Hypertext
A system hypertext is a system containing of the documents dependant between them by Hyperlien S making it possible automatically to pass (in practice thanks to the Informatique) from the document consulted to another dependant document. A document hypertext is thus a document which contains hyperlinks.
When the documents are not only textual, but also Audiovisuel S, one can speak about system and documents hypermédias .
History
The first description of the concept is probably due to Vannevar Bush. In 1945, in an article of the Atlantic Monthly entitled “ Ace We May Think ”, it describes a futuristic electromechanical office called Memex. This office was to contain Microfilm S and to make it possible automatically to find them starting from an index. But what distinguished Memex of an automatic library was the possibility of creating an index for any pair of microfilms, while trying to simulate the operation of the human spirit, whose characteristic is to function of " manner associative" , which amounts creating Hyperlien S.
De Nelson with Genette…
The first occurrence of the concept of hypertext goes back to 1965. The author of this neologism, Ted Nelson, is philosophical of formation. He suffers from an extreme form of a syndrome affecting the capacities of attention, losing without stop the thread of his thoughts. “The idea came to me in October - November 1960 whereas I followed an introductory course to the data processing which, with the beginning, was to help me to write my books of philosophy. I sought a means of creating without constraints a document starting from a vast whole of ideas of all types, not structured, nonsequential, expressed on supports as various as a film, a magnetic band, or a piece of paper. For example, I wanted to be able to write a paragraph presenting of the doors behind each one whose a reader can discover still much information which does not appear immediately with the reading of this paragraph. ” Ted Nelson. City by Baritault A., “Xanadu. ”, pp.190-193, in Sciences and Micro life, November 1990. Ted Nelson calls “hypertext” a network consisted a whole of data-processing documents (original, quotations, annotations) dependant between them; that is to say a whole system hypertext. For him, the principal property of the hypertext is not to be sequential (or linear), in opposition to a speech or in the pages of a book. It describes it in detail in its work Computer Lib/Dream machines . Documentation.
As Funkhauser C. in its article “Cybertext Forebear attests some: Ted Nelson. ”: “ According to a bibliographical note in Dream Machines, “the hypertext”, an article of Nelson, appears in the acts of the conference of the World Federation of Documentation in 1965. However, it is only starting from Dream Machines that the debate around this concept is published in large scales. ” Literature.
Seventeen years later, but still eight years before in Aberdeen the first conference is not taken place on the hypertext, it is another so fond of delicacies author, him of neologisms which imposes its idea of the hypertext, in the field of literary criticism this time. “ I thus call hypertext any text derived from a former text by simple transformation (we will say from now on transformation very short) or by indirect transformation (we will say imitation). ” Genette G., Palimpsesptes. Literature with the second degree. Paris, Threshold, coll “Points”, n°257, 1982, p.16. Without apparent common point with the idea of Nelson, it is interesting to notice how, at the current point of the technological change, the two definitions enter without sorrow in resonance, letting foresee an at the same time open and complex epistemological field in which associations of the one echo the “drifts” of the other.
Systems hypertextuels
The first system functional hypertext was the NLS ( oNLine System ) conceived by Douglas Engelbart during the Années 1960 (not to be confused with NLS of National Language Support , become on late the i18n). The application HyperCard published by Apple in 1987 was one of the first systems hypertexts to becoming popular. But this first realization went up with difficulty in load.
Precursors
-
Guide, developed by the Owl company;
- HyperCard of Apple
- Assistance of Turbo Pascal version 4;
- Assistances under Microsoft Windows.
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web, conceived by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, is today the vastest system the hypertext and more used: it counts billion documents distributed in the whole world, which are consulted by million people through the network Internet.
In the Web, the concept of document is generalized, one speaks about resource . A resource can not only be one textual document, Audiovisuel or interactive, but also a box with Email or a discussion forum Usenet. The Hyperlien S of the Web are contained in documents hypertexts generally written in language HTML ( HyperText Markup Language ), presented in the form of Web pages. The bonds towards the most various resources can be established thanks to a notation standardized, URL ( Uniform Resource Locators ).
The World Wide Web uses concepts hypertexts simple and very easy to implement: the hyperlinks are one-way, they “break” when the dependant resource is moved or removed, it does not have there an outline of the bound resource, the royalties are not managed, it does not have there a system of annotation nor of management of versions.
Bonds
Internal bonds
Bonds external hypertexts
-
Hypertexts and Hypermedia (DEA Information-COM, July 1994)
- All that you always wanted to know about the hypertext without never daring to ask it (IUFM of Grenoble, 2000)
- Olivier Ertzscheid, " The place, the bond, the book: Cognitive stakes and stylistics of the hypertexte." Thesis of doctorate in Information sciences and modern Letters, University of Toulouse Mirail, under the direction of OJ Link-Pezet and François-Charles Gaudard, September 2002.
Bibliography:
- Balpe J. - P., Hyperdocuments, hypertexts, hypermédias. Paris, Eyrolles, 1990.
- Balpe J. - P., Lelu A., Saleh I. (coordinators), Hypertexts and hypermédias: achievements,
- Balpe J. - P, Lelu A., Nanard Mr., Saleh I. (under the dir.de), Hypertexts and hypermédias,
- Baritault A., “Xanadu. ”, pp.190-193, in Sciences and Micro life, November 1990.
- Berners-Lee T., “The World Wide Web - Past, Present and Future. ”, July 17th, 1996, in JoDI
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