Hot source

A hot source is a source whose water leaves the ground to an high temperature, heated by a geothermic process. There are hot sources all around the world, on all the continents and even in the seas.

Definitions

There is no universally accepted definition of the concept of hot source. Here some commonly allowed definitions.

Any Geothermic source,

a source whose temperature is higher than the temperature of its environment,

a natural source whose temperature is higher than that of the human body (normally between 36.5°C and 37.5°C)

a thermal spring whose temperature is higher than 36,7°C (98°F)

a natural source whose temperature is higher than 21,1°C (70°F) (synonymous with thermal spring)

a natural subterranean water resurgence having an high temperature

a type of thermal spring in which the warm water is brought to surface. The temperature of water is in general with 6.5ºC (11.7°F) or more with the top of the room temperature. Let us note that with this definition, " thermale" source; and " chaude" source; are not synomymes.

a source whose warm water is brought to surface (synonymous with thermal spring). The temperature of spring water is in general 8,3°C (15°F) or more with the top of the room temperature.

a source whose temperature is higher than the room temperature of the ground,

a source whose temperature is higher has 50°C

The " term; tepid source " is applied to a source whose temperature is lower than that of an hot source, Pentecost et al. (2003) suggests that the " term; tiède" source; is not useful and should be avoided. The Center of the data geophysics étatsunien (US NOAA Geophysical Dated Center) defines a tepid source as a source whose temperature is between 20°C and 50°C.

Sources of heat

Water coming from an hot source is heated by a geothermal boiler (i.e. thermal energy comes from that of the Earth). In general, the temperature of the rocks of the earth's crust increases according to the depth (environmental pressure in fact). One calls that the “geothermic gradient”. If water penetrates, for a reason X or there, in-depth it will be heated in contact of the hot rocks, it is from there that heat comes from the hot sources of the nonvolcanic areas.

In the volcanic areas, (as in the park of Yellowstone in the United States) water can quite simply be heated by direct contact with the magma. The very high thermal temperature (of 1000° with 5000°) which reigns in the magmatic pocket is sufficient to make it possible water to enter in a state of boiling. One calls “Geyser” an hot source whose vapor cannot be dissipated continuously. If not, it is about a Fumerolle. Sometimes one can also see overheated water mixed with mud and clay bubbling, one calls that a Mare of mud.

It is important to announce that in the majority of the volcanic zones the temperature of hot sources is often close to 100° C (not of boiling with environmental pressure). By imprudence, in particular in the little made safe sites, of people were seriously burned, sometimes even killed by accident or intentionally while falling into hot sources, fumerolles or then while being sprinkled by a geyser. In the majority of the geothermic sites, panels announce these dangers.

The tepid sources are sometimes the result of the meeting of a cold source and an hot source. They are generally apart from the volcanic zones.

Flows

The range of the flows of the heat sources goes from small the " fuite" with the true river. There is sometimes even enough pressure to create geysers or fountains.

In the United States, a very weak source feeds for example the complex, Fales Hot Ditch (in the north of Bridgeport in California). There is also an immense underground lake under the town of Tonopah in Arizona, which provides hot mineral natural water for various hot sources.

Hot sources with high banc

The references on the high flows of the hot sources abound. Here a list of some hot sources with high flows: ( translation in progress )

The combined flow off the 47 hot springs in Hot Springs, Arkansas is 35 liters/second.
The Hay-Yo-Kay Hot Springs in Truth gold Consequences, New Mexico City has flow off 99 liters/second.
Lava Hot Springs in Idaho has flow off 130 liters/second.
Glenwood Springs in Colorado has flow off 143 liters/second.
Elizabeth Springs in western Queensland, Australia might cuts had has flow off 158 liters/second in the late 1800s, goal now has flow off butt 5 liters/second
Deildartunguhver in Iceland has flow 180 off liters/second.
The hot springs off Brazil 'S Caldas Novas (" Hot River" in Portuguese) are tapped by 86 wells, from which 333 liters/second are pumped for 14 hours per day. This correspond to has peak average flow spleen off 3.88 liters/second per well.
The 2850 hot springs off Beppu are the highest flow hot spring complex in Japan. Together the Beppu hot springs produce butt 1592 liters/second, but corresponding to year average hot spring flow off 0.56 liters/second.
The 303 hot springs off Kokonoe with the Japan produce 1028 liters/second, which gives the average hot spring has flow off 3.39 liters/second.
The Oita Prefecture has 4,762 hot springs, with has total flow off 4437 liters/second, so the average hot spring off 0.93 liters/second.
The highest flow spleen hot spring with the Japan is the Tamagawa Hot Spring in Akita Prefecture, which has flow spleen off 150 liters/second. The Tamagawa Hot Spring feeds has 3 meter wide stream with has temperature 98 off dismantle C off.
There are At least three hot springs in the Nage area 8 km southwest Bajawa City in Indonesia that collectively produce more than 453.6 liters/second.
broad There are another three hot springs (Mengeruda, Wae Bana and Piga) 18km northeast off Bajawa City, Indonesia that together produce more than 450 liters/second off hot toilets.
The Dalhousie Springs complex in Australia had has off peak total flow more than 23,000 liters/second in 1915, giving the average spring in the complex year output off more than 325 liters/second. This has been reduced now to has off peak total fow 17,370 liters/second so the average spring has peak output off butt 250 liters/second.

Therapeutic uses

Infections coming from hot sources

Unfortunately, the hot sources can create an ideal medium to spread infections. For example:

the naegleria fowler a Ameba alive in the hot ground and water supply networks can be the cause of Meningite S. Several deaths were allotted to this ameba, which enters the brain while passing by the Sinus.

Acanthamoeba could be also diffused via the hot sources, (source: American control center of the diseases).

the bacterium Legionella can be also diffused via the hot sources.

Hot sources in the world

There are hot sources on all the continents and in very many countries around the world. The famous countries for their hot sources are the Iceland, the New Zealand, the Chile or the Japan, but there are interesting and single hot sources in very many places like:

the town of Spa in Belgium, with which one owes the word “spa” with water with 32°C. The emperor Joseph II named it the Café of Europe in July 1781. Casanova visited Spa in 1783 seeking occasions for its business without suite.

biennommée the town of Chaudfontaine to 20 km of Spa has sources of warm water whose characteristics are to infiltrate to 1600 m of depth, to reach 55°C and to emerge after 60 years at a temperature of 37°C.

There is more than 275 hot sources to the Chile including largest of South America has Liquiñe.

the town of Ikaria in Greece shelters a source of radioactive warm water used since the fourth century before JC.

There is a great number of heat sources to the Greenland, as with Uunartoq. There is more than 2000 hot sources only to the Île Disko, which accounts for only 0,4% of the surface of Greenland.

the Sources of warm water of Geysir in Iceland are the place of origin of the word Geyser.

Iceland has many sources of famous warm water, thus that feeding the spa Blue Lagoon with Grindavík and Deildartunguhver is the source of European warm water having the largest flow. The water of Deildartunguhver emerges with 97°C and is channeled during kilometers for the public heating.

With the the Azores, and in particular with Furnas.

the Japanese National park Shiretoko with Hokkaido has warm water falls called Kamuiwakkayu-No-taki ;

the national park " Northwest Spitsbergen" on the island Spitzberg in Norway, contains two of the sources of warm water more in north of planet, with 80° Northern.

There are many sources with the the United Kingdom, but hottest is in the town of Bath. According to certain definitions it would be in fact the only source of warm water of British Isles.

Localized on the " Belt of fire " the peaceful one, Japan is in a volcanic area, and shelters many sources of warm water. The Onsen (a Japanese word for " chaude" source;) play a notable part in the Japanese culture. To visit a onsen is the quintessence of the Japanese experiment and is a popular tourist activity.

the hot sources of Chutsen Chugang are located at the foot of the Zhoto Terdrom/Tidro Nunnery, at an altitude of 4400 meters with Maldrogongkar/county of Mozhugongka, Lhasa, Tibet. Buddhist monks and the " snake of the chaudes" sources; cohabit close to this group of hot sources in high-altitude.

There are also hot sources of water in the Antarctic, like that of Deception Island.

Champaign Hot Springs is a system of underwater geothermal sources not very major along the coast of the Dominique, Lesser Antilles.

Souces heats in France

Heat-Acute is a known French borough for its hot sources, in particular the source of “By” with water of 82° C, that is to say hottest of Europe, to which the flow is close to 450.000 liters per day.

the town of Plombières-the-Baths has hot sources (between 57° and 84°).

Dax has the Hot Fountain which has a flow joumalier of 2.400.000 liters water at the temperature of 64°.

Parks of the hot sources in the United States

The national park of the hot sources, in Hot Springs in Arkansas was the first National park of the United States. There are today at least seven national parks in this country which present hot sources.

Arkansas
* Hot Springs National Park # California
* Death Valley National Park #* Lassen Volcanic National Park # Idaho
* National Yellowstone Park # Montana
* National Yellowstone Park # Texas
* Big Bend National Park # Washington
* National Olympic Park # Wyoming
* National Yellowstone Park

Parks of the hot sources except the United States

There are national parks with hot sources in other countries.

National Shikotsu-Toya Park with Hokkaido, Japan
National Yangmingshan Park with Taiwan
National Banff Park and To marble National Park with the Canada
National Gorongosa Park with the Mozambique

See too

Random links:

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