Hooligan

History

The British historians studied the question already well, and the reading of The roots off football hooliganism of the trio Eric Dunning, Patrick Murphy and John Williams, is impossible to circumvent. Very active before the First World War, the hooligans is quasi absent from very family platforms of the Entre-deux-guerres. On the other hand, at the end of the second world war, hooliganism makes its return. It becomes hyperactive in the Années 1960 and quasi unverifiable in the Années 1970.

The the United Kingdom is not only touched by the plague of violence, and in France, Amiens obtains a service of order as of 1906 to dam up its supporters most undisciplined… The incidents in the French stages are fewer than in England, but some of them exceed in violence the “English model”. Thus, in 1967, dissatisfied with an arbitration decision, the public of the Red Star put fire at the stage and started to dismount the platforms… In 1932 already, the supporters of the Havre AC had set fire to the Stade of Undermined Green the after a defeat 6-1 in the derby vis-a-vis FC Rouen.

The treatment by the press of these incidents is variable with time. Thus, a serious publication as France Football supported good number of violent actions of these people, who reacted vis-a-vis a contestable arbitration decision or vis-a-vis too rigid police force… One finds texts which one would tax today with edifying until the beginning with the Années 1980. Thus, at the time of the Spanish World cup (1982), of serious incidents take place between the police force of the vintage and the supporters English. France Football then preferred to stress the provocations of the Spanish police force. Another case where the hooligans receive the support of the media: errors of arbitration. Let us quote here for the example the leading article signed Jaques Ferran in the weekly magazine France Football of the June 3rd 1975 (N°1522, page 3). This leading article is entitled “We are all of the hooligans of Leeds! ” and contains explicit passages: “1. The referee is guilty. 2. Violence belongs to the play. ”, “Much of French, pilot spectators flabbergasted English exactions, were, in the content, by hatred of the referee, interdependent of the supporters of Leeds” or “It is easy to imagine at what a ends could have stood as a French crowd if, for example, in a final of Cut of Europe, the referee had made, with regard to Saint-Etienne, the decisions which ignited the supporters of Leeds! ”. The British press is even even further creating at the end of the Années 1960 a championship of England of the hooligans! Each incident was noted by the journalists and gave right points…

The intrusion of the policy changes a little gives it to the beginning of the year 1980. The parties of extreme right-hand side indeed try to recruit some large arm among these supporters. Today still (cf the last report/ratio of the General informations on the subject), the term even of hooligan is very marked politically. It is obviously an absolute nonsense, because the frame of mind of the hooligans is much closer to an anarchistic philosophy than of a fascisant model.

Hooliganism knows a turn in 1985 because of the Drame of Heysel. The English hooligans are shown finger, but let us not forget to specify here that the Belgian gendarmerie and UEFA were condemned by Belgian justice following their incompetence in this business. Part of the violence of the hooligans was caused by the deplorable conditions which were then of use in the stages. One indeed piled up, until smothering, the supporters in order to inflate the receipts a little. It will be necessary to await the Tragédie of Hillsborough in 1989 to see the installation of “a true” comprehensive policy of the supporters in England, including the repair of the stages, although this tragedy was not related to hooliganism. Since then, hooliganism is not more one heavy problem as it was a long time the case.

If the United Kingdom knew to manage the problem hooligan, the other European nations did not really set up of comprehensive policy to treat this question, and the problems perdurent. In France, but also in Belgium, Germany, Holland or Italy, to concentrate here on only Western Europe, hooliganism “with English” knew the Italian influence of the Ultras movement and those of the hools Dutch and German .

Let us note that Spain and Portugal are touched by this plague than its neighbors but comprises an Ultra scene strongly politicized (see forces) with groups like the Extremists Over 1980 of Real Madrid.

Among more Violent one of the hooligans and Hools, appear Headhunters (Headhunters), supporters of the football club of Chelsea to London. Parallel to their activities turned around violence, they assert their ideology Néo-Nazi and their bonds with the group néo-Nazi Combat 18. It will be noted however that their influence is in fall since strong repression on behalf of the authorities britanniques.
In 1999, to defer it BBC, Donal McIntyre, infiltrated Headhunters by endorsing the identity of an enthusiast to support club, at the point to be made tattoo the logo of the Chelsea FC on the arm. It thus could approach the leaders of the group, at the time of the World 1998 in France, of the matches of the English championship and the European meetings.

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