History of Sancerrois

Located in Berry, Sancerre since its piton with 312 meters of altitude, dominates the Loire Valley.

Would the name Sancerre be drawn from Noviodunum Bituricum? , Gordonis Castrum, of at the 12th century; pus Sancerrium, Sincerrium, Sancerra, Sincerre and Sacrum Caesaris " César Sacré" , since the 13th century, which would have ensuie christianized later in " Saint-Cère". To include/understand the history of the Sancerrois amounts studying that of a territory, overflowing current the Canton of Sancerre and old the Arrondissement of Sancerre, which would tend to being that of old the Comté of Sancerre.

Gallic and Gallo-Roman Sancerrois

The first traces of occupation of the Sancerrois date from prehistory. However, Gortona or Gorgobina (Sancerre) emerges under the aegis of Boïens, after the defeat of the Gallic tribe, the Bituriges Cubes, at the time of the catch of their capital, Avaricum (Bourges), by César in 52 before J-C. Though the geographical position of Sancerre seemed to intend this point to become early a Roman castrum, it is not proven that the Romans had a military station there immediately after the conquest of Gaulle. Nevertheless the archaeological data of the Roman presence come from Saint-Thibault and the surroundings of Sancerre.

At the 1st century, the agglomeration comprises villae, public buildings and artisanal activities, placed not far from two Roman ways (Avaricum-Rians-Gordona (Saint-Satur), Lyon-Autun-Gien-Orleans). A brick bridge, port and vestiges of boat testify to the strong activity of the Sancerrois , as well as navigation on the Loire. The bases of the pillars of the Gallo-Roman bridge are still visible in period of low waters. A first Romain temple would have been devoted there to Jules César. At the 4th century, the Vicus of Saint-Thibault reaches 35 ha.

Sancerrois mérovingien and Carolingian

With the Early middle ages, the vicus of Saint-Thibaut is abandoned with the profit of Castrum Gordonis (Castle-Gordon). Christianized, Gordona takes the name of Saint-Satyrus (Saint-Satur), martyrized in Africa at the 5th century. For the Carolingian period 8th century, it existed there a small village on the slope of the hill of Sancerre, grouped around the church of Saint-Romble (Romulus), name of one of the first apostles who évangélisèrent the area. The Norman ones, which had invaded Gaulle as of the 9th century, occupied the edges of the Loire. They seized Bourges in 857 and 867, and plundered it. Later, they invaded Berry third once and advanced until Massay.

Attested at the 10th century and located at Saint-Satur, mentioned for the first time in the texts in 1015, according to Buhot de Kersers, the châtellenie of Castle-Gordon is at the origin of the seigniory of Sancerre. At the 10th century, Edmond de Montfort is the lord of Gordon Castle. Simon de Montfort, to save his nephew (who had put fire at the storeroom of the monks and their small vault on the hill of the Châtillon-on-Loire) of hanging, exchanges the life of his nephew against the donation with the monks of his fields of Châtillon and the promise to become itself, monk: promise which would have been held. The name Castrum Gordonis was used the most for Sancerre during first half of the Middle Ages. One of the doors of Bourges by where the road passed moving towards Sancerre, was called carried Gorthonica, in French carries Gourdaine. The inhabitants of the Sancerrois were called then Gordonicenses.

At the 9th century, Thibaut the Cheater seizes Sancerre which becomes then the property of the counts de Blois. His/her son Eudes I {{er}} offered Sancerre to the one as of his sons, Roger, who was évèque of Beauvais. In 1015, Roger exchanged the town of Sancerre against the feudal county of Beauvais with Eudes II. Landri, count de Nevers, applicant to have rights on the county of Sancerre, carried out a war against Gilon, lord of the Sully-on-Loire. Mathilde, girl of a lord named Gimon, asked for the protection of Eudes II against the count of Nevers in 1034. Since the middle of the 11th century, Sancerre remained the property of the counts de Champagne.

Sancerrois in XIe century

The Middle Ages in Sancerrois

The Middle Ages are one the two periods key of the history of Sancerrois.

