History of Sardinia

The history of the Sardinia is old (since the Paléolithique inferior) and particularly rich person. The initial Peuplement of Sardinia results from shifts in population which occurred towards 6000 av. J.C coming from the Italian peninsula, of the Iberian peninsula and Africa ( to see chart below ). But it continued, with the wire of the invasions, to give the Sardinian people. Christophe de Chenay points out that: The Sardinians always had to supervise the invaders, thus, of natural hiding-places, then of Nuraghe S in perched villages, the people of Sardinia besieged always knew to resist. There remains about it a mistrust with regard to the foreigner who disappears however well vite.

One can find two types of origins supposed of the name of the island. Indeed, the first, which is more about the Mythe, comes from the term Ichnusa which derives from the Greek root which means trace of foot. This term refers to the shape of the island, “by the coarse resemblance that the old ones found between its form and that of the print of a foot of man”. Thereafter the name changes to also become Sardon of the Greek, who can result in sandal, which would confirm this explanation. But one second origin, more probable, would come from a chief of North Africa (the current Libya) called “ Sardus , claimed son of Hercules”, who establishes a colony in the south of Sardinia. Sardus was venerated, so much so that “one set up statues in the island to him, with this inscription, Sardus Pater ”. Another alternative thesis with the latter would be that the people Shirdana and Sikala would have joined the phenicians, from where drift the name of the island. Later the name will change form with the Phéniciens ( Shardan ) which write the first this name, then the Romains ( Sardinia ).

Prehistory

It with the discovery with Perfugas (Province of Sassari), of Galet S is cut with the method clactonienne (by Débitage), that some Archéologue S suppose a human presence in Sardinia, at the time of the period of the Paléolithique inferior (between {{formatnum: 400000}} front years J. - C. and {{formatnum: 150000}} front years J. - C.). This discovery however is not accepted of all, because these cut stone assemblies are characteristic of the facies of acquisition of flint on the natural layers and have, so no stopwatch-cultural value: such assemblies exist at all periods, paleolthic like neolitic. Consequently, the dates of this first human settlement vary according to the sources. Other excavations in the cave of Corbeddu allowed the setting the day of human remainders in a layer dating from the Paléolithique superior (between {{formatnum: 35000}} front years J. - C. and {{formatnum: 10000}} front years J. - C.), but the bones were not dated and of many researchers regard them as more recent, dating from the Mesolithic era or the Neolithic era. At present, the first traces attested and accepted of all hardly go up beyond the Mesolithic period, i.e. 8000 years front J. - C. They come from two sites: Oporto-Leccio, excavated by C. Tozzi (1996) and Known Coloru, excavated by P. Fenu and Al (2000).

Protohistoire

It is during the Protohistoire that one can truly speak about human installation on the island, and either simply of presence or frequentations. Probably, of the populations of Italy, of Africa and the Iberian peninsula moved towards Sardinia. For Francesco Cesare Casula, “it is for that, if one can say, that in Sardinia there were never single people, but several people”. This initial settlement is the fact of groups of farmers who, towards 6000 av. J. - C., import in the island the pets and the corn and which settle durably in the fertile plains where they set up the first villages.

Prenuragic culture

See also: prenuragic Culture

The prenuragic culture is a vast period which begins towards -6000, to finish towards -1855. Several civilizations will follow one another it, and the contribution of each one of it will allow the emergence of the nuragic culture.

The Sardinians of this time and practice the Agriculture and the breeding. Harvests of the fruits of the Pistachio tree mastic tree, allow for example the production of oil. The techniques evolve/move, in particular thanks to the other people of the the Western Mediterranean whose commercial exchanges, cultural and religious little by little will appear. The Sardinian companies specialize in the production of certain goods which they exchange with the other Mediterranean communities. One of these specialities is the exploitation of the layers of Obsidienne of Assembles Arci, the production of blades out of obsidian and their diffusion through all the Western basin of the Mediterranean, in particular during thousand-year-old IVe front J. - C.

The burial of deaths starts to be installation in circular tombs (circles megalithic or funerary), but will evolve/move with the arrival of characteristic divinities (the Déesse S mother), of the Domus of janas which little by little will become more and more complex, and finally Dolmen S.

