The history of Tunis , principal the City of the Tunisia, begins around 300 av. J. - C.. Passing under the domination of the Roman then Arab , it becomes the Capitale of the Tunisia with the advent of the Dynastie of the Hafsides in 1229. Confirmed in its statute after independence, it becomes also the Chef-lieu governorship of the same name since its creation in 1956.
Origins
The existence of the locality is attested at the beginning of fourth century BC: the Libyens revolted seize Tunis and make the seat Carthage in 396 av. J. - C.. Perched on its Hill, Tunis is an excellent observatory from where the Libyans can easily follow the demonstrations external of the life of Carthage (comings and goings from the Navire S or Caravane S towards the interior of the country). It is then probably about a small grouping of Hutte S in dry stones covered with branches and it is probable that its inhabitants delivered themselves to the Troc with the travellers of passage.Tunis is one of the first Libyan cities to pass under the Carthaginian domination being given its vicinity with the large city and its strategic position: it orders a node of trade route and military and, strengthened well, it can even cover Carthage in the event of attack coming from the continent. Polybe and Tite-Live indicates that it is defended “by nature”. However, compared to punic Carthage, the Tunes antique remains of a very modest size.
Tunes, destroyed according to Strabon by the Romans during the Third Punic War, would have been rebuilt before Carthage. It is however the object only rare testimonys of which the Table of Peutinger which mentions Thuni. The city is from now on the only important city in trimmings of the strait of Sicily. As of the first years of the 8th century, the Chef-lieu of district which is then Tunis sees reinforcing in its military role: to bar the road of the capital of the Ifriqiya, Kairouan, with an enemy come from the sea and to carry blows to the Christian States by attacking their ships and by operating Raid S on their coasts. Become thus the naval base of the Arabs in the Western Mediterranean, Tunis takes a considerable military importance.
Aghlabides
Under the reign of the Aghlabides, Ifriqiya knows one era of prosperity without precedent. Tunis benefits from this clearing and quickly becomes the second city of the kingdom. The Mosquée Zitouna is increased considerably and its reputation extends beyond the limits from the city. Become the capital of the country at the end of the reign of Ibrahim II (902), it remains it until in 909, date on which Shiite Berbères take Ifriqiya and found the dynasty of the Fatimides, then chief town of district becomes again. The city is tested hard by the Insurrection kharidjist carried out by Abou Yazid says “the man to the ass”. In September 945, the insurrectionists occupy Tunis and deliver it to plundering and devastate all At this point in time the Souk S. illustrates the Cadi and jurisconsult Sidi Mahrez who takes in hand the destinies of his ransacked and ruined city. It directs the rebuilding of the ramparts, organizes the souks, created the small market of Bab Souika and deals with the installation of the Jewish in the district of Hara.
Zirides and Khourassanides
With the advent of the dynasty of the Zirides, divided after the death of its first sovereign into 983, Tunis gains in importance. However, the population, remained sunnite, supports the Shiite reign more and more badly and perpetuates massacres against this community. ” This last, having restored the order in the country, is not long in being freed from the Hammadides and founds the dynasty of Khourassanides with Tunis for capital. The small independent kingdom joins again with the foreign trade and finds peace and prosperity. The city is then clearing by new constructions, of which a palate strengthened in the high part of the city, and external defenses are reinforced like those of the port. The testimony of the Arab historian El Bekri, who visits Tunis towards 1067, is rather eloquent: In Tunis, the Bazar S are very numerous and contain goods of which the aspect fills the spectator with admiration. One counts in the city 15 baths and much of Caravansérail S which rises with a great height. The doors of all the houses are framed of beautiful Marbre Tunis is a great center of studies, one cultivates there especially jurisprudence and several natives of this city fulfilled the large functions cadis of Ifriqiya. Tunis is one of the most famous cities of Ifriqiya and of richest in excellent Fruit s. Between 1128 and 1148, Hammadides take again the control of the city and name a governor there.During first centuries which follow its foundation, Tunis is populated by a heterogeneous population. To the first Arab groups of and Berbères ized Islam is gradually added thousands of immigrants come from the the Maghreb, of Europe and Asia. But it is at the beginning of the 13th century that the city knows its most important migratory movement.