In 1152, with died of Thibaut IV of Blois, its 3rd Etienne sons becomes by heritage Count de Sancerre. The County will be held until 1419 by its descendants direct. Etienne Ier de Sancerre built there a strong castle on the culminating point of the hill, natural fortress, as well as ramparts to protect the city. The castle had six turns including the Tour of the Strongholds (keep worth visiting) and the Tower of Saint-George. In time of war, a fire could be lit on the top of the tower of Saint-George who could then be seen to 40 km. The historians consider the granted charter, in 1155, by Etienne I {{er}} with the merchants of Sancerre like at seven other cities, called Coutumes of Lorris, like one of most progressive of the Capétien kingdom.

In 1184, the count Etienne belongs to the League of the lords revolted against the king of France, Philippe Auguste. It carries out a band of adventurous mercenaries, called the Brabançons. Philippe Auguste at the time of the reconquest of the Sancerrois shaves the Sury-be-Wood village, which finds property of Brabançons of the king. Etienne Ier plunders the surroundings of Bourges before being demolishes by the helped king of the Fellow-members of Peace. This group, formed in Puy in 1182, had been charged to maintain the order in the kingdom. In 1190, Etienne was among the first feudal ones to remove serfdom. Thibaut IV, count de Champagne, sold the homages of the counties of Blois and Sancerre to the king Louis IX in 1226 or 1234.

A paramount role

14th century, the Sancerrois played a paramount role in the maintenance of the independence of the Kingdom of France with respect to that of England. Sancerrois then known the devastations of the One hundred year old War, the ruin of the abbey of Saint-Satur, and that of the church of Saint-Romble. Several Counts and members of the House of Sancerre took a great place in the reconquest of the kingdom of which the Constable Louis de Sancerre and his brother Robert.

Chart of France 1364-1392

By a charter of February 1327, the count Louis II confirms the habits of Lorris granted to the inhabitants of Sancerre. The English attack, in 1351, Sancerre. In 1364, the count Jean III, helped of his/her brothers Louis and Robert, pushed back and destroyed a large company which wanted to seize Sancerre.

Pierre de Navarre dies in Sancerre, on July 29th 1412, with the return of the head office of Bourges. At the end of 1418, the dolphin Charles, wishing to reinforce the position of Sancerre, dépèche to the countess Marguerite a strong troop ordered by Barbazan and Jean de Lesgo . Beautiful Guillaume, captain of a company of mercenaries Scot made up of 30 soldiers to foot and 80 archers, entered to the service of the dolphin in Sancerre the February 22nd 1419. He moved then towards Gien with 13 of his Esquires in March. The March 3rd 1420, a Free-Scottish army is demolished by the English with the Fresnay. Always in 1420, a anglo-Burgundian troop, perhaps led by Perrinet Gressart, takes the cities of Charity and the Cosne-on-Loire. They cross the Loire and tackles Saint-Satur putting his population at contribution. The monks of the abbey of Saint-Satur whom cannot pay the thousand claimed ecus of gold, the inhabitants and 12 monks perish locked up in a tower which is burnt. The Abbey is plundered and 52 other monks are made prisoners and embarked with Cosne on boats, requisitioned with Saint-Thibaut. Their boat is cast in the Loire. Eights of them are run away and will find protection near the lord of Buranlure before turning over to the priory of Saint-Father-the-Nun depending on their abbey. Then, theBurgundian ones goes up to plunder and destroy the district out the walls of Saint-Romble and his church. They attack Sancerre, worms Porte César, but are pushed back by an exit of the defenders of the strengthened city.

Jean II Stuart de Darnley, constable of Scotland, are rewarded for his participation in the Bataille of Wallow by the seigneurery of Concressault, close to Sancerre. This last will become also Seigneur of Aubigny-on-Nère in March 1423. In August 1422, the Charles dolphin settles in strategic Sancerreplace at the border of the " Kingdom of Bourges" , at the time stronghold of Jean V of Bueil. Its army, ordered in other by Douglas of Buchan, tries to take again the Cosne-on-Loire. The Duke of Bedford arrives with an army of help and the seat is raised. Its action is limited there because he learns death from his brother and goes back precipitately to Paris. The fortified towns of the county of Sancerre, occupied by the troops of the dolphin since 1424, are integrated into the defensive system of the provisional capital ( Bourges ). In 1426, Perrinet Gressart threatens Sancerre and is made pay by the city the " price of the feu" to save it.