Thus the social life developing, the Sardinians will gather into small tribes, for then building the first Village S strengthened, placed on the heights, consisted of circular stone houses. Evolutions Technique S will follow as the quality of the Céramique S shows it, but also of the Outil S.

With last civilizations of this period, one sees appearing true defense systems, and the development of Arme S in Métal. A new dominant social class is then created, that of the Guerrier S, which testifies to the Besoin that this Peuple has to be defended.

Nuragic civilization

See also: nuragic Culture

Nuragic civilization is the pillar of the Culture Sardinian itself. It is indeed during this era, that true a company with whole share is born.

Sardinia belonged to the world megalithic which was expressed with Malta or to Stonehenge. it evolved/moved in an original way to give rise to this nouragic civilization which remains still largely mysterious. The term nuragic (or nouragic ) is resulting from the most outstanding print of this company, the Nuraghe S, which one can find in all the Sardinia. There remain approximately 7000 today about it and it is certain that they were more numerous at the time. It is towards -900, that this Civilization starts to decline slowly, with the arrival of colonies phenicians, to see its fine towards -238, with the arrival of the Roman capacity .

Civilization of Bonnanaro

This Culture (of -1855 with -1200) mark the beginning of the age nuragic, and is recognizable “by the vases of clear brown paste with handles with elbow”. This Céramique was found in the Domus of janas - which were re-used -, the tombs of giants , and the Dolmen S of this time. Bonnanaro is a warlike Civilization, as show it the Arme S in Cuivre and Bronze and, of course, the first Nuraghe S (proto nuraghe) built. It diffuses in all the Sardinia. However the island is probably divided into Territoire S autonomous from/to each other, which trades together. One can also think that there are Guerre S between tribes, or in any case disputes between king-shepherds . The latter reign each one on a patriarchal community , of Berger S or farmer S Guerrier S, and live the Nuraghe, while the remainder of the Population is placed in small Hutte S out of stones, placed around this one.

Later, towards -1490 the Nuraghe S in Tholos, and the tombs of giants with frontage make their appearance, and express the apogee of this Civilization. One notes appearance of Weapon S imported of the East during this second period of culture of Bonnanaro, which shows the existence of a Commerce proclamation which becomes extensive, and returns the economic life of good quality. Indeed, Sardinia of this period belongs to a network of islands (with Crete, Cyprus and Sicily) “which offer conditions particularly favorable to the exchanges. ”

Culture of ceramics with comb and protogeometric

The vase S are henceforth finely decorated with Cercle S and half-circles traced with the comb. Moreover, the development of the Culte of the Eau, which was undoubtedly preexistent, makes emerge the crowned wells , genuine Temple S dedicated to this element, where the offering of invaluable objects is not rare. These Temple S seems to be centers of meeting inter tribes, which reveals the homogeneity of this Peuple, in spite of the various coalitions. “This worship corresponds to the Mediterranean influence, and would be therapeutic and magic here”.

The nuragic company becoming more and more complex, one finds now two structures important in some Village S. the first is the room of the council (example of the village nuragic of Barumini), which is used to join together the chief S of families in order to regulate the problems of the community. Second is room of federal council , which has as a function to treat the businesses which related to the whole of the Peuple nuragic, by bringing together the chiefs of the tribes.

History

It is towards 600 years front J. - C., that the Sardinia discovers the writing via the Phénicien S. It is this contribution which makes pass the protohistoric island of the age at the historical age.

Antiquity

The Antiquité starts with the domination phenician. She is thus with horse between the nuragic end of the age, and the Roman domination. It is during this period that the Sardinians would have been initiated with the olive oil extraction, the Apiculture, and to curdle the ewe's milk.

Domination phenician

The Phénicien S, commercial Peuple, know already well the Sardinia, considering for at least 100 years, they have accosted there regularly to pass the Nuit, or in the event of Avarie. Indeed, the Sardinia holds a strategic position on the maritime Route commercial of the Europe, and in particular of Brittany (current the Great Britain), moreover “Sardinia had many and convenient ports, vast pastures at the seaside”. Progressively of the years, the phenicians start to install true Ville S coastal, especially in the Southern and the western of the island, and this with the downstream of the local tribes, which benefit then from the Commerce. It is thus starting from -900, date of the beginning of this domination, that the commercial exchanges multiply, and the work of the Métaux develops. It is besides towards this date that the small bronzes make their appearance. They are the phenicians and not the Sardinians which benefitted from the benefits of the sea as the fishing of tuna or the sardine (name derived from Sardinia).

