Hole of worm

See also: Hole (homonymy)

Starting from the equations of the General relativity, in 1935, Einstein and Rosen discovered that the singularities of the Espace-temps formed actually gravitational wells of Densité and of curve of infinite Espace-temps. This image was taken again later to illustrate the geometry of the black holes. The holes of worm belong to this family.

The concept of a hole of worm consists in creating a tunnel between the singularity of the black hole and that of the white Trou. A white hole also called white fountain is the symmetry of a black hole. Instead of aspiring any matter, the white hole expels it. It creates, like his little brother, a curve of the space time and is at a point different from the universe of our black hole.

To note that the hole of worm is a purely theoretical concept: the existence or the physical formation of such an object in the Universe, following the example white holes, is regarded as highly speculative.

At present, there exist various types of holes of worm. All are Solution S mathematics rather than of the realistic objects:

the hole of worm of Schwarzschild, insuperable;
the hole of worm of Reissner-Nordstrøm or Kerr-Newman, passable but in only one direction, being able to contain a hole of worm of Schwarzschild;
the hole of worm of Lorentz to negative, passable mass in the two directions.

There exist holes of worm with spherical Symétrie , such those of Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordstøm, which are not in rotation, and of the holes of worm such those of Kerr-Newmann which rotate.

If you try to manufacture a hole of worm starting from matter with positive mass, it will explode in glares. If a matter with negative mass exists (exotic Matière), one can in theory work out a hole of static worm by accumulating negative masses.

The theory of Einstein specifies that you can manufacture any type of space-time Géométrie, static or dynamic. However, once the defined geometry, in fact the equations of Einstein will say to you which will have to be the tensor of energy-impulse of the matter to obtain this geometry. In general the solutions of static holes of worm require a negative mass.

In all the cases, the matter there being subjected to a density extreme and reduced to the scale of Planck, it had nothing any more but one infinitesimal step there to cross to subject this environment to the fluctuations of energy of the theory of the quantum gravitation.

Thus certain researchers support that the singularities can lead to white holes or white fountains where the matter returned to its freedom would spout out. Unfortunately, a white hole violates the second principle of the Thermodynamique which wants that in a system closed or dissipative the Entropie cannot decrease (in this context, one can create matter from nothing, one has an effect but not cause).

On the structural level, a hole of worm obeys the geometry of Schwarzschild or Kerr. It consists of a Singularité (a Black hole) opposed to a white hole between which a hole of worm is which connects the horizons of two universes.

It is John Wheeler in 1956 which described the properties of these connections and will baptize them “ holes of worm ”, ( wormholes ). A few years later with the University Harvard, Stephen Hawking and Richard Coleman took again the concept of Wheeler and suggested that the space time could be subjected to the above mentioned Tunnel effect, taking up the progressive idea by Hugh Everett III. Following the example electron S which can jump of a point to the other of space, the Universe would make in the same way. The tunnel effect would create openings in the space time which would lead to other universes, universes cul-de-sac or quite as vast as ours.

Einstein and Rosen proposed seriously that the singularities could lead to other places of the Univers, other areas of the space and Temps. These space-time connections are known under the name of “bridges of Einstein-Rosen”. But neither one nor the other foresaw a possibility of maintaining these connections because of the unstable character of the quantum fluctuations. As said it John L. Friedman of the the University of California to Santa Barbara it is about a topological Censure .

These holes of worms known as of Lorentz require exotic matter to remain open because she asks less energy than the quantum vacuum which undergoes variable fluctuations of amplitude. It can be a question of negative energy for example, of the antimatter which would maintain the opening of the hole of worm far from the horizon. The opening itself has a pressure of positive surface in order to maintain it open during the transfers and to prevent that it does not crumble. Only problem nobody knows how to store as much antimatter and sufficiently a long time at the same place to maintain this tunnel in the space time.

Owing to the fact that a hole of worm allows in theory in the light of emerging elsewhere in the space time, Matt Visser Université of Washington and David Hochberg of the Laboratory of space Astrophysique and fundamental physics of Madrid think that a kind of Antigravité must work in this phenomenon.

The two researchers discovered that the dynamic holes of worms presented two openings, one in each temporal direction, phenomenon which was at the origin of a confusion. A hypothetical traveller could paradoxically cross a hole of worm by the medium without reaching the opposite opening! The reason of this problem comes owing to the fact that there does not exist yet a good physical representation of the dynamics of a hole of worm which remains a complex object with four dimensions. The images represented above are actually only valid for the holes of worms which do not evolve/move in time.

NB. One can however represent their geometry complexes graphically and simulate their dynamics by tracing their lines of universe in diagrams of space time of Kruskal (see external bonds).

