The installation of the Popular republic, 1949-1957

The advent of the Popular republic of China put a term at a hundred years of domination of China by foreign powers. The Guerres of opium had subjected the Dynastie Qing to the exploitation of the country by the Eight foreign armies plain (八国联军), having with their balance of the Seigneurs of the war.

Under the Japanese occupation, an agreement was agreed between the Chinese Communist party and the Parti nationalist Chinese to fight the foreign invader together.

After the Second world war, at the time of the civil war, PCC rejoined the peasants with his cause. October 1st 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the foundation of the Popular republic of China on the Place Tian' anmen, with Beijing while declaring: “The Chinese rose”. The nationalist party (Guomindang) as for him took refuge on the island of Taiwan.

First terror campaigns

Three campaigns are launched successively and found terror in the population:
  1. the “countryside to eliminate the counter-revolutionaries”, impetus in October 1950, and which lasts one year;
  2. the Countryside of the three antis, launched fine 1951;
  3. the Countryside of the five antis, launched in January 1952, carried out the preceding one parallel to.

The foundation of a “socialist State”

In 1953 the installation of the first five-year plan takes place. The economy is based on heavy industry on the model of the Soviet Union which provides capital. During this period, 10  800 Soviets and 1  500 Europeans of the East were employed in China within the framework of projects related on transport, the communications, education or health. In same time, thousands of scientists, engineers and students Chinese were sent to study in Soviet Union.

The countryside of the Hundred Flowers

See also: Countryside of the Hundred Flowers

The Campagne of the Hundred Flowers is the history of a “comedy which will be moulted in tragedy” (Domenach, 1995). Mao calls in a correction campaign, in order to restore his weakened authority and to improve the relations between the Party and the population. The principle is to authorize criticism to improve the Party. Little time after the launching of the countryside in February 1957, the dispute explodes. The Party reacts and exerts a repression wild which will make several hundreds of thousands of victims, imprisoned, off-set or sometimes carried out. '

The years Mao (1958-1976)

The accession of Mao Zedong to the capacity was often compared with new a " mandate céleste" , acquired near years of guerilla and political activism near the agricultural work force; the State which it contributed to found in the same way is often perceived like a modern imperial dynasty . After the introduction of the Chinese Soviet republic of Jiangxi in 1931, it is during Long walk, between October 1934 and October 1935, that Mao acquired the uncontested title of leader of the Chinese PCC, without being at the time member of Politburo. Certain observers estimate that the State founded around the Chinese Communist party into 1949 solidified little by little on the skeleton of the guerilla country-woman, in contradiction with the management of a modern State: the chaotic management of the country and the Cultural revolution would be from this point of view of the remainders of a structure of the capacity exceeded, monopolized by Mao. Officially criticized and to a certain extent condemned by the PCC after his death, Mao keeps however the benefit of the release of the country and the foundation of the RPC.

The failure of the “Large Step ahead” (1958-1961)

See also: Large Step ahead

The Party against Mao (1960-1965)

Following the dramatic consequences of the economic policy of Mao during the Years 1960, this last leaves its position of president of the RPC. The popular National congress elects then Liú Shàoqí like successor of Mao. Remaining with the reins of the PCC, Mao is little by little far away from the management of the economic affairs of the country, which is entrusted to a moderated elite, under the dominant influence of Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping and some others, which start economic reforms.

The Cultural revolution (1965-1969)

See also: Cultural revolution

In 1966, Mao launches the Cultural revolution, which enables him to return to the capacity while being based on the youth of the country and by tackling the average elites then in station. One period of chaos follows, before the situation is taken again little by little in hand by Zhou Enlai. After the death of Mao, Deng Xiaoping, regarded as the leader of the reformists, managed to rise with the capacity. It makes stop to be judged the widow of Mao, Jiang Qing and its partisans within the PC (the Bande of the Four).

  • 1965 : Beginning of the Cultural revolution. The intellectuals and the hierarchy of the Party are badgered by youth with the cities that Mao launched against them, and that one calls the red Gardes.
  • 1966 : At the conclusion of overflows which carry out China at the edge of the civil war, the latter are sent in the campaigns to be " rééduqués" , as well as a very large fraction of urban youth during the ten following years (zhiqings).

End of the era Maoist (1969-1976)

1976: Death of Mao Zedong. End of the Cultural revolution according to Chinese historiography (Western historiography considers it completed since 1969). Rehabilitation of most of the victims of the Cultural revolution.

The opening of China and victory of pragmatism (1976 at our days)

The seizure of power by Deng Xiaoping (1976-1978)

1978: from December 18th to 22nd the third Plenary session takes place itself of XIe Central committee of the Chinese Communist party. Official press release announces that China would encourage the economic cooperations with the other countries and would seek to obtain the most advanced technologies and equipment world. This political reversal marks the beginning of the policy of opening of China. Criticisms addressed to these economic reforms, generally emanating from the poorest peasants and the foreign observers, note that these reforms created great disparities within the country, important a Pollution, a crawling Corruption, a Chômage growing and a bad business management of State. This situation is potentially threatening for the stability of the mode. Certain actors of the Chinese political life, journalists and magistrates also criticize the lack of political reforms on crucial questions, in particular have regard to a participation of the people in the votes in the elections.

The success of the reforms (1979-1985)

Rise of the tensions (1986-1989)

The democratic explosion of spring 1989

These judgments were stigmatized during the events with the place Tian' anmen, on June 4th 1989, which an embargo of sale of weapons succeeded China.

to see the article on the Manifestations of the place Tian' anmen

Which prospects for China with the 21e century?

The entry of China in a globalized market economy

The persistent problem of the respect human rights

Parallel to its entry in a globalized market economy, the PCC preserves the control of the country and maintains its policy of oppression with respect to the groups which it considers threatening, like the Falun Gong or the separatist movements of the Tibet, in a general way against any spiritual group or religious " unauthorized " by the Party. The organizations of defense of the human rights indeed announce recurring problems of freedom of expression and conscience, many arrests of journalists and " cyber-dissidents" thus cases of tortures perpetrated by the police force.

The question of the Human rights is often put on side by the Western democracies vis-a-vis the economic interests, with for example Yahoo! and Google which collaborates with the authorities about the imprisonment of several " cyber-dissidents" as in its policy of censure and monitoring of the Web. Parallel to that, the blockade of the sales of weapons, into force since the massacre of the Tienanmen place in 1989, is always maintained.

See too

Internal bond

External bonds

  • Texts on China with the {{S|XX|E}}, communist China Cliotexte.
  • Texts on China with the {{S|XXI|E}} Cliotexte.
  • the Popular republic of China, 1949 to our days by Jean-Pierre Duteil, professor at the university of Paris-VIIi.

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