History
See also: Yoga
For at least three thousand years before our era, the technique of emancipation of yoga has been worked out by the means of an uninterrupted chain of transmission of Master with pupil, enriched with each generation by the experimental knowledge by the teacher. Thus, with the wire of the centuries the technique and the philosophy of yoga were worked out.
This philosophical system is exposed through a reference book the Yoga Sutras (Y.S.), whose drafting is allotted to Patanjali. Yoga is before a a whole practical realization (Sadhana) obtained by an asceticism engaging all the forces of the body and the spirit; it is connected with the Sâmkhya by all the theoretical contributions that it draws there.
Supposed origins
The Age of the valley of Indus (-5000 with -1900), was a civilization of the Antiquité. Between 1922 and 1927 with Mohenjo-Daro, excavations with large scales are started. Among the many seals in Steatite discovered, some represent a man sitting the made-to-order of the Yogi S and surrounded by animals, resembling a Proto - Shiva in Pashupati.
Invasions
- Towards the XIe century before our era, the Aryens bring with them them religion codified in the Veda S, root of the Hindouisme to which yoga is attached. In gradually invading the Indian sub-continent , they gives up their wandering lifestyle, imposes their language, the Sanskrit, complex and flexible language adapted to the mental operations most abstract.
- Then At the XVIIIe century, English colonization involves a cultural decline and yoga will reappear at the beginning of the XXe century of our era.
The influence of Vedas, foundations of yogic philosophy
- Since approximately -2000/-1500 up to -700, Védas are the ritual texts of reference. the Vedas knew the risks of the oral tradition, not by ignorance, but by scorn of the writing: this one is only one mnemotechnical process for a long time. The word is sovereign . This very attentive incantation is found in the Mantra Yoga, and the attention with the gesture finds in the Mudrâ yoga which are a codified position and symbolic system of the hands.
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Towards the Xe-Life S. before our era, in the speculations of the Brāhmanas, the Brahman becomes the Absolute, the Undifferentiated one, one, beyond very limit and of any definition.
- Towards -700/-400, the Upanishads form the third and last scripturaire group of the vedic revelation. The metaphysical dash crosses the restricted circle of the liturgy here and, of equivalences in equivalences, rises until the supreme truth: identity of the individual heart (Atman) and of the universal heart (Brahman), capital topic which will take again and enrich variously the great speculations by Hindouisme.
- Al Birûni, died in 1048, translated into Arabic the Yoga-Sutra of Patanjali and writes that Yoga and Sufisms are the same thing. From there Soufis of Persia like Bistâmi or Al Ghazali, know the Yogis and will chakras them. Shankara indeed teaches strict a Monisme according to which duality or multiplicity constitutes the veil which masks the truth, are thus a “illusion” (Mâyâ). The basic principle of the world (Brahman) and it oneself (âtman) are pure unit.
- the 2005 Indian government sets up a cell to catalog traditional knowledge,
Yoga was slowly worked out by impregnating and while impregnating what surrounded it. The hindouism does not consist of a monolithic system, it is acted in fact of a crumbling of proposals to walk on towards one, the Brahman. As much a practice of postures closer to the stretching can be satisfied itself, as much the practitioner eager to deepen yoga will include/understand the interest of the broad loans to the hindouism.
Appendices
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