Almohades
In 1159, Abd Al-Mumin arrives in Ifriqiya and expels the Normands of all the ports (Gabès, Sfax, Sousse or Kélibia) which they occupy. It seizes Tunis, relieves the last sovereign khourassanide and installs in his place a government almohade in load of the administration of all Ifriqiya. The conquest almohade opens a new period in the history of Tunis. The city, which up to that point played a part of second plan behind Kairouan and Mahdia, is promoted with the row of Capitale of province. Peace lasts only a time because a new event once again comes to upset the destiny of the city. At the end of the 12th century, princes Almoravides, the brothers Ali and Yahia ibn Ghania left the Balearic Islands, unload with Béjaïa and launch out to the attack of the cities of Ifriqiya. They occupy during a time the town of Tunis. In 1204, the caliph almohade Muhammad year-Nasir releases Ifriqiya and restores the authority almohade. In Tunis, promoted capital of Ifriqiya, Muhammad year-Nasir installs as governor sheik Abd Al-Wâhid ibn Hafs. In 1228, his/her son Abû Zakariyâ' Yahyâ seizes the capacity and, one year later, is freed from the capacity almohade, takes the title of emir and founds the dynasty of Hafsides.
Hafsides
See also: Eighth crusade
With the advent of the Hafsides, it becomes the capital of a kingdom extending gradually towards Tripoli and Fès. During its reign, Abû Zakariyâ' Yahyâ does not neglect the embellishment of its capital which sees its population then increasing - estimated between: 35000 and: 100000 inhabitants - and its activities to diversify. To the primitive city are added to north and the important south Faubourg S enclosed by a second enclosure surrounding the médina, the kasbah and these suburbs. According to Ibn Khaldoun: The prosperity of Tunis was carried to the more high degree and the inhabitants enjoyed an ease without example. One sought there the Luxe in clothings, the crews, the houses, the pieces of furniture and the tents. One competed of efforts to rebuild, restore and to improve, one had even reached in extreme cases last of the perfection when one entered a new time, that of the décadence. the sultans who follow one another the capacity multiply the pious foundations indeed (Mosquée S, Médersa S and Zaouïa S), undertake work of public utility, build sumptuous residences and reinforce the defense of the city by the construction of a new kasbah and new ramparts.
Indeed, Tunis is found taken in the Eighth crusade: Louis IX of France, hoping to convert the sovereign hafside with the Christianity and to draw up it against the sultan of Egypt, seizes Carthage easily but its army is quickly victim of a epidemic of Dysenterie. Louis IX itself dies about it the August 25th 1270 in front of the ramparts of the capital. In the same time, driven out by the Spanish reconquest , the first Andalusians arrive at Tunis and will take an active part in the economic prosperity and the rise of the intellectual life in the capital hafside. In addition, the Zitouna University becomes one of the principal centers of teaching of the Islamic world. Mohamed El Abdery, traveller and Andalusian historian who visits Ifriqiya at the 13th century, do not dry up praises on Tunis: We arrived at Tunis, drank high of all the hopes, center where the flame of all the glances converges, go travellers of the East and Occident If I had not entered to Tunis, I would have declared that science had not left any trace in the Occident, that its name even there was forgotten, but the Maître of the Universe wanted that there was not a place of the ground deprived skilful men in any thing. Also I found in this city a representative of each science and men being refreshed with all the feeding troughs of human knowledge. Students and professors, this pleiad of scholars shone of the most glorious glare…
The Reconquête of the Moslem Spain by the catholic sovereigns involves the voluntary departure or forced several thousands of people who choose to settle in the cities of the Maghreb of which Tunis. These new immigrants bring with them of industrial, artisanal and agricultural novel methods and thus contribute to the cultural and artistic revival of the capital. Ibn Khaldoun writes besides: Its court of the sultan hafside Abû “Abd Allah Muhammad Al-Mustansir was always filled eminent characters who had gone the alive one of his/her father there. One met there especially a crowd of Andalusians, the ones distinguished poets, the other eloquent writers, erudite famous, intrepid princes magnanimes, warriors who had come to shelter in the shade of his puissance. This immigration reaches his apogee at the beginning of the 17th century. If most of the population is then Moslem, there exist nevertheless two nonMoslem groups: Jewish and Christian . Persecuted under Almohades, they are tolerated under Hafsides and are integrated in economic fabric - trades of the Banque, Orfèvrerie, trade with Europe or repurchase of slaves chétiens - for the first and the army for the seconds.
