IXe century

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See also: List of the centuries, Roman numerals ---- The century begins on January 1st 801 and finishes the December 31st 900.

Events

Africa

Between IXe and the 13th century, of the tribes of origin chona (Bantou) is installed on the occupied territory by the minors batonga, in Rhodesia. These Chona would have subjected the minors and would be the first manufacturers of the town of Zimbabwe.

Constitution of the kingdom Tekrour with the Senegal by the people Toucouleur (mixture of Peul and Négrides).

the kings of the Kanem (Chad) found the town of Njimi, which becomes their capital. The first sovereigns of Kanem would have been Christian until in 1085, year when king Oumé converts with the Islam.

Conversion of the Berber to the Islam.

the civilization of Igbo-Ukwu develops at the Eastern Nigeria in IXe and 10th century.

the town of Djenné-Djenno to the Mali, the oldest city of West Africa (cf -250), reached 10.000 inhabitants approximately about the year 800.

the Arab settle on the coasts Somalia and do not convert with Islam the population (of origin Hamitique).
the founded commercial counters as from the 8th century between Mogadiscio and Sofala by Moslems originating in Persian Arabia and , are competitor and live independently from/to each other.
Of the Arab sources notes the presence, in the ports which they control, of merchants and sailors originating in the islands of Southeast Asia, that they call " 'Waqwaq ".

At the 9th century, the Bedja invade the north of the Ethiopia. According to the Arab historian Yaqoubi, they create between Assouan and the Ethiopia the kingdoms of Naqiq, Baclin, Bazèn, Giarin and Cata' ah. They leave traces in poetries of the north of Ethiopia, where the tribe of the Romanians is distinguished particularly. It seems to be extinct after a certain period of power. It leaves tombs curious and the memory about their richnesses.

Asia

Construction of the Temple of Prambanan in the center of the island of Java.
the kingdom Tibetan, contained by the Indians, the Arabs and the Chinese, enters at the 9th century during one obscure time. The unit of the country disaggregates. Buddhism, practically destroyed, knows a new dash only at the 11th century.

the Bhutan is as from the 9th century dominated by the Bhotias.

The Middle East

In Georgia, the dynasty of the Bagratide S gradually reconquers territories on the Arab occupants.
Compilation of the Hadith, together of “known as” of the Prophet and his close relations, who forms the essence of the tradition (Sunna).

Europe

Sacring of Charlemagne in 800
Invasions Viking S, sarazines and Hungarian women, who cause the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire.
the Lives, ancestors of the Latvian , appear in Latvia at the 9th century.
the Polanes are mentioned by a Bavarian geographer in first half of the 9th century.
the Petchenègues are driven out by the Turks Oghuz towards the west, between the the Ural and the the Volga, then between the Volga and the Don and in the north of the Mer of Azov. They run up against the Magyars that they push back beyond bottom Dniepr and of the the Danube. At the end of the century, they dominate all the coast of the Black Sea, of the Gift to the Moldavie.

Significant characters

Political leaders

Charlemagne, emperor of occident,
Basile Ier (811 - 886) known as the Macedonian, Byzantine emperor of 867 with 886,
Louis Ier the Piles (Chasseneuil, 778 - close to Ingelheim, June 20th 840), king of the Francs and emperor of Occident (814 - 840).

Scientists

Al-Khuwarizmi (783 - 850) mathematician and Persan astronomer ,

Philosopher S and Theologist S

Benoit d' Aniane (750 - 821), reforming monk,
Al-Kindi (801 - 873), philosopher and Arab scientist, author of very many treaties (philosophy, medicine, mathematics, music,…).

See: Philosophical and theologists of IXe century

Monk

Cyrille (or Constantin the Philosopher) (827 or 828 - 869) and Method (815 or 820 - April 6th, 885), evangelists of the Slavic people, inventeus of the Cyrillic alphabet, owners of Europe,

Inventions, Discoveries, Introductions

Cyrille and Méthode, two Byzantine monks , invents new a Alphabet adapted to the Slavic language: the Cyrillic alphabet
First mention of the existence of the Thousand and One Nights , compilation of Tale S of the the Middle East and the the Middle East.
Development of the cultures of cane, rice and cotton in Iraq.
Invention of the Harrow to the whole beginning of the 9th century (towards 800).
Appearance in China at the end of the Dynasty Tang of guilds of craftsmen, of the use of the paper money and commercial centralization.
the geographer Jia daN draws up a chart of the China.
Invention of the Leading.

Economy & company

Worsen Carolingian

the empire Carolingien extends on 1,2 million km ² and is populated of 15 million inhabitants.
the empire then consists of approximately 300 counties, divided into pagi or gau . The county ( comitatus ) is directed by a count, the pagus by a vicar, the gau by a centenier. Chosen by the king, the count can be moved or revoked. He is remunerated by the pleasure of imperial incomes ( honor or comitatus ). He carries out the royal orders, convenes the free men for annual forwarding (the Ost), chairs the royal court (public evil). He is framed from 10 to 12 people, with the result that the empire under is managed. Charlemagne group sometimes its counties and entrust them to a duke or a markgraf in the territories located at the borders.
the load comtale remains sometimes in the same family during several generations: thus in the county of the Oberrheingau (Haut-Rhin), it is held by certain Rupert, died before 764, then by her Cancor son until in 771 and its Emmerich grandson until in 785. In 795, it passes to her Rupert cousin, who transmits it to his son also named Rupert in 807.

most of the population of the empire works in the campaigns, on the great properties ( villae ), whose grounds are divided into reserve ( will terra indominicata ) and into manses, free tenures or servile data with tenants in exchange of the drudgery carried out on the reserve. Slave of the ancient type remains really only in the South when in the household for the domestic services. It is often put on a manse that it cultivates. Its economic condition approaches then that of the colonist, free man, but who unable to answer the convocations of the evil comtal or prevented by his Master, falls under his capacity from constraint. The passage of slavery and the colonat to a new social condition, serfdom, are done imperceptibly (the serf, not-free, depends completely on the lord). The free small holders, cultivating a freehold, exist but we do not know them.

Scandinavia

the Scandinavian royal armies are constituted about IXe and 10th century with the same executives and the same chiefs as the royal fleets. The armed forces are provided by the military lifting on the basis of territorial recruitment, the leidhangr (old Norwegian), lethang (Danish) or lethungr (Swedish). Each field or groups farms must provide to the king a boat and its armed crew, ordered by the styresmand , the chief of the small rural community become military chief. The armament envisaged by the leidhangr consists of a round shield, a sword or a battle-axe, a lance, a morion for each man. The law envisages a dimension of mesh per bench of stroke, as well as an arc and arrows. With the Denmark, a horse and a crossbow are planned for each boat.
the battles generally proceed on ground. The antagonists put themselves on line face to face. The chief and his escort form an hard core grouped around the standard ( skjaldborg , fortress formed by the shields). After a ceremonial of exhortation of the troops, the two armies throw projectiles (stones, lances), then the lines approach and clash confusedly in a juxtaposition of singular combat. The valiancy of the chiefs weighs heavy on the exit of the combat. In situation of clear inferiority, it is not dishonouring to ask district, and the adversary often grants it. Certain warriors ( to berserkir , “hidden in a skin of bear”), make themselves insensitive with the pain by magic processes and enter in fright.

Worsen Byzantine

In the Byzantine Empire, the soldiers and the warrant officers of the central army as the soldiers of the topics is recruited among the stratiôtes, country owners subjected to the military service in exchange of important tax measures and protection.
the Byzantine State maintains the unit tax of the chôrion (village) by the right of pre-emption of the Co-taxpayers in the event of sale of a ground and supports the average property by contracts of share-cropping (of “half”) or of ground hiring atadvantageous rate (10% of the fruit).

The Middle East & Arab world

the mode of the grounds in the empire Abbasside is determined by the conquest, which made to Muslim community the owner of the grounds. The Caliph, which represents it, can have it with its liking. There exists in fact several categories of property: private grounds of the nonMoslem populations at the time of the conquest, which can be preserved against the payment of the kharâdj and be sold and bequeathed; the private grounds of the Moslems, free grounds ( mulk ), acquired by purchase near the owners autochtones, are subjected to the dîme; the public domains, coming from the confiscations which followed the conquest, either are exploited directly by the intendants of the caliph, or conceded with private individuals or groups ( qataï : cutting off); the goods wafq are yielded by the faithful ones to pious foundations (mosques, schools, hospital…) and are inalienable.
the peasants are generally sharecroppers. The irrigation, inherited the ancient world (rising of the the Nile in Egypt, channels in Mésopotamie, well with beam ( chadouf ), wheel driven by animals ( noria ), stoppings in Transoxiane, with the Khuzistan and the Yemen, galleries underground with the foot of the mountains in Iran ( kanat ) or with the the Maghreb ( will rhettaras ), rests on a solid Community organization and the intervention of the State. One always plows with the swing-plow and the ground receives little manure in consequence of the weakness of the breeding.
the agricultural production is stimulated by the request of the great agglomerations and the aristocratic mediums. The crop products dominate: cereals (corn, rice), fruits (apricots, citrus fruits), vegetables, olive oil (Syria and Palestine, reserved to the rich person), of sesame (Iraq), of turnip, colza, flax or ricinus (Egypt), vine growing (Syria, Palestine, Egypt), dates, bananas (Egypt), canes with sugar. The breeding remains important for food, the raw material supply (wool, leather) and for transport (camels, dromedaries, horses Arab turco-Mongolian or thorough-bred). The sheep is present everywhere but the breeding of the buffalo develops (marsh of low Iraq or the Oronte). Small poultry breedings, of pigeons and bees correspond to an important request in the easy classes. The food of the people, very frugal, is primarily vegetarian (wafer of rice, corn pulp, vegetables and fruits).

Religion

IVe council of Constantinople (869)

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Beats-smg: IX omžios Be-X-old: 9 стагодзьдзе Nds-nl: 9th eeuw Simple: 9th century

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