History of the techniques

The history of the techniques is the study of all the achievements Technique S of the Man, of their context of appearance like theirs impact on the company.

The techniques answer intentions, projects and their history is closely related to the evolution of the human society as to their needs. It always preceded, and that until little (about the middle of the 19th century), the Histoire of sciences. It is only very recently, which sciences made it possible to do to progress the techniques.

Chronology

It is very difficult to date with precision the various inventions and technical evolutions from the first periods from the history from the Man. That is due to the fact that the discoveries carried out by the various historians do not make it possible to say that such found object is the first of its kind. It is very probable that these techniques were quite former and that the first specimens are definitively lost.

The Paléolithique begins towards -2,5 million years when the man starts to manufacture tools and is completed with the Neolithic with the progressive adoption of a saving in production based on agriculture and the breeding, towards 6.000 front J. - C. in the Middle East and in Southeast Asia, towards 4.000 front J. - C. in Europe, in the remainder of Asia and towards 2500 av. J. - C. in Africa and in the ages of Americas.

See also: History of the techniques (chronology)

Age of the stone

See also: Age of the stone

Paleolithic

See also: Paleolithic

Neolithic era

See also: Neolithic

  • 14.500 - 11.500, Raising: culture natoufienne: blades of flint sickle and the tools of crushing, polishing of the stone, first villages occupied in a permanent way

thousand-year-old XIe front J. - C.
  • Japan  : first and older time of manufacture of the Ceramic known in the world by the people Jomons, around 10  500 {{avjc}}, found on the site of the Cave of Fukui.
  • the West Bank: Civilization natoufienne : collect wild corn emmer , use of grinding stones to grind it in Farine.

thousand-year-old Xe front J. - C.

thousand-year-old IXe front J. - C.

thousand-year-old VIIIe front J. - C.

thousand-year-old VIIe front J. - C.
  • the Lampe S with grease was very much used by the man of the Neolithic -7000 to -3000 then replaced little by little by the Oil lamp until the invention of the Oil lamp in 1853.
  • manufacture of Poterie S
thousand-year-old Life front J. - C.
  • the work of metals, forging mill approximately -5.000 years

Thousand-year-old Ve front J. - C.
  • paste to chew containing sap of birch -4500 Chewing-gum discovery 1997, Sweden. Ref.
  • the Ski -4000 central Siberia, Baltic States. Use by combat units in XVIe Sweden century and Finland in 1539.
  • the conservation of the ice -4000 Mésopotamie
  • the Gnomon - 4.000 ancestor of the sundial - first instrument of Astronomie
  • the Bière a -4000 shelf sumérienne gives a report on the bread fermentation in water. The bread was made at the time of Orge or German wheat (corn).

Thousand-year-old IVe front J. - C.
  • the Wheel - 3500 before J. - C. with Sumer into low Mésopotamie fundamental Object in transport and the creation of Western civilization. It is known very tardily in America précolombienne and only like toy (- 1500) and very recently in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania.
  • the writing - 3.500 years
  • Anatolia: beginning of the use of the Wool of the Ovine
  • the Bronze -3.300 years

Bronze Age

See also: Bronze Age

Periods:

Thousand-year-old IIIe front J. - C.
  • the Cement -2.600 years. The Egyptians use a mixture of lime, clay, sand and water. Towards, the Romans add volcanic ground of Pouzzole and invent cement which takes under water and improves the catch and hardening while adding to it of the crushed tile (broken tile). The invention of modern cement is allotted to Louis Vicat in 1818 in France. They are the beginnings of the Béton of cement.
  • -2500 to -1000 years, France: extension of the Bronze
  • -2500 front J.C., Egypt and Mésopotamie: the puffed up Glass
  • -2500 AV J. - C.: the geographical Chart approx. or outlines explanatory older known geographical map (time sumérienne)
  • -2500 years, Central Asia: domestication of the Horse
  • -2500 years: delivers oldest known: history of Gilgamesh
  • -2500: Washing bases are used in Sumer for the washing and the skin diseases.
  • -2500ans, South-East Asia : Metallurgy of Bronze (Phung Nguyen with the Vietnam of North)
  • -2500 years, India: the first clothing of known Cotton found to Mohenjo-daro
  • -2300 before J. - C., Telloh in the desert of Arabia: first Land register
  • the salt
  • -2.000 years: the tank

XXe front century J. - C.
XIXe front century J. - C.
XVIIIe front century J. - C.
XVIIe front century J. - C.
  • the Clepsydre probably towards -1600 in Egypt allotted to Ctésibios -270. Oldest clepsydre discovered was it with Karnak in 1904 and goes back to approximately -1400 and was carried out under the reign of Aménophis III. It is exposed to the Museum of Cairo. It goes back to approximately -1400. It consists of a simple conical bowl having a hole at its base being used for the water run-off. The measurement of time was done using the graduations being inside the bowl. This kind of clepsydre was with single filling and its precision of about 5 to 10 minutes. The Sand glass date of the 14th century, was invented in Europe and was undoubtedly used by the merchants for the biddings.
XVIe front century J. - C.
  • the Iron - 1.500 years
XVe front century J. - C.
XIVe front century J. - C.
XIIIe front century J. - C.

-1000, in Syria one uses Savon. The word savo is used for the first time by Pline Old the to characterize a shampoo fading used by the Gallic ones.

The Age of iron

See also: Age of iron

XIIe front century J. - C.

  • ? discovered work of iron?

XIe front century J. - C.

Xe front century J. - C.

IXe front century J. - C.

VIIIe front century J. - C.

VIIe front century J. - C.

  • the known Prothèse oldest is a Roman bronze leg preserved at London and destroyed by a bombardment of the 2nde world war - a prosthesis at least of esthetism but whose medical vocation is still being studied in 2007 in the center of biomedical Egyptology of the university of Manchester was found in the place of the big toe of a mummy. It was gone back to -600 to -1000.

VI E

O C

IV E

III E

  • the hydraule or first Orgue is the oldest instrument with keyboard of the history invented by Ctésibios towards -270 with Alexandria in Egypt
  • the Papier III E in China
  • Machine of Anticythère is the first known machine at entries and exits. This machine makes it possible to envisage the eclipses. -87 front J.C. This mechanism similar to that of a clock appears out of time taking into account its mechanical precision and its complexity and what one can find in the writings.

II E

I er

After J. - C.

2nd century

3rd century

4th century

5th century

  • iron the first Alliage S corrosion resistant were cast as of Antiquity: the Pilier of iron of Delhi, set up under order of Kumarâgupta I {{er}}
  • the Zero as a figure and that number following the modern use is used in India Nagari about the 5th century. The representation in a system of calculation would be former to in Babylon seeing as of XIVe   ‑   XIe front centuries J. - C. in China.

6th century

7th century

  • Clamp
  • the Printing works between 618 and 907 in China. The mobile character is invented between 1041 and 1049 by Chinese craftsman pi Cheng. This last is manufactured out of lead by Gutenberg about 1440 in Strasbourg in France.

8th century

9th century

10th century

11th century

12th century

13th century

  • the Caraque nave, nao in Spanish or nau in Portuguese
  • the rocket in 1232 used by the Chinese against the Mongols with the battle of Kaifeng.

14th century

  • the Gouvernail of stern post
  • the first toilet papers or hygienic were manufactured in China, initially for the emperor.
  • the caravel, sailing boat of 20 with 30m of 50 tons tonnage.

15th century

16th century

  • the Feeding-bottle or first artificial instrument manufactured for breast feeding dates from the S appeared in Northern Europe or Switzerland. Previously perforated horns are used. The breast-pump would go back to Antiquity.
  • the first Globe is carried out in 1492 by the Bavarian Martin Behaim living at the time in Portugal. It measures 51 cm in diameter and is covered with leather and parchments.
  • the Parachute, the tank, the opening bridge Léonard de Vinci 1500 - the first jump in parachute of the history take place on October 22nd, 1797 when Andre-Jacques Garnerin springs of a balloon in Paris with the Monceau park. His wife jumps in her turn on October 11th, 1802 and deposits the patent of the “apparatus with parachute”.
  • the carriage on rail 1st (not motorized) 1550 mines of Leberthal in Alsace France.
  • the Microscope in 1590 by Zacharias Jansen.

17th century

  • the Telescope about 1590 in Italy or 1608 in Northern Europe - invention anonymous.
  • the first Journal known printed paper form called Relation appears in Strasbourg about 1605.
  • the Sous-marin in 1620 by the Dutch scientist Cornelis Drebbel tested in the the Thames.
  • the Computer or Pascaline 1642-1645 Pascal France.
  • the Baromètre in 1643 by Evangelista Torricelli
  • the Coffee mill appears in Europe and Turkey at the same time at the 17th century.
  • the Infinitesimal calculus by Newton and Leibniz in second half of the XVIIe century, composed of calculus differential and integral (analyzes numerical) - the bases of this calculation could be developed about 1350 by Indian mathematicians of the school of Kerala and be transmitted in Europe by the Jésuite S.

18th century

19th century

  • the Weaving loom automated 1800 Jacquard loom France
  • the Civil code French March 21st, 1804 (30 ventôse year XII) date of promulgation unification of right France
  • the sonography or writing in relief, ancestor of the Braille was invented by the French officer Charles Barbier of the Greenhouse about 1808 for the exchange of information of night and was proposed to the blind men between 1819 and 1821.
  • the Vélocipède 1817 patented in 1818 the baron Drais, German. Vélocipède with Paris pedal, March 1861 Pierre Michaux, hatter.
  • the machine to comb the flax 1817 Philippe de Girard France
  • the Electrical motor Faraday the 1821 - the wheel of Barlow 1822 1st rotary electrical motor mathematician and English physicist Peter Barlow - first industrial dynamo, the “machine of Gram”, a Belgian is presented to the Academy of Science in 1871. Hippolyte Fontaine, its financier discovers his reversibility and thus the first industrial electrical motor.
  • the Train 1827 - June 30th: Saint-Etienne Andrézieux Brought into service of the first railway line of France and continental Europe
  • the Sewing machine Barthelemy Thimonnier, tailor Amplepuis, the Rhone, France patent 1830.
  • the Photography (1837) - oldest Camera a Daguerréotype marketed was manufactured in 1839 in France by the brothers Knew.
  • the Vulcanization of rubber (by Goodyear) 1840 gives an economic interest to French Indo-China and will allow the development of the tire and the cars
  • the stamp England 1840 France 1847-48
  • the Fax 1st test 1842 by the Scottish inventor Alexander Bain. It deposits the patent application on May 27th, 1843 for the transmission of written documents using the telegraph network, this before the invention of the Téléphone and the Bélinographe of Edouard Belin. It uses its knowledge of the electric pendulums to produce movements of sweeping of to and from line by line. The first fax or Pantélégraphe is sold in 1861 by Giovanni Caselli before even the invention of a telephone usable.
  • the Telephone invented in 1876 by Alexandre Beautiful Graham, and according to other sources, invented in 1849 by Antonio Meucci and adapted by Beautiful.
  • the Refrigerating with water and sulphuric acid 1850 Square Edmond France - official inventor
Carl von Linde 1876
  • the industrial Steel - converter Bessemer 1855-1858
  • the Pasteurization 1856 Pasteur France
  • the phonautograph Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville, France, 1857 recordings of the variations of sound pressure on a cylinder. One cannot restore the sound. The Gramophone Edison 1877. It records a human voice on a wax cylinder. With the Gramophone Berliner replaces the cylinder by a flat disc in 1887. to see
  • here the Suez Canal 1859
  • the Engine spark-ignition 1860 Lenoir France
  • the Typewriter to 1868 inventors: Christopher Latham Sholes, Samuel W. Drunk and Carlos Glidden
  • the electric lighting public in 1873 in Paris France
  • In 1879 the dictionary of the French Academy devotes the commercial direction of the Publicité appeared in the middle of the 19th century as being advertisements in the newspapers posters or leaflet exceeding the framework of the public debates. ref.
  • the Bicyclette with chain in 1884 France
  • the Poubelle appeared and is imposed in 1884 in Paris by decree of the prefect of the Seine, Eugene Poubelle under IIIe République.
  • the Dishwasher 1886, patent deposited in the USA. First by German in 1929.
  • is marketed the Biométrie the Digital fingerprint (commercial use in art 1914) Bertillon 1890 France
  • the Avion Clément Ader 1890 France
  • the mechanization of the manufacture of the bottles Claude Boucher 1894 and 1898 France * the Cinema tographe the 1895 1st public projection of the Brothers Light but undoubtedly preceded by Jean Roy and Louis Aimee Augustin the Prince
  • the tire of dismountable car 1895 Edouard Michelin
  • the Canon of 75 hydropneumatic model 1897 brake France
  • the Pointillisme still called neo-impressionism or divisionnism, France Georges Seurat (1859-1891)

XXe century

  • the Amende for the car was created in 1902. Official report for excess speed Amédée Bowlful - constabulary France
  • the Airship in 1900 by Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany
  • the Lamp neon in 1902 by Georges Claude, France
  • the electrocardiograph in 1903 by Willem Einthoven
  • the phototelegraphic apparatus 1907 Edouard Belin
  • the Helicopter Horned Paul, France carries out a takeoff vertical of a few meters on November 13rd, 1907. The 1st kilometer in closed circuit is carried out on May 4th, 1924 by Etienne Oehmichen a technician of Peugeot.
  • the Design 1908 plane Raymond Loewy creative of the industrial design - Design of the logo of Lucky Strike resulting from the French word intention
  • the neon tube 1911 Georges Claude
  • the ramjet 1913 Rene Lorin
  • the antituberculeux vaccine or BCG 1921 Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin
  • the pangrafic 1925 - Charles Dévé - France - microscopic Apparatus of reduction allowing to engrave small inspection marks on optical parts.
  • the Penicillin on September 3rd, 1928 1st antibiotics - Alexander Fleming
  • the Nylon in 1930 by Wallace Carothers
  • the Coronographe 1930 Bernard Lyot
  • the artificial Radioactivity 1934 Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie
  • the Radar 1934 “radars” with decimetre waves Nikola Tesla France French patent and 1935 official inventor Robert Watson-Watt English Patent
  • the ballpoint pen in 1938 by Laszlo Biro - the industrial Manufactoring process of the ball point pens 1953 Marcel Bich
  • the Computer (1941?) Mark 1 the USA Bayle 15?? (model on paper)
  • the Spectroscopy by NMR discovered in 1946 independently by two American teams: Purcell, Torrey and Pound at the university of Harvard on the one hand and Bloch, Hansen and Packard at the university of Stanford on the other hand. Nobel Prize of physics in 1952 in Bloch and Purcell.
  • the B-29 bomber baptized Enola Gay controlled by Paul Tibbets releases a Atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945.
  • the Microwawe oven 1946, Percy Spencer for Raytheon it is in fact based on a Magnétron
  • the electronic , the Transistor 1947
  • the plane with stato- Réacteur 1949 Rene Leduc
  • the Télévision 1950? - Television color arrives to France in 1967
  • the Maser the 1953 USA
  • the vaccine against the Poliomyélite 1954 Pierre Lépine France and Jonas Edward Salk the USA
  • the first artificial satellite Sputnik I was launched by Soviet in 1957 - first meteorological satellite TIROS-1 was launched on April 1st, 1960.
  • Internet (1960?)
  • the Caravel 1960 plane (the engines are placed at the rear of the fuselage).
  • the Laser 1960, the American physicist Theodore Maiman (theory Einstein 1917)
  • the contraceptive Pill 1960 Gregory Pincus - the pill is authorized in France in 1967.
  • the LED or diode with visible spectrum 1962, Nick Holonyak Jr.
  • the screen with Liquid crystals 1964 by George Helmeier
  • Years 1970 the PNL or Programming neuro-linguistics of Milton Erickson, Virginia Satir or Fritz Perls. Observation, imitation of the behavior. Techniques of behavioral Psychology.
  • the Code bar 1974 first application of the laser
  • the Smart card 1974 Roland Moreno
  • the Vaccine against the Hepatitis B 1975 Philippe Maupas
  • the Laserdisc 1978 cdrom (1982)
  • TGV 1981 - September 27th brought into service of the TGV between Paris and Lyon France. Cruising speed 320km/h - maximum speed measured in test 512km/h - New record Mars April 2007 574,8km/h.
  • PC (1981) IBM
  • the Pill abortive RU486 1988 Etienne-Emile Baulieu France
  • the Www of the Web Tim Berners-Lee proposal with the CERN 1989 Robert Cailliau 1990 1st Web server CERN

