Hyphen

Use

It is useful, as its name indicates it, to link two Mot S dependant forming a made up Mot, as in rock-breaker , E-mail , half-sister , mother-in-law , drive out-crossed , etc

It moreover is used to mark the presence of old a Enclise for the Pronom S in their joint form; it is the case in Syntagme S as you say , say , tell me the-me , go ahead , etc Noter that when appears the Phonème ephelcystic (“phoneme of connection”) /t/ after a verb and a united pronoun, this phoneme is represented by a T separated by hyphens: gives it , is there and not by a apostrophizes as one can often read it ( * give-you it , there-have-you it ; in this last syntagm, there can be neither apostrophizes nor hyphen between there and has , which is naturally dependant in the pronunciation).

One also uses it in the names of Fusion of musical genres: Pop-rock'n'roll, Jazz-funk, etc

Lastly, it is the mark of the Césure.

After a prefix

In French, one finds sometimes a hyphen after a Préfixe. It is the prefix which determines if one needs a hyphen or not.

The following prefixes always claim a hyphen: after , mid- , not (except in nonchalance , notwithstanding , nonpareil ), quasi , under .

One does not need a hyphen after the following prefixes: anti (except when the second element starts with I , in words made up comprising of other hyphen and in the geographical names), archi- , auto- (except when the second element starts with a vowel and in hitch-hiking and hitch-hiker ), bi- , bio- , brachy- , Co , ferro (except when the second element starts with a vowel), inter , intra- (except when the second element starts with a vowel), macro , méta- , micro (except when the second element starts with a vowel), mono , multi- , pre , tri .

Names of ways and organizations

In France

The Lexique of the typographical rules of use with the HMSO indicates to the entry “Street (names of)” (p. 156) that in a composite name, all the elements, except for the initial article, are bound by hyphens. . The names of ways are thus written in the form: the Which occurred of the Large-Army (named in remembering the Large army), the Which occurred Jean-Doctor (bearing the name of Jean Doctor), the Which occurred of New York (bearing the name of New York), the Which occurred Pierre-Ier-of-Serbia (bearing the name of Pierre Ier of Serbia), the Which occurred Victor-Hugo (bearing the name of Victor Hugo), the Boulevard of the Admiral-Bruix (bearing the name of the Admiral Bruix), the Place of the Abbot-Jean-Lebeuf (bearing the name of the abbot Jean Lebeuf), the Place Battle-of-Stalingrad (perpetuating the memory of the Bataille of Stalingrad), Place of Five-Martyr-of-College-Buffon (these five Martyrs of the Lycée Buffon were shot by the Germans in 1942), Place of Estienne-of Orves (bearing the name of Honore d' Estienne d' Orves), Place of General-of-Gaulle (bearing the name of the Général de Gaulle), Street of Cat-which-Fishing (this Chat which fishing was to be a sign), the Rue of School-Polytechnic the (driving with the Polytechnic school), the Rue of Suburb-Saint-Honore (drawing his name from the Faubourg Saint-Honore), Street Jean-Jacques-Rousseau (bearing the name of Jean-Jacques Rousseau), Street Patrice-of-the-Turn-of-Pine (bearing the name of Patrice of the Tower of the Pine whose exact name is Patrice of the Tower of the Pine), the Rue of the Petites-Ecuries, the Rue Pierre-and-Marie-Curie (bearing the name of Pierre Curie and Marie Curie), the Rue of the Bridge-Louis-Philippe (named according to the Pont Louis-Philippe), the Rue of the Three-Doors, the Square of Writer-Combatant-Death-for-the-France (honouring the writer S combatants died for the France during Great War), etc And also the Footbridge Léopold-Sédar-Senghor (bearing the name of Léopold Sédar Senghor), the Footbridge Simone-with-Beauvoir (bearing the name of Simone de Beauvoir), the bridge Alexandre {{III}} (bearing the name of the tsar Alexandre {{III}} of Russia), the Bridge Charles-of-Gaulle (bearing the name of Charles de Gaulle), etc Take a capital the Substantif S, the Adjectif S and the Verb S.

This also applies to any organization, building or public building bearing the name of a person: the Academy Charles-Cross-country race (bearing the name of Charles Cros), the Charles-of-Gaulle airport (bearing the name of Charles de Gaulle), the Basilica Saint-Pierre (placed under the invocation of the holy apostle Pierre), the Center Georges-Pompidou or more exactly the National center of art and culture Georges-Pompidou (bearing the name of Georges Pompidou), the College Edouard-Pailleron (bearing, like the close Street Edouard-Pailleron, the name of Edouard Pailleron), the School César-Franck (bearing the name of César Franck), the church Saint-Eustace (placed under the invocation of Holy Eustace), the Foundation Jean-Jaurès (bearing the name of Jean Jaurès), the Fortress Pierre-and-Paul (placed under the protection of the saints apostles Pierre and Paul), the Hospital Edouard-Herriot (bearing the name of Edouard Herriot), the Institute Gustave-Roussy (bearing the name of Gustave Roussy), the Max-Planck Institute of history of sciences (bearing the name of max Planck), the College François-Arago (bearing the name of François Arago), the college Henri {{IV}} (bearing the name of Henri {{IV}}), the Louis-the-Large College (bearing the name of Louis Large the i.e. Louis {{XIV}}), the College Pierre-Mendès-France (bearing the name of Pierre Mendès France), the Museum Jean-Jacques-Rousseau (devoted to Jean-Jacques Rousseau), the François-Mitterrand site of the National library of France (bearing the name of François Mitterrand), the Swimming pool Joséphine-Baker (bearing the name of Joséphine Baker ), the stage Louis {{II}} (bearing the name of Louis {{II}} of Monaco), the Stage Roland-Garros (bearing the name of Roland Garros), the University of Corsica Pascal-Paoli (bearing the name of Pascal Paoli), the University Louis-Pasteur (bearing the name of Louis Pasteur), the Cycle-racing track Jacques-Anquetil (bearing the name of Jacques Anquetil), etc These names are sometimes shortened: Roland-Garros (the Stage Roland-Garros and more often still International of France of Roland-Garros) not merging graphically with Roland Garros (the aviator).

In Belgium

The use is not to bind first name and name by a hyphen, for example, the Place Eugene Flagey and not the Place Eugene-Flagey , the Institut Lucien Cooremans and not the Institut Lucien-Cooremans .

Joseph Hanse, New dictionary of the difficulties of modern French , 3rd edition 1994 (ISBN 2-8011-1089-2), writes precisely (page 591, S. v. Noms): “ Street names, places , etc One does not put in front of the proper names people street Victor Hugo (rather than street Victor-Hugo , preferred by a certain nonusual French use), Rue of Twenty-nine - July , street of the Wood-The-Wind , but Rue Boétie . ” and does not seem to evoke the names of organizations.

The exception (which is not one according to the famous use “French”) concerns the saints, one always puts a capital letter and a hyphen:

in the names of churches, monasteries, temples, cathedrals, basilicas, etc, for example the cathedral Saint-Paul ;
when holy figure in the name of a city, a place, a building, a street, for example the Markets Saint-Gery , Clinical academics Saint-Luc .

According to Joseph Hanse, incomprehension relating to the hyphen is hardly stronger in Belgium than in France what makes legitimate than a French-speaking encyclopedia tries to unify the C-W communication of the organization and street names. After all, according to the Grevisse , the French Albert Dauzat would have also considered to him “faulty” the hyphen in the street names…

And with the French Canada not of problem for the hyphen: there exists with Montreal a Place Jacques-Cartier and a Pont Jacques-Cartier carrying all two the name of Jacques Cartier.