Chart of France 1392-1453

In 1430, the English underwent another defeat close to Sancerre. Charles VII remained with the castle of Sancerre from April at August Etienne I {{er}} of Sancerre]] ([[1133]] - [[1191]], † at Midsummer's Day d' Acre), [[count de Sancerre]] and of Gien. *A1 [[Guillaume Ier de Sancerre]], († [[1217]]) [[count de Sancerre]] and lord of Ferté-Loupière. *B1 [[Louis Ier de Sancerre]] († [[1267]]), ''' [[count de Sancerre]] ''' *C1 [[Jean Ier de Sancerre]], ''' [[count de Sancerre]] ''', lord of Châtillon-on-Loing, of Meillant and of Charenton-of-Expensive. *D1 [[Etienne II of Sancerre]] ([[1252]] - [[1306]]), ''' [[count de Sancerre]] ''', lord of Châtillon-on-Loing and of Saint-Brisson, [[Large Bouteiller de France]]. *D2 [[Jean II of Sancerre]] († [[1327]]), ''' [[count de Sancerre]] ''' and lord of Laid. *E1 [[Louis II of Sancerre]], ''' [[count de Sancerre]] ''', killed in [[1346]] with [[Battle of Crécy]]. *F1 [[Jean III of Sancerre]] ([[1334]] - [[1402]]), ''' [[count de Sancerre]] '''. *G1 [[Marguerite de Sancerre]] ([[1334]] - [[1419]]), ''' [[count de Sancerre|countess of Sancerre]] ''', lady of Sagonne… == Sancerrois of 1540 to 1788 == ''' Sancerre ''' was also the site of an infamous seat ([[1572]] - [[1573]]) during the Wars of religion where the population with Huguenote majority held good for almost eight month against the Catholiques forces of the king. At the time of the seat, the precision balances, " arquebuses of Sancerre" were used for the last time in the European history. With the {{XVIe century}}, the doctrines of the Reform were spread in Berry. The professors of the University of Bourges speculated in the new dogmas, and Clavin put forward at the University its critical ideas of the old institutions. Under the impulse of [[Louis de Condé]] and of [[Coligny]], ''' Sancerrois ''' had embraced the Calvinism since [[1548]] http://pboursin.club.fr/histoire.htm . After the conspiracy of Amboise, the many ones [[huguenots]] took refuge in their city, which becomes soon, with Nimes, Montauban and La Rochelle, one of the principal boulevards of the reform in France. With the first catch of weapons of Reformed, Bourges was taken by the count de Montgommery, who ransacked the churches and convents in May [[1562]]. Calvinistes, being spread then in the campaigns, continued and tracked of all shares priests and monk. But the Catholics, having begun again Bourges, were not long in using of reprisals. ===Sancerre, refuge city and citadel of Réforme=== Respected during the first civil war ([[1563]]), all the effort of the fight was dedicated soon on the town of Sancerre, strongest of Berry. The following year ([[1564]]), the count [[Sciarra Martinengo]], noble Venetian, [[Baron of the Adrets|François d' Entragues]], governor of Orleans, and [[Claude of Chatre of Maisonfort|Claude of Châtre]], governor of Berry, intended themselves to reduce the rebellious city, which one already called “the Small-La Rochelle”. Without gun, armed only with slings, which one named the arquebuses of Sancerre, and also with genuine arquebuses, besieging them held with strength during five weeks, until [[Baron of the Adrets]], then catholic, had considered the company difficult and had advised with ''' Claude of Châtre ''' to withdraw himself. Sancerre undergoes first a five week old seat, at the beginning of [[1569]], during [[the Wars of religion (France) #Troisième war of religion (1568-1570)|Third war of religion]], but the troops assiégeantes sent against the city escaped before to have reached the foot of the hill, frightened by an exit of the garrison. At the time of [[the Wars of religion (France) #Quatrième war of religion (1572-1573)|Fourth war of religion]], opened by [[massacre of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre]], the town of Sancerre refused to receive a royal garrison. [[Honorat de Bueil de Racan|Honorat de Bueil]], brother-in-law of the count [[Jean VI of Bueil|Jean]], tied intelligences in the castle, and sent his brother [[Racan de Bueil|Racan]], to surprise it, in the night of [[November 9th]] [[1572]]. Thanks to the efforts of entreated, the castle was occupied by Racan. The inhabitants, held in awakening, had made provisions which enabled them to take again their fortress, after vigorous attack a seventeen hours ([[November 