Spaniards
See also: Catch of Tunis, Loss of Tunis
During the 16th century, Tunisia is one of the principal theaters where clashes the Spanish Monarchie and the Ottoman Empire. Under their respective reign, the capital hafside crosses more than one test from which its defense works, its monuments and its districts of dwelling suffer. Thus, the Othoman troops, under the control of Khayr AD-DIN Barberousse, present in front of Bab El Jazira the August 18th 1534 and deliver the city to the Pillage. Charles Quint, called with the rescue by the European leaders threatened by the Othoman projection in the Mediterranean, takes the city the August 6th 1535 and restores the sovereign hafside. At the time of their occupation partial of the country, the Spaniards raise with high expenses of powerful Citadelle S with Goulette and Tunis, abolish the slavery and restore the freedom of trade and worship for the Christians.
After having failed in front of Algiers in 1541, the Christians must gradually give up their possessions with the the Maghreb. Vis-a-vis the difficulties encountered by Hafsides, the Othoman Uludj Ali, with the head of an army of Janissary S and Kabyles takes again Tunis in 1569. However, following the Battle of Lépante in 1571, the Spaniards manage to take again the city and restore the sovereign hafside. The last combat which put at the catches Spanish and Othoman involve new destruction: it is a ruined city with half which falls finally to the hands from the Othomans in August 1574. But the new Masters of Tunisia give soon in state what was destroyed: old monuments are restored, others are high and the city finds a new glare. It does not preserve of it less, in its broad outlines, the structure which it had at the time of the sultans hafsides.
Othomans
Become an Othoman province controlled by a pasha named by the Othoman sultan based with Istanbul, the country does not delay to reach a certain autonomy (1591). Under the reign of the deys then beys mouradites, the capital takes a new rise: its population grows bigger thanks to multiple ethnic contributions, of which the Moors driven out of Spain, and the economic activities diversify. To traditional industries and the exchanges with the remote countries the race is added which knows its golden age then. The profits ensured by the repurchase of the Christian slaves also make it possible to the sovereigns to raise sumptuous constructions which renew the monumental ornament inherited the Moyen-âge.With the arrival of the Othomans, nearly 4000 Janissaire S settle in Tunis coming from minor Asia, in particular of Smyrna, just as of the Turks and the Europeans converted with Islam being devoted for a good portion to the trades of the navy and race. With their integration the group of Koulougli appears (born from Mariage between Turks and women autochtones) which reaches the military and political high positions quickly. All the groups of populations in the various beginnings do not have a common language strictly speaking. They communicate between them by a dialect where words French, Italian S and mix Arab S. Between them, they used their own language: Dialectical Arabic, Spanish, Turkish, Sicilian French, , Calabrian, Judéo-Arabic, etc
Husseinites
At the beginning of the 18th century, Tunisia enters during a new time of its history with the advent of the dynasty of the Husseinites. At that time, the town of Tunis preserves the structure which it already had at the 17th century. The travellers of the time describe “its houses with terrace staging itself on the slopes of a modest hill, the citadel which crowns the ridge of it, the two enclosures which defend it: the first wrapping the central médina, the second wrapping the two suburbs which flank it in north and the south. ” Within this framework, of multiple initiatives emanating of the princes following one another the capacity or of dignitaries many urban final improvements bring (mosques, zaouïas, fountains, etc) which renew and enrich the monumental ornament by the city. In 1724, Peysonnel announces the development of the industry of the Chéchia as well as the increase in the Exportation S of Blé, of Datte S, Cuir and Cire. The population of the city, estimated at approximately 100.000 inhabitants towards 1780, is affected by three epidemic S of Peste (1784 - 1785, 1794 and 1818 - 1820) and hardly 80.000 inhabitants towards 1830 exceeds. Benefitting from the internal dissensions to the dynasty, the Algerians seize Tunis in 1756 and place the country under supervision. At the beginning of the XIXe century, Hammouda Bey must face the Bombardement S of the Venetian fleet but succeeds in demolishing Algerian supervision and dissolves the militia of the janissaries after a revolt in 1811. Under the reign of Hussein II Bey, the naval victories of the English (1826) and French (1827) puts an end to the race, depriving the country of the incomes while rising. During the half-century which goes from the Conquête of Algeria to the Traité of Bardo, the town of Tunis changes while opening more largely with the influences of the Occident in a context of aggravation of the financial position of the kingdom. European colonies, increasingly many each year, come to enlarge the population tunisoise. As of 1857, the consul of France, Leon Roches obtains to be able to build its consulate out of the walls on future the which occurred of the Navy.Consequently, the space organization of the east city called into question by the first demolitions of the ramparts, starting from 1860, and the opening of the doors as of 1870. The city extends consequently out of its walls, between the médina and banks of the lake, to accommodate the new populations and receives the first modern equipment as regards adduction of Eau (1860), of lighting to the gas (1872), of roadway system, the removal of the Household refuse (1873) as well as communications with the outskirts of the city and the back-country. In margin of the traditional craft industry and trade which decline, the newcomers develop the exchanges with Europe, introduce the first modern Industrie S and thus acclimatize on the margins of the Arab city of new forms of life urban.
Durant a long time, the administration of the capital concerns a usual organization: it is allocated to the Sheik El Médina, assisted of two sheiks with the head of the Faubourg S of Bab El Jazira and Bab Souika, to serve the interests of the city. With the assistance of various chiefs of districts, they distribute and perceive the contributions to which the population is subjected, take care of the maintenance of the streets, with the removal of the Household refuse, the clearing out of the sewer S and with the safety of the city. Under the reign of Mohammed Bey, an important reform is born. By the Decree of the August 30th 1858, the capital is set up in municipality with a Municipal council of twelve members chosen by the notable ones. The man who is at the base of the creation of this institution is the Hussein general. However, the old organization does not disappear completely and the three usual leaders continue to take care of the fate of their sector. In 1860, the Hussein general is named governor of the capital and president of the municipality.
French protectorate
XIXe century
See also: Occupation of Tunis
The year 1881, which is that of the introduction of the French protectorate, mark a turning in the history of Tunis. The city enters one era of fast changes which deeply transform it into two or three decades. With the arrival of the French capital, Tunis sees its population increasing with the establishment of European populations which arrive almost at equality in importance with the local population. Remained during centuries contained behind its Fortification S, the city thus extends quickly: it is duplicated downtown an old city populated by the Arab population and new populated by the new arrivals and different from its structure with the Arab city. Tunis is the subject then of important work which equips it with adductions of Eau, of Natural gas and electricity and social equipment. To the traditional economy a capitalist economy of the colonial type is added. The principal transformation consists of the conquest of the lagoon by filling and cleansing which make it possible to create constructible Superficie S while respecting the original city. In 1882, Francesco Garibaldi, arising Italy N, asks for the Concession of a network of Tramway S animal haulage but the treaty of Ksar Saïd, signed between Tunisia and the France, prohibited any concession in favor of the Italian nationals. It is thus a company directed by the Belgian Joseph Closon, the Public limit company of the trams of Tunis, which obtains in 1886 the concession of the first tram lines with horse-drawn traction: one making it tower of the Médina and the other connecting Bab El Bhar to the Navy (prolonged towards the port in 1894) are brought into service in 1887. In 1896, a new line is born between Bab El Bhar and Bab El Khadra. During the same year, the French general Company of trams (CGFT) is seen granting the concession of three new lines (Bab El Bhar-Slaughter-houses, Rue of Rome Belvédère and Rue El Jazira- Bab Saadoun) inaugurated in 1900, the first embryo of port at the 18th century being a long time only a Darse whose first winnowing would have been established in 1825 with wood of ships shipwrecked men. The company Italy nne Rubattino having the monopoly on the rail traffic between Tunis and Goulette, the idea to create a port at the bottom of the lake is expressed by the new administration of the French protectorate in order not to leave to the Italians totality harbor traffic. The resources being lacking with the budget of protectorate to carry out a whole of complementary work because of the loads of the establishment of the railway network, the idea is then made day bind the completion of the port and the construction of the ports of Sousse and Sfax to the exploitation of the whole by a special concession which is granted to the Company of the wearing of Tunis, Sousse and Sfax the April 12th 1894.
The shortly after the introduction of the French Protectorate in Tunisia, the indigenous, Moslem and Jewish population, hardly increases. In spite of the improvement of the public Hygiene and the retreat of the epidemic S loopholes, the Death rate remains a long time very high. With the favor of strong a Birthrate, one notes within the Jewish population a light surplus of the births on the deaths. On the other hand, deaths are more numerous than the births within the Muslim population whose manpower stagnate and even decrease. Whereas the indigenous population remains, with little thing near, which it was, the European population increases with sharp pace thanks to the continuous surge of French, Italy NS and Maltais which comes to be established in the country to make career there, there to assemble businesses or to find work there. In a few years, the migratory movements involve a rapid increase in the population of Tunis and modify the respective weight of the various ethnos groups.
XXe century
At the beginning of the 20th century, the city knows new transformations: the modern city gains in importance and extends its network of squared streets in all the possible directions. Moreover, one whole of cities - satellites make their appearance and still push back the limits of the urban surface tunisoise. At the economic level, the activities develop and diversify: modern industries see their business transactions becoming extensive whereas traditional industry declines gradually. However, the development of public transport did not make disappear the hackney carriages which continue to furrow the streets of the city. The CTT tries of modernier his network by putting in service Trolleybus on certain lines (Place Pasteur Mutuelleville, Bab El Bhar-Montfleury and Bab El Carnot Bhar-Avenue with prolongation until Mutuelleville) and by opening lines of bus towards the new popular residences surrounding the capital. During the Second world war, Tunis undergoes 25 Bombardement S of allied aviation which make 756 dead and 1002 wounded. The most tested districts are those of the European city, which are near the military objectives that are the port, the Gare and the Usine S, even if bombs also fall on the médina and its Faubourg S.Once the finished conflict, the expansion of the automobile traffic and the appearance of the “baby-taxis” instead of the hackney carriages in the Années 1950 involves the decline of the traffic. It is in this context that a belt of “spontaneous suburbs appears” (called gourbivilles ) which surround the capital quickly. After the war, the industrialization of the capital accelerates but does not allow to provide for the needs for a population in full growth. At the same time, contrasts within the city are accentuated. With the end of the year 1926, the French company Air Union, which ensures already a service Antibes - Ajaccio, carries out the Ajaccio-Tunis junction and opens a line served by Hydravion S Antibes-Ajaccio-Tunis with three weekly connections. This first line in 1929 succeeds a second line Tunis-Ajaccio Marignane with six weekly connections. This same year, following an agreement free Italy N, is inaugurated a line of seaplanes Tunis Rome, via Cagliari or Palermo, with six weekly connections. Meanwhile, Tunis is connected to Bône by a regular line with three connections hebdomdaires. The preference granted to the seaplanes leads to the installation of the base of Khereddine. Installed with twelve kilometers of Tunis, at the edge of the Lake Tunis, the seaplanes have to with it a surface of amerissage of 9600 Hectare S. In the second time, one arranges with 8 kilometers of Tunis, the locality El Aouina, a civil Aérodrome used for the Tunis-Bône connections and Tunis Paris. During Years 1930, one observes on the two bases a continuous growth of the number of passengers. It will be necessary to await the end of the Second world war so that one gives up the connections by seaplanes and that one gives up the base of Khereddine. During the Second world war, the movement of travellers undergoes strong variations. From 23,6 million passengers in 1939, it passes to 47,2 million in 1942 before crumbling in 1943 (4,3 million) because of the destruction of the powerplant of Goulette. At the harbor level, the December 27th 1937 sees the exploitation of the ports entrusted to the Office of the wearing of Tunis, Sousse and Sfax created by a Décret beylical. Seriously damaged by the Bombardment S of the Countryside of Tunisia (1943), the harbor installations are gradually given on level after the Second world war. During the period which opens with the end of the Second world war, Tunis knows a whole of changes which give him a new face.
With the course this same period, the population tunisoise starts to be better known. The enumerations undertaken every five years do not relate only any more on the European population but also to the indigenous population (Moslem and Jewish). Consequently, of the statistical data are available on all the elements of the population of the city and the suburbs and allow to follow the evolution of their manpower. The development started at the end of the 19th century continues: Tunis does not delay to reach and exceed the 200.000 inhabitants whereas the agglomeration constitutes a whole of more than 250.000 inhabitants. This overall movement is accompanied by many changes which affect the various elements of the population and modify the respective weight of each one of them, since the growth is not made at the same rate/rhythm and that individual or collective naturalizations make pass from the thousands of people of one nationality to the other. The last years of protectorate are remembered by a considerable increase in the population of Tunis. The city, which had hardly 220.000 inhabitants in 1936, in account more than 400.000 in 1956. The unit formed by the city and its Banlieue sees its population doubling in 20 years and account more than 500.000 inhabitants the day before independence. This growth is due only for one weak share to Europeans whose manpower, all confused nationalities, increase moderately. It is essentially ascribable with the increase in the Tunisian population which, in 20 years, triple in Tunis as in its agglomeration. At the same time the relationship between the various elements of the urban population changes. Europeans who constituted some about half represent nothing any more but the quarter in a city where the nationals are three times more.
Contemporary time
At the time of the independence of the country in 1956, Tunis is confirmed in its role of capital, the constitution of June 1st 1959 laying out that the House of Commons and the presidency of the republic must have their seats with Tunis or its suburbs. After the advent of independence, in 1956, and at the end of an administrative reform, the administrative name of “Sheik El Médina - mayor of Tunis” makes his appearance. However, the language running uses the simple title of “mayor of Tunis”. In same time, the mayor always plays a part growing in the political life of the country so much so that three of them became thereafter ministers (Hassib Ben Ammar, Fouad Mebazaâ and Zakaria Ben Mustapha). In the years 1960 and 1970, they are associated with work of the government and that in a permanent way starting from the November 21st 1981. The Prime Minister Mohamed Mzali then points out the part played by the mayor Zarrouk, member of the cabinet of Sadok Bey, which was opposed to the signature Traité of Bardo in 1881. This practice ceases with the arrival with the presidency of Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali the November 7th 1987.The independence of the country however opens a new period in the history of Tunis as in that of the whole country. In a very short amount of time, the changes follow one another and transform the colonial city. On order of the new municipal administration, all the Statue S of personalities seeming symbols of protectorate (Jules Ferry, Lavigerie or Paul Cambon) are unbolted and the streets carrying of the names of personalities or French places are renamed and receive the names of Tunisian personalities or outstanding dates of the fight for independence (April 9th or March 20th). With the proclamation of independence, many changes occur in transport of the agglomeration tunisoise. The Tunisian Company of electricity and transport, which had just succeeded to the CTT, is nationalized in 1958. The management of the network is then entrusted to the Control of electricity and transport then to the founded National company of transport on January 1st 1963. Lines of bus replace the trams (1956 - 1957) then with the trolley buses (1963 - 1969) and cover a zone wider then than the old network. Vis-a-vis the increase in population, the number of transported travellers passes from 31,6 million in 1955 to 159,6 million in 1975 and thus overloads quickly the network of bus. As for the National office of the seaports, which deals with the whole of the ports of the country, it modernizes the infrastructures during the Années 1960. However, the development of the harbor installations of Goulette and Radès make it possible to consider at the beginning of the 21e century the refitting of the port and its transformation into Marina. In same time, a new network of trams in exclusive right of way is planned and the first line of new the light subway inaugurated in 1985. In 2001, the process of fusion of the SNT and Company of the light subway of Tunis is engaged. It leads to creation, in 2003, of the Société of transport of Tunis which takes thus charges the unit with it with public transport tunisois. In the years which follow independence, the population of the agglomeration continues to increase: the increase is of 21,1% of 1956 with 1966 then of 28,5% of 1966 with 1975 (55,6% between 1956 and 1975). This regular growth of manpower is accompanied by changes which modify in a radical way the settlement of the capital. The Décolonisation resulted in the exodus of all the denominational minorities whose manpower are reduced year by year. Europeans who see their upset living conditions solve gradually at the beginning. But the vacuums created by their departure are superabundantly filled by Tunisians who flow of the back-country and the population of the agglomeration continues to grow. The opposition between the Arab city and the European city attenuates gradually with the Arabisation of the population. Under the demographic pressure, the city still extends with creation from new districts which include little by little the closest suburbs. The equipment inherited protectorate is gradually renewed and modernized and of new constructions enrich the urban landscape. In same time, an active policy of industrialization develops the municipal economy.
In June 1967, after the War the Six Day old, of the demonstrations take place in Tunis to denounce the collusion between the the United States, the the United Kingdom and Israel: the procession, diverted in circumstances ever cleared up of the British consulate and Arts center American, is found in the Jewish district where the demonstrators burn the Grande synagog. Twenty people are stopped and condemned to heavy sorrows by a military tribunal as of the June 30th. The June 12th 1979, Tunis becomes the seat of the Arab Ligue after the signature by the Egypt of the Camp David agreements with Israel. It will remain it until the October 31st 1990.
See also: Yasser Arafat Years in Tunisia
The September 3rd 1982, Yasser Arafat, very right evacuee of Beirut, unloads in Tunis and settles with some faithful in a large hotel transformed into general headquarter to Borj Cédria whereas the delegation of PLO takes her districts with Gammarth then with Hammam Chott. During twelve years, thousands of frameworks of the organization are confined far from the center, in districts then in building site, alive disseminated inside villas masked by bougainvilleas and eucalypti. It is in 1994, after the Accords of Oslo, which they leave discreetly the city.
Appendices
References
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