ISBN

The ISBN ( in International Standard Book Number ) or international number standardized of the book is an international number which makes it possible to identify, in a single way, each delivers published. It is intended to simplify the data-processing management of the livre : Library S, booksellers, distributers, etc

It should not be confused with the ISSN ( in International Standard Serial Number ) which, him, is reserved for the periodic newspapers, reviews and other publications (their editors use a single code to indicate a series of publications carrying the same title but a nondefinite number a priori of volumes, each one of them being published on a different date and in front of being numbered sequentially in addition to number ISSN allotted to the complete series).

The standard ISO 2108 (ICS n°01.140.20) specifies the construction of number ISBN, the rules of its attribution as well as the administration of system ISBN. The first edition of this standard is appeared in 1972.

Presentation

Number ISBN-10 was composed of four segments, three segments variable length and a fixed segment length, the overall length of the ISBN included/understood ten digits (on January 1st, 2007, the length was extended to 13 digits by adding an initial group of 3 digits). The four segments of an old code ISBN with 10 digits are:
has - B - C - D
  • has identifies a group of codes for the same speech community: 0 or 1 for the Anglo-Saxon productions, 2 for the French-speaking people, 3 for the German-speaking ones, etc Its length is variable: a character for the languages having an abundant production (English, French, etc), several for the languages having a less abundant production, up to 5 characters to the maximum. For example, for the Moroccan productions, the code is 9954 . The international organizations have a reserved code: 92 . You can consult the list complete of the codes (in English) .
  • B identifies the editor publication. Its length is variable within each linguistic group: of a character for the editors having an abundant production with 7 characters for the editors having a less production.
  • C corresponds to the sequence number of the work in the editor who allots it normally sequentially (except in the event of division of code resulting from an agreement between editors). Its length is, it also, variable: of a character for the editors having a not very abundant production, to 6 for the editors having an abundant production. One supplements this zone by zeros in such way that the overall length is equal to 10.
  • D is a key code of checking on a character calculated starting from the preceding figures. In addition to the figures from 0 to 9, the Clé of control can take the value X , which represents number 10.

Calculation of the key figure of a number ISBN to 10 digits

  • One allots a weighting to each position (from 10 to 2 while going in decreasing direction) and one makes the sum of the products thus obtained.
  • One preserves the remainder of the Euclidean Division of this number by 11. The key is obtained by cutting off this number with 11.
  • If the remainder of Euclidean division is 0, the key of control is not 11 (11 - 0 = 11) but 0
  • In the same way if the remainder of Euclidean division is 1, the key of control is not 10 but the letter X . This thus makes it possible to have reciprocally for the remainders of division 0,1,2,3,… 10 codes 0, X, 9,8,…, 1.

; Remarks

11 being a Prime number, an error relating to a figure will automatically involve an inconsistency of the check code.
the checking of the check code can be done by carrying out same calculation on complete code ISBN, by applying weighting 1 to the tenth figure of the key of control (if this key figure is X , one allots value 10 to him): the balanced sum must then be a multiple of 11.

; Is example

For number ISBN (with 9 digits) 2-266-11156 which the key of control?
Is on the whole 170 whose remainder of Euclidean division by 11 is 5 .
the key of control is thus 11 - 5 = 6 .
the complete ISBN is: 2-266-11156-6 . It is here about the ISBN of the edition of pocket of the Fall of Hypérion of daN Simmons.
the checking of the complete key with 10 digits gives the balanced sum 170 + 6 = 176, which is well a multiple of 11.

Attribution

At the time of a new edition, number ISBN of each back issue must be mentioned, just as for a Traduction, the ISBN which can be included in a bar code of the type EAN 13.

  • In France, it is the French-speaking Agence for the international classification of the book (AFNIL) which manages numbers ISBN.

  • In Quebec and French-speaking Canada, Library and Public records of Quebec (BAnQ) acts as representing official AFNIL for the attribution of numbers ISBN.

ISBN-13 and bar code EAN-13

To facilitate their data-processing management, each book carries a bar code to the standard EAN 13.

This code comprises 13 digits and is obligatory (since January 2007) today and will be used for all new codes ISBN in the place of the code with 10 digits. Indeed, old classification arrived at saturation and would not allow any more to simply allot groups of codes specific to the various editors (who were to then seek agreements with other editors having resources of free numbers in the groups of classification which had been allotted to them in the past).

