro results in “I do not have a book”, and so on for: Me… (I…), It (It…), and Li (They…). And just as with passed and the future: Me iris (I did not go), Me iros (I will not go).

A question starts with ka : Ka cut me libro? (I have a book?). The question ends in a question mark, as in French.

Vocabulary

Comparisons/origins

The roots of the language ido come mainly from the languages: Frenchwoman, Italian, Spanish, English, German and Russian.

Voisi a table of comparison with these six languages:

Numbers

  • 1-10 : one, of, tri, quar, kin, located, sep, ok, not, DEK
  • 0: zero
  • 100: hundred
  • 1.000: millet
  • 1.000.000: miliono
  • 13: DEK-E-tri (≈ 10 + 3)
  • 20: of-have-DEK (≈ 2 · 10)

Colors

Examples

Mea vido-cirklo (horizonto)

Translation of a song interpreted by the Russian bard Alexander Sukhanov of the worms of the Russian poet Yunna Morits.
Me nule savas Angla, Franca, Greka,
Mea vid-cirklo C remained sat will mikra E streta -
In mea vid-cirklo trovesas nur flowered, arbori,
Nur tero E maro, aero, fairo, amoro.

Me nule savas Dana E Portugala,

Mea vid-cirklo remained sat infantala -
fast Nur joyi pasant', bruligiva aflikto,
Nur esperi, E timi noktal' be in mea vid-cirklo.

Me savas nek Sanskrito E nek Latina,

Mea vid-cirklo be old-mod' quale tino
Nur morto E nasko homala, nur grani ED astri
Aden mea vid-cirklo penetrated E standas sat mastre.

Mea savo artala esas fakultativa.

Mea vid-cirklo remained presk' primitiva -
In olu be denied afero intima, interned
Por ke kun homaro Tero flugadez eterne.

Mea vid-cirklon restriktas nur timi, esperi,

In olu trovesas nur amo, nur maro E tero.
Aden mea vid-cirklo penetrated E standas sat mastre
Nur morto E nasko homala, nur grani ED astri.

Princeto (the Small Prince)

Extracts from chapter 17 of the translation of the Petit Prince of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.

CHAPITRO XVII

(...)
–Bona nokto! – dicis the surprizata princeto.
– Bona nokto! – dicis the serpento.
– Adsur qua planeto me falis? – questionis the princeto.
– Adsur Tero, on Afrika. – respondis the serpento.
– Ha! … Kad esas nulu on Tero?
– To esas the dezerto, E nulu esas on the dezerti. Tero esas tre granda –dicis the serpento.

the princeto sideskis on stono E levis lua okuli with the cielo.

–Questioned me has to me – read dicis- ka the steli intence shone por ke uladie singlu povez trovar sweated stelo. Empty mea planeto, olu esas exakte super nor… my tre drills!

– Olu esas bleated planeto – dicis the serpento-. Por quo considering venis adhike?
– Esas chagreneto inter floro E me – dicis the princeto.
– Ha! – dicis the serpento.

E it of the permanis silence.

–Ube esas the personi? – klamis fine the princeto-. UNO esas kelke sola on the dezerto…

– Inter personi UNO anke esas sola – dicis the serpento.
the princeto regardis the serpento longatempe.

–Considering esas stranja animalo! – dicis the princeto-. Considering esas tam tenua kam fingro…

– Yes, my me esas rained potenta kam fingro di rejo – dicis the serpento.

the princeto ridetis.

–Me kredas ke considering esas tre potenta, mem considering did not cut pedi… nek considering povas voyajar…

– Me povas transportar considering rained drills kam navo - dicis the serpento.

ED olu spulis the maleolo di the princeto, same kam will ora braceleto.

–Your quan me tushas will retroiras with the tero deube read venis. My considering esas E considering venas of stelo…

will pura

the princeto nulon respondis.

–Me kompatas considering, qua esas aunt sola on your harda granita Tero. Me povas helpar considering considering sentas nostalgio has vua planeto. Me povas…

–Ho! – dicis the princeto-. Me bone komprenis, my pro quo considering sempre parolas enigmatoze?

–Me solvas omna enigmati – dicis the serpento.

E it of the permanis silence.

Averto lektenda

the verko the Creative princeto licencesas sub Commons License , http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode
Autoro. - Fernando Tejón, krayono@yahoo.es
Ret-pagino. - http://es.geocities.com/idohispania/laprinceto/laprinceto.html

Publications

Kuriero Internaciona is a magazine published in France. Adavane! is a two-monthly magazine published in Spain. Progreso is the official review of the movement idist.

The Wikipédia encyclopedia in language ido (Wikipedio) account more than 14.000 articles (October 2006) and Wiktionnaire in language Ido (Wikivortaro) account more than 100.000 entries (January 2007).

Census

To date, there does not exist recognized study making it possible to count the number of idophones in the world. The estimates advanced up to now, seem to come from ratios observed at various places between idists and esperantists. For example, an observation ¹ made on the site Polyglot in November 2006 indicates that:
  • 800 members of this site wish to learn Esperanto;
  • 32 members wish to learn the ido;
    • for a ratio from approximately 1 future idophone for 25 futures espérantophones (4%);
  • 255 members are been willing to teach Esperanto;
  • 8 members are been willing to teach the ido;
    • for a ratio from approximately 1 idophone for 32 espérantophones (3,1%).

Among the members wishing to learn the ido one notices that approximately a third is also interested in Esperanto and two-third with the ido only. Of course, the observation made on this joining together site of the people interested in the training of a foreign language, does not testify to the level of control of their language by the speakers.

However, although no scientific value can be associated there, this observation seems to confirm the various estimates which one finds on several wikipédias ²: Italian, Spanish, German, etc By taking to the most preserving number esperantists (100 000) and a proportion of 1 idophone for 32 espérantophones, one is found inside these estimates, indicating that there would be between 2.000 idophones and 5.000 idophones in the world.

¹ the advertisements to teach or learn one from the two languages were published of June 2003 in November 2006 with an upward trend for the two languages. Four research was carried out: the members wishing to learn Esperanto, it does not matter the source and the language to be taught; the members wishing to learn the ido, it does not matter the source and the language to be taught; the members willing to teach Esperanto, it does not matter the source and the language to be learned; the members willing to teach the ido, it does not matter the source and the language with apprendre.

² Articles concerning the ido on some wikipédias: Italian, Spanish, German, etc Attention, the number of articles indicating the same estimate can constitute a factor of credibility, no independent study being quoted. One can see there only one simple approval of the various contributors wikipédiens interested in the ido.

See too

  • Wiktionnaire in ido

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