21e century

  • the Encyclopédie in line and free named Nupédia is founded by Jimmy Wales in March 2000 . The encyclopedia with public participation without scientific committee named Wikipédia under the technological principle of the wiki was born January 2001. Many people qualified not to say expert often anonymous ensure the evolution and the administration of it. The idea of a free and universal encyclopedia had been launched by Richard Stallman in 1999.
  • Nanotechnologie the researchers of the university of Toulouse (cemes/CNRS) and of Leonhard Grill, of Freie Uniersität of Berlin, manufactured a molecular wheelbarrow in 2003 , created an engine molecular in 2005 and made turned a molecular Roue. Natural Nanotechnology version Web of January 21st and publication in the review of February 2007.
  • 2004 Application of the multispectral Camera to the Mona Lisa. Visualization of details like lashes of lace on the level of the collar of the modification of the smile.
  • 2004-2007 sequencing of the Genome of the cat in 2007, 7th mammal after the man in May 2006, the chimpanzee, the mouse, the dog, the rat and the cow by Cold Spring Harbor New York Laboratory, East. It is composed of 20  285 genes.
  • 2005-2007 Creation of the first molecule of positronium, made up of two electrons and two positrons per Allen Millets and David Cassidy of the Riverside university in California. Goal: to create a condensate of Bump-Einstein of positronium then sources of gamma rays of high energy means of study of the matter on an atomic nucleus scale.
  • 2007 industrial Production of processors and computers with the engraving of transistors of 45nm developed containing silicate of Hafnium. This material has been developed for 6 years. There are 10 years the transistors measured 250nm approximately. This respects the Loi of Moore and the double almost capacity of the microprocessors.
  • April 2007 Sharp deposits 6 patents on the plastic first semi-vegetable which can be recycled.
  • 2007 first Embryo S of Primate S, in this case of the Macaque S, obtained by Cloning. The embryos however did not reach the stage of the birth, but of the original cells could be extracted that they put in culture.

Techniques

  • the Rouissage of the fabric S is the maceration in baths of the fibers flax or Chanvre.

  • Steeping of the beams: To prepare the beams of the boats and the buildings, one plunged them in ponds known as ponds to the beams or sea water or fresh water basins of several days to several hundred days. One speaks about duration exceeding 100ans sometimes.

With Rochefort in the meadow on bank opposed to the Royal Rope manufacture, one finds long ditches known as Fosses with the Masts. They were intended to plunge then to make imputrescibles the wood of the future masts. Wood having been used to carry out the carved stalls of the cathedral of Amiens au16e century would have been soaked in sea water according to the lecturer Jean Macrez.
  • With Brest, one put to soak, can be up to 150 years, the tree trunks in the Penfeld river. Certain warships to the S were built with wood thus prepared.

    • the Cold . If one managed to preserve the cut out ice the winter at the surface of the lakes in holes containing of the layers of alternated ice and straw, the first Réfrigérateur S go back them to 1850. They functioned initially with water and the sulphuric acid then with the ether in 1876 (Australia). In Mésopotamie, one finds ground buildings going back to -4000 in which one stored the ice. to also see the effects Peltier and Thomson (electric current crossing a welding).

    • manufacture of the Beer. At the origin Fermentation of bread made containing barley or German wheat in water. High fermentation one chews cereal and one recrache in the container of fermentation. The Salive makes possible fermentation. Ref.

    • Manufacture and composition of glass: heating until a liquid state of a mixture of Silica (sand) and of one or more alkaline or metal substances (limestone, potash and/or soda)

    See too

    Related articles

    • History of the techniques (chronology)
    • History of sciences
    • Chronology of sciences
    • technical Training
    • technical System,
    • Technology of ancient Rome
    • History of silk
    • History of the Technical railroads
    • and culture

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