To look further into the consequences of the General relativity, Kip Thorne and Richard Morris of the Caltech tried to discover by the means of the Quantum physics news particle S able to maintain the holes worm of Wheeler. Soon the space time abounded with “hopper of connections” that “travellers of Langevin” explored with the liking of their sidereal excursions. Perhaps the literature of science fiction was with the angels but moved away Carl Sagan or Isaac Asimov from reality. We enter a very hypothetical and inaccessible field there at the present time, except with the teams of Deep Space 9, Stargate SG-1 and others Sliders.

Surrounded by some astronomers, the astrophysicist English John Gribbin considered in 1977 that the white fountains were a reality: doesn't the phenomenon of expansion of the Universe have for origin a Big Bang, resulting from a singularity? Developed around theoretical concepts, these ideas will be soon spring of the Philosophie… Certains cosmologists, such Gerald 'T Hooft even estimate that a theory should prohibit such concepts!

According to John Wheeler, two singularities could be connected in the Hyperespace by a hole of worm, left hopper between two areas far away from the universe. Only disadvantage, no one do not know how to maintain such a passage and to give him a macroscopic size. Indeed this “bridge” in the hyperspace is on a scale Planck: it measures 10^-33 cm and is unstable; it is closed again on itself in the space of 10^-43 second! Worse, if one tries to increase it, it autodétruit… As the physicists like to say it, the hole of worm belongs to “quantum scum” and obeys the probabilistic laws .

Completely different from a singularity, a hole of worm is “naked”, it remains visible with the eyes of all and more extraordinary still, it makes it possible to travel in time according to the direction which one takes. What explains its very theoretical attraction… because it will be necessary for the physicists still a long time to reach the experimental stage.

In fiction

The concept of the holes of worm is very much used in science fiction to authorize the voyage in time. In the series Sliders , such a passage is called by error “Einstein-Rosen-Podolski Bridge” instead of “bridges of Einstein-Rosen”, by confusion with the paradox Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen, which has nothing to do to him with the holes of worm. Curiously, the name remained among some popularizers. Podolsky thus saw its name associated with a particular object with general relativity without having worked in this field.

Or in the film Contact , one understands a series of vortex clearly there called, bridge of Einstein-Rosen .

In the series of data base of science fiction Universal War One, the author, Denis Bajram, place concept of hole of worm, or wormhole, in the center of the intrigue of its work.

But it is especially in the series of science fiction Stargate SG1 and Stargate Atlantis that the concept of hole of worm is used the most. In the series, a machine called carries stars connects various planets of the universe, to see other dimensions or other times by creating a hole of worm of artificial Reissner-Nordstrøm, the vessels of the series also make use of this concept to travel in the Hyperespace, but while using generators of hyper-propulsion.

In Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the French translation uses Vortex for the English term wormhole but it is indeed a Trou of worm used for téléporter of the point to the other of the galaxy.

This increasingly frequent concept in the literature “Hardware SF” (Hardware science fiction): one can quote Stephen Baxter ( vessels of time , Light off other days ) or John Clute ( Appleseed ) which offer a fictionalized approach of the theory. This concept is found in particular in the novels of the type Néo Space Opera.

Voyages in time

According to the general theory of relativity of Einstein, plus an object moves quickly, more it will see time to run out slowly. If the entry of a hole of worm (black hole) remains motionless and its exit (white fountain) moves to 99.99% the speed of light, when it runs out 48 hours at the entry, it runs out only 28 minutes at the exit. Thus, if we manage to build a hole of worm and to control the speed of its exit, we could travel in time and choose the moment of exit in the past.

If the voyage in time is possible, why our descendants, which must certainly control this technology don't visit us? Quite simply because our temporal loop does not exist yet. The entries and the exits in time could be done only when the future inventor manufactures the " machine to travel in the temps".

Now there remain two major problems to be solved logically prohibiting the voyages in time:

Paradox of the grandfather:

Let us imagine that our inventor sees arriving his grandson right after having created the temporal tunnel, and that this last kills it by accident. The action of the grandson on his grandfather, not having yet of child, results in to be prevented from being born. How could it thus kill its grandfather?

Paradox of the writer:

Instead of killing our inventor, let us imagine that its grandson gives him a book written by a future writer to make it become famous. It will thus become known simply by recopying the book. He will never have been written, but just recopied.

These acts would result in to change the direct future of our traveller.

Because of these two paradoxes above, to accept the existence of the voyages in time amounts denying all logical coherences. To find a solution, several scientists admit the assumption of the parallel worlds.

Indeed, if the grandson of our inventor leaves, not in the past, but in a parallel world. If it kills the man whom it believes being his grandfather, its action will not have any influence on its existence, considering this inventor does not have any relationship with the ancestors of our grandson. In the same way for the book. If our traveller gives it to the person who he thinks of being his grandfather, he will have right summer recopied in this world, and indeed written in ours.

Random links: