Homo

This article relates to the Homme as a kind.

See also: Mankind, Man (homonymy), Homo (homonymy)

Homo is the kind which join together the human ones and the species which are close for them. It is estimated that the kind appears between 2,5 and 2 My. All the species are extinct except Homo sapiens ; the last connected species, Homo floresiensis and Homo neanderthalensis , disappeared respectively there is 18  000 and 30  000 years, although elements recently discovered suggest that Homo floresiensis could survive until there is 12  000 years.

Certain zoologists, however minority, consider that the two species of Chimpanzé S and even the Gorille S (usually classified respectively in the kinds Pan and Gorilla ) must also be included in the kind Homo . The recent discovery of a cranium allotted to Sahelanthropus tchadensis , one hominidé whose age is estimated at sept  My approximately and whose characteristics differ appreciably from those of the monkeys, a former separation of the two lines suggests however.

Known species of the kind Homo

  • Homo antecessor
  • Homo cepranensis
  • Homo erectus : Southern Africa (1,8 My). It is relatively large compared to its predecessors. Its cranial volume lies between 800 and 1.200 cm ³. There is reduction of the apparatus masticator. He presents an know-orbital pad marked good, but the face is less prognathe that before. The tools improve. Homo erectus is the first representative of the kind Homo attested out of Africa. It is present in Asia and Europe, in particular in France towards - 600.000 years.
  • Homo ergaster
  • Homo floresiensis (Man of Flora - discovered in 2003 - missing 18.000 years ago.)
  • Homo georgicus
  • Homo habilis : first fossil discovered in Tanzania in the Throats of Olduvai). It is known since 2,45 to 1,5 My. Its cranial capacity is of 700 cm ³.
  • Homo heidelbergensis (Man of Heidelberg)
  • Homo erectus reilingensis (more exactly Pithecanthropus erectus reilingensis ): recent discovery (1991) of a fragment of cranium of one hominidé antiquated in the South-west of Germany.
  • Homo neanderthalensis : it has a cranium lengthened, broad, relatively low, marked know-orbital pads. Retro-orbital constriction decreases further. The cranium widens. Cranial volume is relatively developed (1 600 cm ³) but the cranium presents an occipital chignon. The mandible does not have a chin. It measured of 1,50 m with 1,70 Mr.
    Il had funerary rites, very varied tools. It was only localized in Eurasia. The branch is extinct.
  • Homo rhodesiensis
  • Homo rudolfensis (2,5 My)
  • Homo sapiens , the Man of Cro-Magnon. It is the modern man. The cranium is round, presents a chin. Cranial volume can go up to 1.800-2 000 cm ³. The face is reduced. The cranium is rectified. It measures on average 1,67 m for the men and 1,50 m for the women. One notes a sexual Dimorphisme relatively reduced; it is known since - 200.000 years. It develops industry: the tools improve.
One finds it in Africa, in Europe, Central Europe, with the the Middle East and in Southeast Asia with very few variations. He is the author of the first known works of prehistoric Art.

The Man of Néandertal and the Homo sapiens occupied Europe and the Middle East at the same time and was undoubtedly côtoyés. The last known Men of Néandertal were discovered towards the southern end of the Spain and in Portugal.

Species or names fallen in disuse

Comparative table of the species of the kind Homo

the species noted in fat indicate the existences of a big number of fossils discovered.

Characters of the kind Homo

There are three fundamental criteria of the human line:

Perfect Bipédie

  • 4 curves on the level of the spinal column
  • a advanced foramen occipital at the base of cranium, which is in relation to a driving position
  • broad and widened Bassin which allows a better stability upright
  • oblique Fémurs compared to the vertical, which makes it possible the feet to be plumb with the center of gravity
  • an inch parallel with the toes and the existence of an arch of the foot
  • Of the shortened forelimbs.

Cranial evolution

  • Great cranial capacity (>1500cm ³)
  • District of the cranium
  • flattened Face (more muzzle)
  • know-orbital Absence of pad at Homo sapiens

Cultural activities

  • Social life
  • Tools with the improvement of the size of the stone, and diversification of the tools (double-side, scrapers…)
  • Control of fire ( Homo Neanderthalensis )
  • funerary Rites (starting from Homo Neanderthalensis )
  • Arts (paintings, sculptures…) (starting from Homo Sapiens)

See too

Internal bonds

References

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