10th]]). To avoid the consequences of their revolts, which early or late were to attract a decisive seat to them, Sancerrois would have supplied their city; but trustful in their first successes, they were devoted more than ever to acts of hostility. [[August 3rd]] 1572 with [[January 13rd]] [[1573]], the place was invested little by little by bodies of troops which ordered ''' Châtre ''', and which were strengthened in the surrounding villages or hamlets. In 1573, ''' Antoine of Bar ''', lord of Buranlure and burning member of the party catholic, joined with hundred men the marshal of Châtre and obtains the government of the ville http://www.berry-passion.com/chateau_de_buranlure_en_berry.htm . The inhabitants, under the orders of the lawyer ''' Jouhanneau ''', their mayor, and of the minister [[Jean de Léry]], so highly pushed back the first attacks and the general attack given on March 19th that the seat was changed into blockade. The famine was felt soon and became appalling; one made leave the useless mouths, one ate the rats, the moles and to old leather. A 3 year old little girl, died of hunger, was used as meal with her parents with her large mother; but the council of the city, informed of this horrible scene, made burn the father and strangle the mother. Many inhabitants sought to be run away. Lastly, not receiving a help promised by Nimois, and seeing themselves not included/understood in the treaty concluded with Rochelois it [[June 24th]], [[Sancerre]] decided to capitulate. ''' Châtre ''' entered there, it [[August 31st]], and, the days according to, it made demolish the ramparts of the city by the peasants of the surroundings. Sancerre had held nearly eight month and without artillery. The seat was told by the Protestant minister [[Jean de Léry]], who survived the seat, in the '' [[memorable History of the head office of Sancerre]] ''. ''' De Lery ''' was made lead in the seigniory of Blet, which was used as refuge to the Protestants, after the catch of Sancerre http://www.cg18.fr/cg18/commune/blet/decouverte.html . === a city on the decline === During the League ([[1576]] - [[1594]]), Berry was the theater of new agitations and new combat. Bourges, Dun-the-King, Vierzon, Mehun, in favor of the League, while Sancerre and the principal lords of the country supported the king in [[1589]]. ''' Claude of Saint Quintin ''', the same year, drew its soldiers from Sancerre to put them in its castle of Blet http://www.cg18.fr/cg18/commune/blet/decouverte.html . The Protestants plunder the castle of [[Crézancy]] in 1589 http://www.jpgiraudon.com/crezancy/index.html . During five years, the ''' Sancerrois ''' was continuously devastated. It breathed only when Henri IV had abjured in Saint-Denis, between the hands of ''' Regnaud of Beaune ''', [[List of the archbishops of Bourges|archbishop of Bourges]], in 1594. April 30th [[1598]], Henri IV signs it [[Edict of Nantes]] whose specific article authorizes freedom of worship with the Protestants of Sancerre: '' As for Sancerre, will be the aforementioned continued exercise as it is now, except establishing it in the aforementioned city, revealing by the inhabitants the assent of the lord of the place for what will be provided to them by the police chiefs whom his majesty will appoint for the execution of the Edict. '' Of [[1614]] to [[1618]], the ''' Pastors of [[Sancerre]] ''' Sirs Poissonet and Alard, are due of the assemblies of prayer in the area, for example with the Castle of Brécy. [[May 29th]] [[1621]], the prince of Condé, governor of Berry, attacks and takes the city and the castle of Sancerre. It orders its destruction as well as the walls of the city, on order of the king Louis XIII to prevent all new resistance. In 1636 or [[1640]], Henri II of Bourbon, prince de Condé, [[List of the governors of Berry|governor of Berry]], repurchases a county of devastated Sancerre. Not very present on its field, it lets all be able with its baillifs and farmers. The policy of the prince will be unfavorable to the Protestants who will leave in great number the région http://www.cg18.fr/patrimoine/cantons/sancerre/canton/evocation/historique.html . It makes close the temple, obliging the Protestants sancerrois to go to the temple of [[Henrichemont]] or with that of Crot-Guillot which is that of [[the Charity-on-Loire]]. In [[1645]], the latter obtain the authorization to celebrate the worship under a drawn up tent with Porte Oison, then, in [[1652]], to rebuild this temple http://temples.free.fr/temples/sancerre.htm . Does revolts burst at the time of the conversion of children to Catholicism in April [[1685]] La Revocation of the Edict of Nantes constitute a rupture without the History of French Protestantism? , Didier Drink, Thursday, December 16, 2004, Châteauroux. The ''' Sancerrois ''' suffered economically from the massive exodus of the merchants protestantsex: Family Dargent of which Jacques, Jeanne and Anne Dargent, all left the royaume {{,}} http://huguenots-france.org/france/loire/sancerre/pag14.htm#7 , during the {{XVIIe century}}, particularly after the final revocation of [[Edict of Nantes]] (it [[October 18th]] 1685). The protesting worship is prohibited but continuous in secrecy, in spite of abjurations of frontages. Starting from the {{XVIIIe century}}, the ''' Sancerrois ''' lost its strategic importance and due to be subjected to the laws of the State in spite of its critical character. By the stop of [[June 12th]] [[1743]], Jean and Etienne Ravot, merchants in Orleans, return in dispute with ''' Jean-Charles Perrinet d' Orval ''', receiver of the attic with salt of Sancerre and ''' Etienne Renouard ''', Sr of Bussière, [[main of National Forestry Commission]] of [[county of Sancerre]], about the liquidation of successions (1743-1745) http://www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/chan/chan/fonds/EGF/SA/InvSAPDF/V7_repertoire.pdf . About fifteen Scot Jacobites (Mac Nab, Hyde, Macpherson, Macdonald…) exiled themselves in Sancerre and Bué about 1752, after the désastrueuse one [[battles of Culloden]]. Niell MacEachen (later MacDonald) off Howbeg, protected the escape from prince Charles Edward Stuart towards France, joined them, in 1767, with his wife and her children, of which the Marshal of Empire [[Etienne Jacques Joseph Macdonald|Alexandre]], then two years old. [[Charles-Antoine-Léonard de Sahuguet|Mr. de Sahuguet d' Espagnac]], [[count de Sancerre]], Mr. de Véry, Abbot of Saint-Satur and Mr. Grangier are named to represent the 3 orders with [[the alphabetical List of the members of the provincial assembly of Berry of 1778|Provincial Parliament of Berry]] on July 12th [[1778]]. The county of Sancerre returns in the royal field in 1785. By contract of last exchange on March 30th, 1785, the knight Jean Frederic Guilhaume de Sahugues D' Amarzin, baron d' Espagnac, accepted from Louis XVI the marquisat of Hatton Châtel and other fields located in Blésois and in Lorraine as well as a balance of {{formatnum: 500000}} books in exchange of the county of Sancerre. However, this exchange was disputed and gave place to a report/ratio published on July 23rd [[1791]] by François [[Firmin Fricot]] under the title '' Rapport of the committee of the fields on the exchange of Sancerre ''. The National Assembly issued the revocation of the contract, conclusive that the exchange, “monstrous”, is a true “national offense”. == Sancerrois of 1789 to 1913 == In January 1789, 14 boats were carried in Saint Thibault by large heaps of ice and the Loire, flood caused by the thaw after a continual cold of two mois http://www.gerard.delatour.freesurf.fr/menetouratel.PDF. . [[Pierre-Joseph Grangier]], lawyer with Sancerre, is elected appointed of Berry for the Third-state, with the General states of Versailles joined together starting from May 27th, 1789. [[Vincent Poupard]], cleaned of Sancerre, him, appointed of Berry for Clergé http://www.cg18.fr/cg18/cg/missions/culture/archives/serviceeducatif/revolution_francaise/notes_du_cure.htm is named. . After the storming of the Bastille, one of the large currents of collective panic (arrived announced of 1500 brigands http://www.cg18.fr/cg18/cg/missions/culture/archives/serviceeducatif/revolution_francaise/doc_2a_2b.htm ) reached Sancerre on July 29th [[1789]], appeared in Brienon in Yonne, close to Saint-Florentin cheese, and being propagated towards Auxerre and the Cosne-on-Loire in Nivernais http://www.cg18.fr/cg18/cg/missions/culture/archives/serviceeducatif/revolution_francaise/fiche2_grande_peur.html . Under the French revolution, the ''' Sancerrois ''' form one of the two pockets of resistance of Expensive, with Bourges, where