The conversion of an old code ISBN-10 into code ISBN-13 compatible with the standard EAN is automatic (and obligatory for all the electronic transactions as from January 2007). This code comprises 13 digits, and is calculated starting from number ISBN-10 in the following way:

  • the first three figures are worth " 978" (978 identifies the books in coding EAN)
  • the nine following figures are new the first figures of the ISBN
  • the last figure (c13) is a key of control calculated according to the first 12 figures by calculating the complement with 10 of the remainder of division by 10 of the balanced sum of the figures, following the formula:
  • : c13 = modulo (- (1*c1 + 3*c2 + 1*c3 + 3*c4 +… + 1*c11 + 3*c12), 10)
  • in other words, the weighting of the figures alternates multipliers 1 and 3, while starting with weight 1 for the first figure.
  • the key figure obtained can vary only from 0 to 9 (there is no more figure X ).
  • the checking of the key of control can be done by checking that the balanced sum (calculated on the 13 figures) is well a multiple of 10.

; Example

  • if code ISBN is worth: 2-86889-006-7,
  • code EAN-13 will be form: 978286889006x, with:
  • : X = modulo (- (9 + 3*7 + 8 + 3*2 + 8 + 3*6 + 8 + 3*8 + 9 + 3*0 + 0 + 3*6), 10),
  • : either X = modulo (- 129, 10) = 1
  • thus code ISBN-13 will be worth: 978-2-86889-006-1
  • code EAN-13 will be as for him: 9782868890061
  • the checking of the key of control gives the balanced sum 129 + 1 = 130 which is well a multiple of 10.
Source: document of the International ISBN Agency § 7.5

; Caution Opposite conversion is not authorized any more! Indeed,

  • there exist now codes ISBN with 13 digits whose first group of three digits is worth 979 and not 978 ;
  • the groups of the first three digits 978 and 979 were allotted in standard EAN for the ISBN;
  • of other prefixes could be allocated where necessary with the ISBN;
  • certain publications will be able to use codes EAN-13 not allotted to the ISBN, but allotted for other classes of products with which these publications are distributed;
  • standard ISBN imposes that the printed versions of the code comprise the separating indents in order to facilitate the reading of it. Codes ISBN-13 and EAN-13 are thus not equivalent. There exist however the heuristic ones making it possible to reconstitute code ISBN-13 starting from code EAN-13 (external cf bonds).

Evolutions

Theoretically, the maximum number of works which can be referred by coding ISBN-10 was 1 billion, i.e. 109, where 9 is the number of useful positions (it tenth being reserved for the control character). However the internal structure of the code largely limited this theoretical possibility of attribution: certain fields (that it is at linguistic editor or Community level) were likely to saturate soon.

The new version of the standard ISO 2108 (gone back to April 2006) provides that code ISBN comprises 13 digits. This standard is coming into effect the January 1st 2007 . This change meets two aims: to increase the capacity of classification and to make more compatible this classification with the systems of bar code to 13 digits, the systems of bar codes to thirteen digits being used more in the distribution.

This evolution from 10 to 13 digits is similar to the evolution of the data-processing protocol of addressing IP of the version 4 out of 4 Octet S with the version 6 out of 16 Octet S.

To remain compatible with the current ISBN with 10 digits, while allowing an easy and automatic migration old numbers ISBN, one uses the code current EAN-13 for the format of the new ISBN.

As soon as a field does not have any more a number available, another code for the heading of EAN is then used: 979 instead of 978. The coming into effect of the new system is specified for on January 1st 2007. However, the group of code 979 was already used for the publication of musical partitions, which enter the field of the standard ISO 2108 and thus have a code ISBN as from January 2007.

You can consult a FAQ on this evolution (in English).

For the ISBN-13, its presentation is the following one: G - has - B - C - K , where K is the key of checking of the code EAN (and either that of the ISBN-10) , and where G is one of the groups of 3 digits allotted by EAN to the ISBN (currently 978 or 979).

It is this code with 13 digits which was retained to be used as extension to the ISBN, under the name: " ISBN-13". This single code has the following advantages:

  • it can be derived in EAN-13 (at the price of the loss of the separating indents);
  • it makes it possible to join together under the same produced code of the publications comprising of the bibliographical, audio/video elements;
  • it is directly compatible with the treatments in the chains of order and forwarding, where standard EAN is used for other classes of products, which simplifies this process.
  • this new classification will make it possible to allot codes ISBN to the electronic editors of publications.

Legislation in France

  • Stopped of January 12th, 1995 fixing the obligatory mentions being reproduced on the printed, graphic documents and photographic presented to the Registration of copyright (Official journal of January 20th, 1995):
Article 1: On all the specimens of the same document presented to the registration of copyright, must appear the following mentions: For the deposit of the books, charts and plans: 1° (...) 2° (...) 3° (...) 4° mention of the ISBN and possibly of ISSN;

  • Stopped of January 12th, 1995 fixing the obligatory mentions being reproduced on the declarations accompanying the registration of copyright by the printed, graphic and photographic documents:

Article 2: the declaration of the editor must comprise the following mentions: For the deposit of the books, charts, plans and musical partitions: 1° (...) 2° the standardized international number (ISBN or, if it is necessary, ISMN for the musical partitions);

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