As long as these tradesmen remained on the Littoral, the cohabitation was good, but the Phénicien S started to be interested in the resources interior of the grounds, and planned to conquer the island in its entirety. Later, other colonies from Libya, directed by Sardus, more completely take “possession of the country”. This last, most probably, gave its name to the island, that Phéniciens are the first, to name, Shardan . However, the Peuple nuragic opposed such a resistance, that Phénicie could not make differently than to ask for the assistance of Carthage. The relation that maintain Phéniciens with Sardinia is particular, in the sense that, most of the time, these people are only interested very little inside colonized grounds, by preoccupation with a safety that the sea brings to them. Thus, the Sardinian island is the exception where one sees appearing fortifications phenicians.

Carthaginian domination

The phenicians are at the origin of the Carthaginian Civilization, which becomes a very powerful city. It is then in -545 that the Général Carthaginois Malco tries to unload in Sardinia, but it is made push back violently by the Peuple nuragic, which will mark the beginning of many years of Guerre. “The play of Carthage was thus to make alliance with the islanders” of the coasts, i.e. Phéniciens called then the Shardana . It should be waited 10 years so that one speaks about a real beginning of Carthaginian domination, and in -523 one can speak about quasi complete occupation. Only the mountainous region of the is island always resists. Consequently, the ports phenicians become true harbor cities. Moreover, the Carthaginians develop the cereal Agriculture on the fertile Ground S of Sardinia, by using like Esclave S a share of the local Population S, and by requiring important Taxe S of the others. The forces Punique S always endeavoured to maintain the Peuple nuragic in the mountainous regions which are well too inaccessible to be annexed. Thus they could make Sardinia a true base Militaire, strategic of share its position on the Route S of the maritime Commerce. Carthage even succeeded in negotiating “with the Romans, two treaties by which those avoided approaching in the island, unless being there forced by a battle or a storm”.

A Highway network is set up, of the cities such as Karalis (Cagliari) and Sulci (Sant' Antioco) are created, but many Monument S of the nuragic period is destroyed. But “in -259 -258, the Romans export the Guerre in Sardinia and in Corsica in order to face the Carthaginian garrisons and in order to plunder these island S. In -249, the Sardinia is again plundered. The Romans express more and more interest for these island S.”

The Roman capacity, under pretext of a pseudo-preparation of invasion of the Latium by the Carthaginians, sends its troops in Sardinia. In fact, it benefits from the weakening of Carthage after its defeat of the First Punic War, but especially “to have learned that the Mercenaries of Sardinia had crucifié their general, had seized the fortified towns and everywhere cut the throat of the men of the race chananéenne. The Roman people threatened the Republic of immediate hostilities, if it did not give twelve hundred talents with the island of very whole Sardinia”. At this point in time Carthage yields this territory to the Roman République in -238.

Roman domination

See also: Corsican-Sardinia

The legions Romaines quickly penetrated all the Sardinian areas, including that of Barbaria, which gave its name to current the Barbagia. In spite of the resistance of the “people of the mountains”, nuragic civilization dies out then, without to note a total tender of the Sardinians. Thus, “Barbaria was the term whose Rome qualified deep Sardinia, because in its eyes the Sardinian mountain dwellers determined were cruel to defend their habits, which launched raids in the plain until the Roman army pushed back them”. Many revolts burst during this domination, but they all are strongly repressed.

The most important Révolte is undoubtedly that of -215, where Sardes and Carthaginians were linked to expel the Romans of the island. However, the day of the Battle, the Carthaginians, having wiped a Storm, arrive too late. Thus the Romans, in greater number, triumph over this insurrection. All the following attempts are followed of a bloody revenge on the Romans. One can speak about end about rebelled towards -31 (time of the Roman Empire), however Barbaria resists still and always.

Rome develops a Highway network organized in Sardinia, facilitating the displacement of the troops and the tradesmen. This one was used besides as bases with the current network. The Romans abundantly use the resources of “Sardinia, inexhaustible ground”, whose “ground, fertile and perfectly cultivated, provided formerly to Rome of so beautiful corns and in such quantity that Sardinia was then the granary of the capital of the Roman empire”. The town of Nora, creates by the phenicians, becomes the city most important of this time. Beyond, of the Amphithéâtre S are built, and the Christian Religion is imported by the banishment of thousands of dissidents Juif S and Christians in the island, by waves: “It was for the Jews an idolatry. Tibère had been right to exile four hundreds in Sardinia of them”. This Croyance diffuses and converts many inhabitants. Today still Sardinian enthusiasm is very present. It is in 227, that the Corsican-Sardinia becomes a Roman Province (in the statutory direction). At the same time as the Empire loses its forces, it gives up the Sardinian island gradually.

Domination vandal

See also: Vandals, Kingdom vandal

The vandals of Africa, of Germanic origin, are people migrating towards the south lasting all the 5th century. Thus, they invade successively the Gaulle, the Spain, and finally the Africa of north, where they are established and taken Carthage in 439. Between Rome and the kingdom vandal, the conflict for the control of the Mediterranean is omnipresent. But the Roman empire is dying, and thus when “in 442 the establishment of a new treaty under the terms of which Roman ex-Africa was divided between the Empire and the king vandal”, this last is then in situation to unload and occupy the Sardinia in 456, thanks to a true fleet of Guerre which inflicts Razzia S with repetition. The Romans forsake the island without resisting then. Thus, Sardinia is divided with the profit of Vandales captains, who reign there as absolute masters. But the Romans do not forget this strategic ground for as much, and will try to reconquer it several times, while making in kind “support a revolt in Sardinia”.

The Sardinia remains a ground of Exil at that time. One can give the example of Fulgence which was exiled there towards 523, to have written his ascetic Lettres and morals . In 534 the Byzantine Empire takes the top on the empire vandal, via the general Bélisaire.

The Middle Ages

In Europe, “the Middle Ages knew, to tell the truth, a largely seigneurialized company, not feudalized: Sardinia”. This period begins in 476 with the fall of Romulus Augustule, the last Roman Emperor.

Byzantine domination and invasions sarrasines

See also: History of the Byzantine Empire, Wars between Arabs and Byzantine empire

In 533, after having made safe its borders, the Empire seizes the kingdom vandal. It is thus in 534 that Byzance, trying to find its Western borders, seizes the power in Sardinia. This will allow as of 535 Byzance to start the reconquest of Italy.

With the image of the Byzantine concerns, one notes that the most outstanding fact of this domination, is the quasi complete conversion of the Sardinians to the Christianisme. This is the major contribution which one notes in Sardinia of this time.

Only the inhabitants of Barbaria preserve the old beliefs and Coutume S. Cependant, everywhere else, one can observe the construction of churches based on the model of Holy Sophie (Hagia Sophia) with Constantinople. Thus, one notes the introduction into the island of Byzantine rites .

Moreover, today still with Sedilo, one can see the ride known as Ardìa , which points out the races of the Hippodrome S of Byzance. Gradually, the Byzantine Culture exerts its influence on the culture, and in particular on the Art, islander.

Sardinia belongs to the prefecture of Africa, where one finds a chief civil who reside at Cagliari, and a military chief who resides at Fordongianus which is, since the Romans, a rampart strengthened against the inhabitants of Barbaria. One finds along this border of the fortresses like those of Austis, Samugheo, Nuragus and Armungia. The populations are persecuted with various contributions to which is added the suffragia , additional taxations with which the official ones try to recover the sums that they spent to obtain their function.

It is during the Period iconoclast of the Byzantine history, i.e. during the 8th century, that the empire returns in crisis, and that the Arab S take, gradually, the control of the the Mediterranean. Thus Sardinia does not profit any more protection of Byzance, and is thus forced to organize its defense against the invaders Arab S, which began the October 27th 710. Although they remain almost 70 years in position of domination, the Arabs owe in 778, to face a popular revolt which drives out them quickly island. A news and last attempt at Arab conquest fail in 821.

Judicats

See also: Judicat

One precisely does not know the creation date of Judicats, which is four autonomous regions, but their presence is attested in 851, even if it is probable that their birth is former to this date. Each one of Judicats (Logudoro, Gallura, Raised and Calaris) are controlled not kings or Giudici , which is elected by the Sardinian Parliament called Corona de Logu . Indeed, “in Sardinia, of the indigenous dynasties of chiefs had cut out the judicatures island”. Judicats then are composed of a territory known as logu , divided into curatorie directed by the curatore (authorities especially legal), formed of several villages called of the city. The curatore appoint the maiore (the Maire) i.e. the chief of the village. This one is qualified in term of legal investigations. Judicats are also subdivided in District S administrifs, electoral and jurisdictional which is called the curadorìas or curatorìas (curatorie), directed by curadore which either are named, or, at the very least, approved Giudici . The curatore is a Fonctionnaire of Judicat, whose mandate is limited in time in a fixed way. It has authority on tax perceptions, on the penal and civil legal action, the bodies of police force and on enrôlement in the army. The size of these districts is defined to make so that the population residing in each curatoria is roughly equal. Consequently one notes frontier movements due to the change of the local rates of population growth. The free men of each curatoria periodically meet in assembly in order to elect their representative near the crown of logu . The centers of dwelling are the hopper biddas , the villages. One counts of them 900 and more until in 1300 approximately, but of which the number is reduced to approximately 380, following the Peste, the war and Aragonese repression after the conquest of the island. This is a enraciné and extremely effective system of management of the territory, but which disappears gradually during XIVe and especially from XVe century, by the installation of the Aragonese feudal system. The period of Judicats is that where the language Sarde develops which becomes the most spoken language. The Byzantine church orthodoxe, with the work of the pope Gregoire I, is replaced by Catholicism. This last is spread then in all the island, except for most of the Barbagia (old Barbaria). It is starting from 1100 approximately, that one observes second thorough Christianity on the island (after that of Byzance), characterized by many religious constructions. It is also from there that feudal mentality is imported in the island by the end of the insulation which Sardinia knew hitherto. Indeed, until there the insulation of Sardinia protected it from the arrival of lords more or less rich and powerful, who wished to obtain capacity, while competing with, so to speak, the capacity in place. Thus, the Castle X and others Forteresse S make their appearance, with the profit of the “feudal lords come from the continent, the Malaspina and the Doria in particular”.

It should be noted that it is as from this period that Sardinia plays a big role in the European policy, as show it the multiple contacts with reigning of Europe and, in particular, the judicat of Raised, the latter being most influential and that which remains in place longest, until the March 29th 1410, date of its capitulation. A document of this period, written by Mieszko I {{er}} of Poland and intended for the pope Jean XV, proves that the judicats were known “remote Poland and that they were to thus have a role of great prestige in medieval Europe”.

Eléonore d' Arborée which is with the head of the judicat of Raised, will set up the first Civil code of this type in Europe, the Carta de Logu (the charter of the place). This Law whose “date of Promulgation is dubious, summer made certainly front 1392”, and remains in force until in 1827. This act does of it one of the major Sardinian political characters of this time.

Domination of Pisa and Genoa

Whereas Mujāhid Al `Āmirī says Museto (or Mugetto) seizes Sardinia in 1015, it is in 1017 that “it gives up this conquest, as soon as it learns the arrival from the Christians with a powerful fleet”, carried out by Pisa and Genoa, which, solicited by the pope, are combined to drive out the Arab troops.

Following that, the two liberators are interested in the island and interfere in its government. It is during this period that Pisa assembles in power in its role of principal port of the Tyrrhenian Sea and of center of the grace commercial exchanges, amongst other things, with the ideal site of Sardinia.

The political interference of Pisa and Genoa on the kings judges lasted of 11th at the 14th century, while being transformed slowly into Protectorat, to lead in domination. These two maritime powers do not cease being opposed in order to “hold Sardinia constantly divided, in order to only dominate. The policy of the popes was to always oppose Génois to Pisans, to always support the weakest part, against the strongest part”. The families of the two cities dispute either the territories then, or the places of Judge of different Judicats. In 1258, the judicat of Cagliari disappears, taken by Pisans. Thus, in 1265, Mariano de Serra is “single Sarde invested of a load of government in an island entirely fallen to the capacity from abroad”.

The Reign of Raised, more extremely and better organized than the others, remains independent. It indeed defends with force its independence, and in 1323, Raised is combined with Jacques II of Aragon for a military campaign against Pisa and Genoa which will have as an end to create the Royaume of Sardinia.

Aragonese domination

See also: Crown of Aragon, Kingdom of Aragon, Taken of Sardinia by the Catalans

With the conquest of Judicats de Cagliari and Gallura, the pope Boniface VIII creates the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica whom he had wanted as of the April 4th 1297, in order to pacify the conflicts in Sicily between the crown of Aragon and the House of Anjou. The Peace of Caltabellotta, is thus signed the August 19th 1302. Extremely of the support of the pope, the Aragonese force begins military operations against Pisans de Cagliari and of Gallura, the April 18th 1323 in the countryside of Holy Catherine between Villanovaforru and Sanluri. It is the July 20th 1324, with the catch of the castle of Cagliari, that the kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica is definitively founded. At this point in time the commune of Sassari, the July 21st 1325, rebels vis-a-vis the new capacity, and successful to become independent during one year. The September 26th 1329, one second revolt bursts and is wildly repressed.

In 1354, it is with the turn of Alghero to become Aragonese, which remains strongly Catalan still today. Between February and April 1355 the first the Cortes (Parlement) is joined together, which leads in July to the peace of Sanluri between the two parts. The defeat of other Judicats, and the withdrawal partial of king d' Aragon allows Judicat d' Arborée, still autonomous, to know an important expansion, and joins together almost all Sardinia (see chart opposite). But in 1383, “the islanders not being able more to support the tyrannical domination of the judge of Arboréa” assassinate Hugues III of Raised. “Death in January 1387 of the Cérémonieux implies a forced pause of reflections, one advances towards peace between Catalans and Arboréens”. Thus in 1388 the Sardinian peace is signed between the two parts. However this peace is short, and the June 30th 1409 the judicat of Raised is overcome with Sanluri by the troops of Martin I {{er}} of Aragon, which implies the capitulation of Guillaume III, then judge of Judicat, and the total unification of Sardinia under the banner of king d' Aragon.

Sardinia has a special statute in the Aragonese kingdom, and depends directly on the king, which confers a certain autonomy to him. The island organizes itself politically in the form of a Parliament, the the Cortes, “where the three orders of the nation had each one their representation”, ecclesiastic, soldier and royal. This last corresponds to the representatives of the cities. The colors of the crown of Aragon remain present in Sardinia, until Ferdinand II of Aragon, in 1479, created the crown of Spain.

The catalano-Aragonese presence, strongly will influence the Coutume S Sardinians. The language Sarde is an example, because the Catalan becomes the official language of Sardinia and thus leaves traces which “remain intact still today”, in particular to Alghero, port of the North-West of the island. One found several Spanish documents besides who allowed to reveal certain manners of the time. One can take as example a document of 1678 which reports a lawsuit for “facts of sorcery and bad morality”.

Modern and contemporary time

The crown of Aragon, and thus Sardinia, pass to the 16th century, the hands of Charles Quint, but remain independent all the same. The war of succession of Spain makes pass in 1708 Sardinia under the domination of the house of Austria, but is quickly recovered in 1717 by Philippe V of Spain.

It is at that time that the destinies Sardinian and Italian meet definitively. But the Sardinia remains in the middle of the Politique Italian and European, by its role in the Italian unification, and its international relation, in particular that which it maintains with the France.

The Kingdom of Sardinia

See also: Kingdom of Sardinia, History of Savoy of 1416 to 1792

It is with the signature of the treated of London in 1718, that Victor-Amédée II of Savoy exchange the Sicily with the Sardinia. This fascinating agreement effect in 1720, it is on this date that one can speak indeed about the birth of the Royaume of Sardinia, which includes/understands the States of Savoy, the Piedmont, the Comté of Nice and of course the Sardinian island. Later, after the annexation of Piedmont by the France in 1802, it is recovered in 1815 like Genoa.

In 1793 takes place an attempt at invasion of the Sardinia by the French, which fails thanks to the almost spontaneous mobilization of the Sardinians. The French, actually, aim at the importance militarily strategic of the island. A little later the leading class of the island, mainly anchored in a feudal mentality and Spanish Habit S, agrees to revolt, following the refusal of Victor-Amédée III to take into account the statutory proposals of the Sardinian general states (the Stamenti ).

The April 28th 1794 a republican Révolution thus bursts, directed by Giovanni Maria Angioy, which results initially in to expel the Piedmontese one. Whereas the arrival of the French troops in Piedmont in 1796, reveals republican a Piémontaise revolt, Sardinian rising ends, with the defeat of insurgent close to Oristano. “The French revolutionists, scalded by this fiasco 1793, then refused to help the Sardinian revolutionist Giovanni Maria Angioy, who had to exile himself in Paris”. Following the armistice of Cherasco on April 26th of the same year, the Maison of Savoy then takes again in a few months the control of the island, and represses the population very hard.

Thus, at the creation of the Piedmontese Republic, the March 3rd 1799, the king Charles-Emmanuel IV arrives at Cagliari. The June 4th 1802, Charles-Emmanuel IV yields his throne to Victor-Emmanuel Ier, and the September 11th “Piedmont was formally joined together in France”. It is “the decree of the November 30th 1847, which pronounced the union and the assimilation of Sardinia with the continental States” (Piedmont, the Savoy and the Ligurie), and which makes follow the displacement of the leading authorities to the Royal palace of Turin. Thus begins, in 1848, the war of independence wanted by the king of Sardinia, with a unifying aim for the Italy, the Risorgimento. From this point of view the Sardinians take part in the Crimean War in 1855.

The kingdom of Italy

See also: List of the kings d' Italie, Risorgimento

Misery growing in Sardinia due to the effort of war of the risorgimento , makes very positively accommodate the Italian unification by the Sardinians, which think that it will improve the situation. At the beginning of the risorgimento , have can hear within the demonstration supporting it: “lives the Italian league and the new reforms”. After the Treated of Turin (1860) initiated by Camillo Cavour, and the Forwarding of the Thousand carried out by Giuseppe Garibaldi, it is necessary to await 1861 so that the kingdom of Italy is proclaimed by the king of Sardinia. The island from is put there at the second plan of the scene international policy. Whereas the economic situation of the island has heavy difficulties, one sees some improvements (exploitation of mines, highway network…) who however have limited effects. Moreover, “the various governments which followed one another since the realization of the Italian unit, were confronted with explosive situations in the the Mezzogiorno and, as industrialization progressed, in north”. Thus, the unification “left a great number of unsolved problems, like the deep social inequalities and the fracture of mentalities and the economies between North and the South”. One can also note that “Sardinia a number of unimportant suicides in 1864-1876, so that one can neglect row in this period”, while one notes a clear progression of this rate in 1894-1914, which reveals the evil being of before war.

At the beginning of the First World War, the kingdom of Italy is neutral, not wishing the entry in war of the country. It is only the May 23rd 1915 which it engages in the conflict. As of this date one finds many soldiers Sardinian with the combat, which one notes the symbol incontestably most outstanding of this military force, the Brigade “Sassari”. One counts “: 13602 Sardinian victims of the First World War”. At the end of the war, additional Italy of the Austrian territories, and the Sardinians, as the remainder of Italian, are disappointed of this little of benefit which the victory generated, and this compared to human loss. “One could say with reason of the Sardinian families that well little were those where did not appear one or more deaths in the field of honor”. Sardinia is thus all the more bitter when it notes that “nothing or almost” is done for its economic development. Thus the idea separatist makes way, and that during between two wars, the Sardinian Parti action is created in order to put forward the interests separatists of Sardinia, by leaning on the combatants of the brigade “Sassari”, who have experience of other Italian areas.

Whereas with the beginning of the year 1920 Antonio Gramsci, born with Ales, is one of the creators of the Italian Communist party, Sardinia always saw a precarious economic situation. And it is not the fascistic period which follows which will improve the things. Indeed, of share assembled Communism and the disappointment of the First World War, Mussolini created the Fascistic party in 1919 which will have a strong political weight as of the Twenties. Mussolini reaches the capacity in 1922 after the Marche on Rome, and even if he wants to then develop the Sardinian mining production, and there succeeds, he also results from it an exploitation even more intense from its people.

Although Sardinia is relatively protected from the clashes of the Second world war, of the latter “remain only the alarming wounds inflicted by the combined bombardments with Cagliari and in other cities of the island” of 1943, which have like drank to dislodge of the island the garrisons Nazis. The post-war period thus will be, as in, the one period rest of Europe of economic rebuilding.