Names of the political and administrative entities

Same rules that for the street names apply to the administrative and political units French or whose name was, partially or completely, francized. The rule also applies to many names of the field of the physical geography.

Let us note that the “unionization” involves the appearance of a capital letter in all the names and adjectives linked in the expression. Hyphen and capital letter are thus the tools for development of the names made up of the administrative and political units.

Examples: Loire-Atlantique, Scey-on-Saone-and-Saint-Albin, the Basse-Normandie, Coast-with Armor, the Rhineland-of-North-Westphalia, the Virginia-Western , Chanteloup-the-Vines, the Cape Verde, the Bohemia-of-South, the the United States, etc

The part of the name which “will be unionisée” is what is called the specific one (the “clean” name), in opposition to the credits (“common” name).

Thus, in “department of the Pas-de-Calais”, “department” is generic, “Pas-de-Calais” is specific. In “Pas-de-Calais”, “not” is credits (synonymous with Détroit), “Calais” is specific. The case of the “department of the Puy-de-Dôme” and the “Puy de Dôme” is similar like that of the “department of the the Alpes-Maritimes” and the “the maritime Alps”.

In the same way, one will make the difference between:

- the province of the Island-of-Prince-Edouard and the island of the Prince-Edouard who gives his name to the province;

- the common of the Island-Saint-Denis and the island Saint-Denis which gives its name to the commune;

- solid mass of the Mont Blanc and the Mont Blanc;

- the Republic of the Cape Verde and the Cap Verde;

Logic, if the application of this rule were and had always been respected, would like that one makes the difference between South Africa like synonym of “Southern Africa” and Africa-of-South, the State (just like “Eastern” and “Timor-Eastern” Timor, “the Solomon Islands” and “Island-Solomon”). One hardly meets more “Ireland-of-North”. In the same way, Provence-Alp-Coast-D' Azure, Mecklembourg-Poméranie-Western or Friuli-Venezia-Julienne are not always the most current forms.

The use either did not retain this rule which would have made it possible to differentiate the Basque Country (or Basque Country), human and historical area, and the Country-Basque, the administrative unit which Basque autonomous Communauté is the .

On the mutilation of this rule, to see the notes of Jean-Pierre Lacroux: Administratively organized countries and territories (starting from page 156 of the pdf, page 132 in the classification of the layers of the author).

Thus escape the hyphen because of a persistent use: the North Korea (the Korea-of-North for the the Petit Robert ), the South Korea (the Korea-of-South for the the Petit Robert ), the Ivory Coast (political will of the African country which also refuses any form of translation, whereas the shape Coast-in Ivoire is the good one for the French Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the Guinea Equatoriale (the Equatorial Guinea for the the Petit Robert ).

Jacques-Cartier (bearing the name of Jacques Cartier) and Rene-Lévesque (bearing the name of Rene Lévesque) is electoral constituencies located at the Quebec.

Confusion with the indent

One finds it on a keyboard on the right on the Numeric keypad (the sign less ) or on a Clavier AZERTY (PC) under the 6 .

The hyphen, because of the facility which one has to reach on the keyboards, is faultily used more and more frequently in the place of the Tiret (which is not directly accessible in the current configurations); however, as much them eye that their function even differ is opposite: the hyphen links, the indent divided. Thus, the following statements are badly written:

- Hello, says it.
- Goodbye, answered it.

a thing - or rather a thing - in the pear shape.

One would wait indeed (with a half Cadratin after the indent in the case of the dialog):

- Hello, says it.
- Goodbye, answered it.

a thing - or rather a thing - in the pear shape.

The Lexique of the typographical rules of use with the HMSO indicates to the entry “administrative Areas” (p. 155) the forms Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Provence - the Alps - Riviera whereas INSEE written Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Provence-Alp-Coast of Azure.

Data-processing coding

note: 0x • • indicate a code Hexadécimal; the codes Unicode are always indicated in Hexadécimal.

Random links: