History of Texas

Period pre-Colombian

Before the arrival of Europeans, Texas is occupied by several people améridiens: Apache, Atakapan, Bidai, Caddo, Comanche, Cherokee, Kiowa, Tonkawa, and Wichita. The name " Texas" comes from the caddo tejas which means allied or friendly.

Spanish Texas

The November 6th 1528, the Spanish Conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca becomes the first European to press the ground of the Texas future. The area is integrated into the colony of News-Spain, until the independence of Mexico in 1821. The installation of the Spaniards answers the expansion of the French colony of Louisiana in the east and the concern of preserving the money mines of News-Spain. In 1700, a first station is occupied in Juan Bautista, on the lower course of the Río Grande. A governor is installed and of new Presidio are built more in the east (Strong Taovaya, Los Adaes, San Augustin de Ahumada, San Luis of Amarillas…). Franciscains inaugurate several Mission S intended for évangéliser the Amerindian S. But at the 18th century, the colony suffers from under-settlement: one counts 500 Tejanos in 1731, hardly 1000 in 1760. The metropolis however encourages the installation of new colonists in their offering the title of Hidalgo or the financial advantages. The economic advancement pains to come, because of the insulation and the monopoly of the trade with Spain: the colonists draw some resources from the exchanges with the French or the Amerindians. They practice the extensive breeding or agriculture by using the local labor. The mines are worked by Amerindian slaves. It reigns a climate of violence and not-right: the attacks of Commanches and Apaches as well as the revolts of the slaves frequently shake Texas. The inhabitants undergo the banditism of the filibusters .

The Spanish metropolis makes it possible Anglo-Saxon colonists to settle in Texas: they are recruited by agents called empresarios , such as Haden Edwards or Moses Austin. The American Zebulon Pike explores part of the territory texan.

Mexican Texas (1821-1836)

In 1821, Mexico émancipe of the Spanish colonial supervision. Become an independent State, it grants grounds to the Americans who are more: 7000 about 1830. In 1835 bursts the Révolution texane.

During the Head office of Fort-Alamo by Antonio López de Santa Anna, 187 occupants as a large majority American helped of texans " of souche" among which was Davy Crockett die in the battle. Repression falls down and the Mexican army is devoted to plunderings which do nothing but weld the American colonists. The April 21st 1836, Sam Houston manages to overcome the Mexicans with the Bataille of San Jacinto. He becomes the first president of the République of Texas, which is recognized by the US government in March 1837.

The Republic of Texas

See also: Republic of Texas

American Texas

Texas becomes a state of the United States in 1845. In 1860, it entered the States confederated of America during the American Civil War. In the Years 1930, Texas was partly touched by the Dust Bowl: the farms were devastated by the dryness and terrible storms of dust which could last several days. These storms threw thousands of farmers on the roads, in direction of the west. John Steinbeck, in his novel Grapes of anger , described in a poignant way this period of the American history.

Chronology

Spanish Texas

  • 1519 : Alonso Alvarez de Pineda, a Spanish explorer , draws the coasts of Texas on a chart.
  • 1528 - 1534: Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, another explorer Spanish spends six years to Texas.
  • February 18th 1685: Rene Robert Cavelier of the Room bases Fort Saint Louis with Matagorda Bay, establishing the French presence on the territory texan.
  • 1690 : Alonso de León crosses the Río Grande and founds San Francisco of los Tejas Mission in the east of Texas.
  • 1700 - 1799: Spain establishes missions Catholique S in Texas until the 18th century:
    • 1716 : Foundation of the Mission Concepcion.
    • 1718 : Foundation of the Mission of San Antonio de Valero by missionaries franciscains.
  • 1793 : The Mission of San Antonio de Valero is secularized within the framework of the general policy of the government of the viceroy of the News-Spain with regard to the missions.
  • 1801 : Died of the American adventurer Philip Nolan suspecté to carry out a raid of invasion of Texas, during a confrontation against the Spanish troops come to stop it.
  • 1803 : San Antonio de Valero is used as military station. It will take soon the name of Alamo because of the arrival of a detachment come from the area from El Alamo, in the State de Coahuila (Mexico).
  • 1810, the Mexico, of which Texas and the California formed part, declares its independence with respect to Spain, will follow a war of independence until in 1821.
  • 1812 : An army carried out by the Mexican patriot Bernardo Gutierez de Lara and an American officer Augustus Magee penetrates in Texas in July and gains several successes against the Spanish troops.
  • April 6th 1813: Declaration of independence of Texas, the very first one of its history.
  • August 18th 1813: The Bataille of Medina puts an end in this transitory State. The general Joaquim de Arredondo connects his victory by a hard repression. Texas becomes again a Spanish province.
  • 1819 : The first forwarding of Long James in Texas. The Republic of Texas is proclaimed, itself is elected president but the Spaniards come to end from their adversaries.
  • 1820 : The second forwarding of Long James in Texas which ends in its capture.
  • 1820 : Texas counts approximately 4.000 inhabitants.

Mexican Texas

The republic of Texas

  • 1836 : Five cities acted as capital of the state before the choice of Houston per Sam Houston: Washington-one-tea-Brazos, Galveston, Harrisburg, Velasco, and Columbia.
  • March 5th 1842: Mexican attack, directed by Rafael Vasquez.
  • September 11th 1842: The Mexican troops directed by Adrian Woll, seize San Antonio. They end up being withdrawn with prisoners.

Texas in the Union

  • December 29th 1845: Texas is accommodated within the Union, it becomes a state of the United States, in violation of the Traité of Velasco (May 14th, 1836).
  • February 1846: The president of the United States James Knox Polk sends troops, ordered by the General Zachary Taylor: on the Río Large to make pressure on the Mexican government. Taylor then builds Fort Texas (named Fort Brown later) on bank of the Rio Grande vis-a-vis the town of Matamoros.
  • April 24th 1846: a strong detachment of 2 ' 000 Mexican riders attacks an American patrol of 63 men on the disputed territory located at the north of the Rio Grande and the south of Nueces. The Mexican cavalry puts in rout the patrol and keep silent 11 soldiers U.S. in what will be named later Thornton Affair (the Thornton business, of the name of captain U.S. which ordered the patrol). President Polk takes pretext of this incident to state the américano-Mexican Guerre.
  • May 8th 1846: The first battle of this war with place with Palo Alto.
  • 1861 : " Secession Convention "
  • February 23rd 1861: Texans vote the secession with a majority of 46.129 votes against 14.697 and return in the American Civil War.
  • March 30th 1870: The Texan congress reinstates the Union.

See too

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