History of the Republic of China - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

The République of China is the name of the mode which succeeded the Chinese Empire (221 av. J. - C. - 1912).

Fast sight

At the 19th century, the Chinese Empire is seen dramatically doubled by the western powers and their capitalist, colonial, and military dynamism. The Dynastie Qing (1644 - 1911) does not arrive any more has to face and does not manage any more to guarantee the integrity of the territory of the Empire. An opposition modernisatrice, similar to the Japanese Ère Meiji develops, but its failures and its slowness lead to the Chinese Révolution of 1911 which reverses the Qing Empire, and founds the “ République of China ” (Nankin, 1912).

This State is dominated by the nationalist party Kuomintang, but Yuan Shikai - a powerful General manages to become the strong man of China, but its abuses (dissolution of the Parliament, attempt to be established Empereur) lead to one second revolt of the republican South. Yuan Shi kai dies, but China sets out again during one civil period of war of the “Lords of the War” in north. In Republic of China (in the south) the internal conflicts see the dedication of the severe general Tchang Kaï-chek, affirming its control on the Kuomintang by the ousting of its moderate competitors (assassination of, 1925, on the left). When the republican government of the south starts to take again the control of whole China (1926 - 1937), the modernized Japanese benefit from the last disorders to invade the Mandchourie in 1931, marking slow walk towards the war.
Tchang is devoted then more to the assertion of the hegemony of “its” Kuomintang on “its” Republic of China by the repression of the opponents (Monarchiste S, communist S), the crisis situation requiring of such recourse. The south is under control of Tchang and its Republic of China; the North-West under that of weakened Communists and the last Lords of the War; the North-East under Japanese control.
En 1937, the Japanese launch a great military operation, Tchang lets Japanese face the Lords of the War and the Communists, Tchang hoping that they become exhausted mutually. Finally, authoritative excesses of Tchang discredit the Republic, while the Communists and their good will anti-Japanese woman gains the support of the peasants. In 1945, Japan capitulates to the the United States.
La République of China de Tchang controls the South and the big cities, recovering the island of Taiwan “in the name of UNO”. The Communists of PCC (Mao) control the campaigns of north. Tchang is armed by the E. - U., and launches out without negotiation against the Communists, but the Maoists are permanently informed by the peasants, and carry victory over victory. The territory under the Republic is corroded, and when Taiwanese expresses against the abuses the civils servant of Kuomintang (February 28th 1947), Tchang sends the army and 10 000 Taiwanese is cut down: the situation on the continent explains severity, but the Taiwanese political elite is destroyed, and Taiwanese ignores the political life then.
Le October 1st 1949, Mao proclaims the Popular republic of China on the continent, while Tchang must exile the Republic of China and 1 million continental (members of Kuomintang, soldiers) on island of Taiwan, “pacified”.

China settles in Taiwan, but it is quickly a retirement, which is organized. Vis-a-vis certain agitations in the island, and considering the continental context, the army of the Republic of China contracts, represses the movement of February 27th, 1947, and Kuomintang establishes a seizure total on the political life and administrative of the island. The State of emergency is proclaimed.
Cet insulation, and this delicate situation of communist anti small island allows finally the surge of the military aid and economic American, and supports the industrio-economic miracle of the island. Voices - Chinese start to posément ask posément more democracy, a fight against corruption, and the multi-party system. But the censure falls, and the leaders are arrested, and imprisoned.
Les the Sixties, the appeasing of the situation, and the ageing of Tchang makes it possible to weaken the hard line of Kuomintang.
Des democratic movements starts to be expressed with more force. When Tchang dies, and that his/her son Jiang Jingguo succeeds to him, it loosens the vice of the KMT. A political grouping “Except party” is created, making it possible to avoid the repressive laws towards “the opponents with the mode”.
Sa died, in 1988, leaves Taiwan in the doubt. The Li arrival Tenghui, a native of Taiwan, supports finally the started reforms and democratization. The elections of 1996 are done democratically, and renew Li Tenghui.
Mais the true evolution is undoubtedly in polarization around the idea of official independence for the archipelago, discusses which monopolizes the Taiwanese policy mainly.

Translation of Republic of China : trad: 中華民國 (literally Democratic republic of China ), simp: 中华民国, EFEO: Tchong-hoed Min-kouo, Lagging-Gilles: Chung-hooted Min-kuo, Tōngyòng pīnyīn: JhongHuá MínGuó, Hànyǔ pīnyīn: Zhōnghuá Mínguó, Taiwanese: Tiong-hoâ Bîn-KB; in: Republic off Clouded.

Origins

Whereas the centuries before 1800 saw China like a key power, of head of the world, the 19th century is differently. Europeans take a considerable technical lead by mechanization, its artillery, the organization of its banks and its capitalist philosophy of commercial initiative. Europe was created by the force of vast empires, and the British intend to export towards China their Indian production of Opium while China stagnates in its feudal and not-industrial situation. The Guerres of Opium are complete victories of the Westerners, even if the noble Manchu ones veil the face while prétandant to have " géré" the barbarian threat. The Occident, soon joined Japan modernized by the Era Meiji (cf Sino-Japanese Guerre), imposes its choices on China which must more open with the external one, and more to pay war indemnities. The opposition Chinese modernisatrice hopes, the Réforme the 100 days of 1898 and the brilliance but utopian Kang Youwei leaves them a hope but the reform is finally cut down in blood by the conservatives. The opposition is thus radicalized: it becomes anti-monarchical, preaching for a " Republic of China " according to the Western model. The reforms which undertakes tardily and too slowly Cixi towards 1905 are not sufficient and its death is the occasion of a last contraction of the conservatives. In 1911, the Révolte of Double 10 sounds the departure of the republican insurrection. The Republic of China is quickly proclaimed with Nankin, controlling all the south of China there.

Chinese revolution and fighting period

Revolution of 1911

Mode of Yuan Shikai

Lords of the war

See also: Contenu=Voir the article ''' [[Chinese Republic of the Lords of the War]] ''' ([[1916]] - [[1928]])

With its death a new period of “Lords of the war starts”, chaos is sufficient so that the principal Chinese generals fight for their own political ambitions, their own glory, and to establish their own field of sovereignty. These Lords of the war share and dispute the north of China while the republican government controls the south, and try to take again the control of the unit, and progress slowly. The party of the Kuomintang is created.

The decade of Nankin

See also: Contenu=Voir the article ''' [[United front and decade of Nankin]] ''' ([[1928]] - [[1937]])

In 1933, the Japan benefits from the last remainders of chaos in the north of China to stop the Chinese reunification which was done with the profit of the “Republic of Nanjing”. Left the Korea that they occupy since 1895, they take the control of the Chinese Mandchourie: the State-customer of the Manzhouguo is created, Puyi is restored there Empereur while remaining under the perfect control of the Japanese capacity.

The Republic of China must thus face an impressive adversary, modern, organized, greedy. But it must also face the rise of the “internal alternatives”, in particular the rise of the communist currents. The last years of war (since 1911 in fact) did not satisfy the Chinese, the state of emergency in which the area was generating many exactions of the Lords of the war like generals and military republican. Worse, Tchang Kaï-chek, the very powerful chief of Kuomintang became by the excess of its positions: not to tolerate any internal opposition. The moderate leaders were often carried out according to its wishes, and he intends to continue to hold his territories under a perfect authority which the situation requires. Dissatisfactions thus increase, the communist currents are nourished some. When they become current imposing and whereas their requests are about the political tendencies, more socialist being, Tchang Kaï-chek imposes bloody repressions, the communist currents thus become increasingly Anti-Kuomintang. When the Communists, under command of Mao Zedong, threatened to be exterminated, leave in their Long walk to go on the face anti-Japanese, they more gain the sympathy of Chinese like many soldiers. Tchang Kaï-chek, calculates the base of its control to him on the southern area while Communists and the Lords of the war of north face the Japanese armies, and will become exhausted perhaps mutually.

End of the civil war

See also: Contenu=Voir the article ''' [[Fine of the Chinese civil war]] ''' ([[1937]] - [[1949]])

Authoritative excesses of Tchang Kaï-chek, and communist “good will” during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937 - 1945 finishes sitting the 2 reputations. At the end of the war, decided especially, by the American effort and decisive the bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Tchang Kaï-chek has a military control on the big cities of China given up by Japan while Mao controls, by the militancy of its partisans, the Chinese campaigns. The civil war thus sets out again of more beautiful, Tchang Kaï-chek benefitting by the Americans from the surpluses hightech of the American armed , Mao and his guerilla country being satisfied to arm itself by craft industry and spoils of war small. The error of Tchang Kaï-chek is to believe that an army controlling the roads controls a country. The strategy of Mao, it, flees the pitched battles, hides, and attacks only by ambushes, emerging from wood to take convoys, benefitting from the networks of the peasants to get informed about all. Heavy tanks, planes, guns, all this armament American delivered to Tchang Kaï-chek will almost never find targets to be destroyed: the Maoists hide. Of 1945 with 1948, Mao takes again all the campaigns of China, Tchang Kaï-chek is found driven back, without territorial supports, and must flee of big city in big city.

In 1949, when the Communists seize the power in China preparing to establish the Popular republic of China, the leaders of Kuomintang and 1 million continental exile themselves massively in the island known as of Formosa, become again Chinese in 1945. The Chinese nationalist government - of Kuomintang- there its provisional seat of its “Republic of China installs”, and is essential with violence on the local expressions (February 1947), always according to the need for the moment. The continental party of Kuomintang, installed on the island, remained a long time the sole party, and the Chinese name of “Republic of China ” come on the island from Taiwan is still nowadays the official name of the mode.

The Republic of China to Taiwan

The Kuomintang State-party was gradually moulted in a quasi-democracy. See the detailed article Republic of China (Taiwan), for the description of this Actual position.

Reprocess, crispation, and seizure of Kuomintang

The mode of République of China is consequently present only on the island of Taiwan and some other small islands of the surroundings, but continues has to claim a sovereignty on the unit. The period 1945-1949 is particularly difficult. The continental ones of the kuomintang are largely corrupted, the island hitherto a41dernier $c-b1, e,10 $c-b26 ce $c-b16 $c-b43, bn,84 Japanese and relatively in peace is vampirisée for the last efforts of war continental, the economy of the island east run by the inflation of the continent.
Le revival is made possible by the defeat on the continent: the bonds are cut. Another decisive point is the land reform of Chen Cheng (1949), so that the Taiwanese peasants are insensitive with communist propaganda, the kuomindang makes it possible here to distribute the arable lands between the peasants, weakening the Taiwanese great landowners at the same time (compensated all the same).
Le Kuomintang de Tchang has from now on the full control of the island, adds with the martial Loi (May 19th 1949 - October 17th 1987), and makes hunting for the Communists of it, but the “laws against subversion” are finally used against all the opponents, until “those which know but do not denounce”. The situation of Cold war incipient lance the important American help (1951 - 1965), which makes it possible Kuomintang to easily continue the policy of modernization undertaken under the Japanese governorship.

Industrio-economic miracle and first setting in doubt

The industrio-economic “miracle” of the island and last time allow the émergeance of a new democratic intellectual elite. When in 1956, Tchang Kaï-chek is declared “without prejudice and with the listening of the nation”, Lei Zhen and equips it with China Libre engages in the drafting of analysis-critical of the policy of Kuomindang, then of the constitution even. The 5 Taiwanese elected officials logically join the movement, which takes the name of “Chinese Democratic party”, but on September 4th 1960, its leaders are imprisoned, killing the alliance of the democratic elites Chinese and Taiwanese.

Last years of Tchang and weakening of Kuomintang

In addition, insofar as popular China and Soviet Union were from now on in frank opposition, the E. - U. approached popular China, and, in 1971, the resolution 2758 of UNO removes the seat of member permanant with the government of Republic of China “to offer it” to the government of popular China, from where a diplomatic crisis enters the République of China and the the United States.
Les last years of Tchang (death in 1975), allowed the appearance of elected officials “Except party”. But it is especially when his/her son Chiang Ching-kuo arrived at the capacity - according to his will that one opened the doors of the capacity to the Taiwanese natives. The Deputy Prime Minister Xu Qingzhong be Taiwanese, like Li Tenghui, which entered the government.

Democratic movements, them “Except party”, and Chiang Ching-kuo

The town councilors were not in fact not free of all their choice, while the central capacity was still under the parliamentary control of the S elected in ground Chinese, and promised to find their place after the reconquest envisaged. But the opponents and the movement “Except party” benefit from each local election like platform, and certain frauds of Kuomintang revived the political conscience and the democratic aspirations of the inhabitants. Starting from 1969, reforms allow bored shy persons of the opposition to legislative of 1972, but especially of 1975, then of 1977 and its record participation, marked by the riot of Zhongli, and “Twelve great political work” of their common program. 1979 is a step moreover in the direction of “Except party”, of the incidents burst ( " the Business Formosa " ). The government then launches a wave of arrests at “Except party”, ruining the construction of the movement. The lawsuit which follows, with the charge of leaders such Annette Lu, durably clarified them, and allowed the appearance of brilliant lawyers, such Chen Shui-bian, and launches a popular support towards the eligible leaders remaining: Known Zhengchang, Xie Zhangting, Cheng Shui-bian elected in 1980. In 1983, “Friendly of Except party” is created, behaving like permanences of political party, but without enfreindre the points of the law anti subversion. But in 1986, the decision is taken to be made name from now on “Democratic party progressist”, a challenge launched in Kuomintang, and Chiang Ching-kuo answered by declaring “times change, the context changes, the main tendencies change”, encouraging with the reform of Kuomintang. The projection of PD to legislative of 1986 confirmed the “tendency”, the KMT does not seem to be able to answer, and the population of the island is agitated. The October 14th 1987, the martial Loi is raised by Chiang Ching-kuo, the censure of the press is raised in January 88. Chiang dies the January 13rd 1988, and Li Tenghui, native of Taiwan, succeeds to him.

Reforms and Democratization under Li Tenghui

Li Tenghui, native of Taiwan, continues the opening undertaken, and places finally the KMT in a non-reactionism which makes the play of the reforms and the opposition of PD, Li Tenghui being placed as a mediator between the conservatives of the KMT and the popular reformers of PD. Under the popular pressure, a law for the “voluntary resignation” of the member of Parliament of “the eternal National Assembly” is proposed the November 7th 1988 - with allowances, and in 1989, the democrats still progress with 40% of the votes. Kuomintang divided (02/1989) and the students launch out then in pacifist sittings for the democracy, the presidential election by the vote for all, and for the resignation of the old members of Parliament in station since 1947. Li Tenghui, reformer, in reinforced fate, and propose a revision of the constitution and a reform in favor of the Pluripartisme. But part of the KMT wishes one réaffermissement, and Li Tenghui thus named Hao Bocun - a soldier at the post of Prime Minister, creating a popular reaction, which thus weakens the hard line of the KMT, and thus legitimates the Li Tenghui moderation. The question of the old member of Parliament is finally settled by limiting the last allowances until the December 31st 1991. Many old members of Parliament leave the Parliament, dissolving the hardest line of the KMT, and resolving the parliamentary life. Democratization continues, the natives of Taiwan investing the policy of the country more and more, more bringing representativeness, the divergences do not disappear from it therefore. In 1996, the first presidential elections by vote for all renew Li Tenghui.

Polarization around the idea of official independence

But the change is undoubtedly elsewhere, democratization also brought the discussion on the “Statut of Taiwan”, of the island, because the state continues to be claimed a Chinese state, legitimates sovereign of the whole of the China. Voices rise to ask for the clarification of this statute in favor of the declaration of a Taiwanese state, purely insular, reflecting the irrefutable fact, and which would thus give up the name of “Republic of China ” for something of the " type; Republic of Taiwan". Initially, such militancies were repressed within the framework of the law against subversion (years 1970,1980), the authors of such ideas being stopped. But the reality of the facts, and the will to dissociate itself from the communist state of the Popular republic of China, actress of the repression of Tian' anmen results native of Chinese Taiwan and unquestionable immigrant in militating in favor of this officialization of independence, PD showing herself semi-officially favorable to this, without wetting itself too much.
Avec the election of the candidate PD Chen Shuibian with the presidency, in 2000, becoming thus the first president except KMT, the idea of independence and end of the “Republic of China” is reinforced, but the KMT and China Populaire are opposed highly to this idea, and the reaction is organized. The KMT empèche behavior of a referendum, while China Populaire - which always wishes to recover the island threatens the island of military reprisals in the event of declaration of independence.
En 2004, Chen Shuibian is re-elected, but does not manage to impose its independence views on the population which, mainly, is satisfied of a peaceful Status quo which allows the stability and the economic prosperity of the island. In March 2005, popular China rationalizes and officializes its position by the 10 points of the Loi anti secession Chinese of 2005.
Nowadays, the “Republic of China” thus exists still, in Taiwan, and raises the question of its existence as a future province of popular China; as a not recognized official entity Republic of China (Statute quo); or as a State of the “Republic of Taiwan” claiming a recognition of State.

Note

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