refractory priests refuse the Civil Constitution of the clergy, voted by Constituent on July 12th, 1790 http://www.encyclopedie.bourges.net/dioceserevolut.htm . About 1790 - 1794, the town of Sancerre absorbs the village of [[Chavignol]]. The representative of the people, ''' the Board ''', establishes Terror in Bourges, plundered the churches and was made recognize dictator in the departments of Expensive and Loiret. The ground of Sancerre becomes again the property of the count d' Espagnac in [[1791]], before this last does not resell it with [[Antoine Roy (politician)|Antoine Roy]], the 14 floréal year III ([[1794]]) http://www.barlieu.fr/histoire_blason.htm . [[November 9th]] 1794: Sancerrois ''' Mac Nab ''' is alive and free. '' Pourtant, this old [[bodyguard of the king]] returns by far. Decree at the same time as five other people in May 1794, to have held of the unpatriotique remarks, it was the only one not to be guillotine. Indeed, [[Fouquier-Tinville]], contrary to its practice, had found its file insufficient and had asked for details. The evasive answers of the court of Expensive obliged the indicter with redemander information on the defendant. But, the slowness of the mail helping '', days of Thermidor the 9 and 10 having arrived '' before the prisoner does not pass in judgment. Thus, Mac Nab is again citizen. Better, his goods were restored to him. '' http://pboursin.club.fr/histoire.htm In spring [[1796]], the ''' Sancerrois ''' was the site of a rebellion counter-revolutionary and royalist (chouannery) carried out by the artillery officer, [[Antoine the Picardy one of Phélippeaux]]. The Vendean ones, which sought to extend their action to the center of France, benefitting from the dissatisfaction which the levy in masse had caused in the populations, were thrown in Sancerrois. Several sancerroises communes then take the weapons in the name of the king. Led by Phélippeaux, the royalist insurrectionists seized the city even of Sancerre, it [[April 2nd]] 1796 (13 germinal An IV). But the general [[Simon Canuel]] who ordered Bourges made walk to it [[6th regiment of infantry of line|6 {{E}} half-brigade of infantry of line]] on this city which went to the first summation, it [[April 9th]] 1796 (20 germinal An IV). The 21 frimaire year VI, ''' Lagrave ''', ordering the national guard of the district of SancerreInventaire of Registes, the Deliberations and the Minutes, of the Decrees, Letters and Acts of the Directory, volume III, AF III 484, plate {{formatnum: 3011}}, parts 42-101 is named municipal police chief of VeauguesIndex of volume III of the Statements directory (G-O) . Primary Assemblies take place with Sancerre extra muros the 12 messidor year VI. A Justice of the Peace is elected. ''' Blondeau ''', professor of general grammar at the central school, royalist since the revolt of Sancerre, is relieved the 17 messidor year VIIndex of the volume V of the Statements of the Directory (CF) . ''' Abraham-François Malfuson ''', born in Bohain (Aisne) of Protestant family, prosecutor-syndic of the district of SancerreIndex of volume III of the Statements of the Directory (CF) is named central administrator, the 5 brumaire year VI, substitute ''' Jean-Marie Heurtault- [[Lammerville]] Jean-Marie Heurtault de Lammerville (° 1740 - † 1810), Viscount, former royal naval officer, appointed of the nobility of the bailliage of Bourges (Berry), freemason? , remaining in its ground of Perishes, close Dun-le-Roi. ''', elected to the Five hundreds. ''' Grangier ''', cleaned of Crézancy-in-Sancerre, having taken part in the Vendée of Sancerrois of year IV, is off-set on Thermidor 26 year VIIndex of volume VI of the Statements of the Directory (Chan-Wire) . The municipality of Sancerre is relieved, ''' Cyprien Dumas ''' is named president of the municipality of the latter the 3 pluviôse year VI. Also assessor, it is also named Justice of the Peace of Sancerre will intra muros, the 8 pluviôse year general VIIndex of volume IV of the Official reports of the Directory (CF) . ''' Bonnet ''', municipal employee of Sancerre, royalist, is relieved the 3 nivôse year VI. The nomination of the assessors of the District courts will intra muros takes place 6 nivôse year VI. ''' Paul Minot ''', of Saint-Satur, is named Justice of the Peace extra muros the 16 nivôse year VIIndex of volume