The Italian republic and Sardinian autonomy

See also: Presidents of Sardinia

The special statute of Sardinia is concomitant with the birth of the republic in 1948. One indeed finds there five areas of the same type which “were created with an aim of preventing any separatism. ” This need rises from the weakness of the Italian State according to war which must preserve the national unit. “Also Italy as well takes it in account the will of administrative unification centralizing (Piedmontese monarchy initially, influenced by the French model, then the administration mussolinienne) that the definition of a composite model democratic, sparing the role of the intermediate bodies and the minorities, with elements which approaches the designs current communautarists”.

The constitutional law 3, of February 26th, 1948 thus allows a transfer of the national capacity to regional, but while being integrated in the unit of the nation: “Sardinia with its islands is made up in autonomous region which between in the political unit of the republic Italian, one and indivisible”. Thus since 1948, area organizes around three provinces (Cagliari, Nuoro and Sassari to which comes to be added later that of Oristano) and three bodies of the regional capacities. The executive is managed by the regional Junte , the capacity Législatif by the district council , and finally the High commissioner (quickly famous in president of the Junta or regional commission ) elected by the council to become the representative of the Sardinian area. This last is famous in 2004 in president of the area .

The right to legislate within the Italian republic is limited to fields which relate to the area exclusively (in particular the organization of the local governments for example), or of the wider fields but which must then respect “principles establish by the law of the State” (example of the public assistance). In 2001, the regional law n°9 adds four new provinces to those preexistent. Thus the provinces of Olbia-Tempio, of Ogliastra, of Carbonia-Iglesias, and of Medio Campidano take effect in May 2005.

The initial law of 1948 will be re-examined on several occasions. In 1972 (the district council is elected for five years instead of four), in 1983 (a series of change on the “rules for the coordination of the finance of the area”), in 1986 (article 16 specifies by giving the number of regional advisers), in 1989 (the duration of installation of the district councils determines), 1993 (integrations with the special statutes), 2001 (provisions concerning the direct election of the President of the area).

Thus the area of Sardinia tries to combine its own identity by maintaining its culture and by keeping in memory its long Histoire, while preserving its attachment at the Italian nation, to which it feels really dependant. One cannot say that the Sardinians wish a total Indépendance, as some would wish it Corsica S for example, however they are very attached to their current autonomy, which enables them to maintain their identity clean. One can color this attachment with the important presence of the language (or rather the languages) Sardinian. Indeed, approximately 85% of the inhabitants of Sardinia include/understand it Sardinian, about including 8 to 9% which do not speak Italian, knowing that the island is populated to 81,2% of Sardinian. Its relation with the remainder of Italy falls under more general problems, the scission between north and the southern. This last, poorer, is sometimes neglected by richer areas, the Ligue of North going until preaching the independence of the septentrional left Italy, so that Ci is not handicapped economically by the South.

See too

Related articles

Sources and bibliography

Certain paragraphs result from the translation of part of articles coming from Wikipédia Italy. You can consult their authors by consulting the histories.

  • Maria Luisa Cojana, Daniela Fadda, Giuseppe Murru, Roberto Pili, Almanacco scolostico della Sardegna , ED. EdiSar, Cagliari, 1992. (ISBN 8886004117) ;

  • Francesco Cesare Casula, Sintesi of the storia di Sardegna , ED. C. Delfino, 2002. Sassari. (ISBN 8871383249) ;
  • Pietro Martini, Storia delle invasioni degli Arabi E delle piracy dei barbeschi in Sardegna , A. Timon, Cagliari, 1861;
  • Bruno Anatra, Sardegna dall' unificazione Aragonese have Savoia , Utet Libreria, Turin, 1987. (ISBN 887750174X) ;
  • Fernand Hayward and Jean Imbert, Sardinia ground of light , New Latin editions, 1956, Paris. (ISBN 272331099X) ;
  • Auguste Boullier, the Island of Sardinia: description, history, statistics, manners, social state , E. Dentu, Paris, 1865;
  • Jean-François Mimaut, History of Sardinia, or old and modern Sardinia, considered in its laws, its topography, its productions and its manners , 1825.

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