IV of the Statements of Directory (P-Z) . ''' Desbrets ''' is lieutenant of gendarmerie, in Sancerre, of the 29 brumaire year VII to the 15 frimaire year VII. The lieutenant ''' Gaillard ''' succeeds to him of the 15 frimaire year VII to the 3 nivôse year VII, day when lieutenancy is transferred to VierzonIndex from volume VII from the Statements from the Directory (Conan-H) . The return of the residence of lieutenant de Vierzon to Sancerre is decided the 25 ventôse year VII ([[March 15th, 1799]]) Inventaire of the Registers of the Deliberations and of the Minutes of the Decrees, Lettres and Acts of the Directory, divides into volumes VIII. ''' Nicolas Delaguette ''', of Sancerre, police chief municipal of Sury-in-Are worth replaces ''' young Bézard ''', relieved the 22 pluviôse year VII for négligenceIndex volume VIII of the Statements of Directory (P-Z) . Sancerre becomes the Chief town of district in year VIII of the first Republic. In 1810, ''' Mr. F. Mr. Perrin Dulac ''' is Sous-Préfet of the district of Sancerre http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/almanac/chapter10/c_chapter10c.html and ''' Philippe ''' is lieutenant of the Imperial Police company. After Waterloo, the regiments of Acrobats were directed on the Loire. The six regiments were laid off in Sancerre, Bourges and Montlucon between the 11 and it [[September 26th]] [[1815]] http://www.1789-1815.com/w_voltig_garde . With the {{}}, transport was xIXe century improved in the ''' Sancerrois ''' by construction of a suspended bridge on the Loire with Saint-Thibault in [[1834]], of the Side Channel in the Loire in [[1838]] and of the railway line of Bourges-Sancerre in [[1885]]. For this period, Chateaubriand remained with the Castle of Estang, Stendhal to the Castle of Tracy at the time of a short stay in 1830. On a journey to Saint-Satur, Balzac located the action of its novel “the MUSE of the Department” at Sancerre. The Count [[Jean-Pierre de Montalivet]], Minister of Interior Department under Napoleon, was a land great landowner of the ''' Sancerrois ''' during first half of the {{S|XIX|E}}. In 1870, the public prosecutor in Sancerre gave order to stop [[Ferdinand Gambon]] http://perso.orange.fr/cgh-b/cgh-b/publications/celebrites/gambon.htm . A letter with Dr. Subert of a doctor of [[army of the Loire]], gone back to Sancerre, [[December 10th]] 1870, would attest the passage of the 18 {{E}} body of the Billot general in Sancerrois http://mediatheque.ville-nevers.fr/user/files/19d%C3%A9cembre2006manuscritsnivernais.pdf . A private mansion was built on the ruins of the feudal castle of Sancerre ([[1874]]) by Miss de Crussol d' Uzès in the style of Louis XII. == From one war to another, 1914 to 1944 == In 1915, settles, in Sancerre, a provisional military hospital. In [[1919]], the private mansion and the vineyards of the Castle of Sancerre are bought by Louis Alexandre Marnier-Lapostolle, celebrates liquor manufacturer. The sub-prefecture and the other administrative services while depending are transferred to Bourges in [[1926]]. Sancerre sees its intellectual elite fleeing the city following this administrative decision. During the Second world war, Saint-Satur and Saint-Thibault undergo bombardments of 5 or 6 German planes, the {{Date|16|June|1940}} around 1 p.m.: '' in the middle of the demolitions, of the posts and the wire electic and telephone which pendouillaient everywhere, of deaths, and still of the dead amputees, sanguinolents, or completing to burn, motionless in their car '' La Voix of Sancerrrois n°24 - 63 {{E}} year, Paul Godon, p.9. Gasoline " warehouses; Lille-Bonniere and Colombe" were in flames. The ''' Sancerrois ''' was occupied, of June 19th at [[July 24th]] the 1940, by elements of [[38e German army corps]] (compound of the 1 {{Re}} Division of Cavalry, of the 6 {{E}}, 27 {{E}} and 46 {{E}} Divisions of Infantry) of Generalfeldmarschall [[Erich von Manstein]], charged with restructuring divisions in [[Panzerdivision]] S and Divisions motorisées http://home.hetnet.nl/~conny-rene/Korpsen/XXXVIII%20AK.htm . Under the occupation, Sancerre was a departmental command center for Resistance interior Frenchwoman. The Irregular forces Revenge would have to have approximately 200 men in Sancerrois (Borocowitch, Henri Georges, known as " Lhermite"?). The Marceau Group takes part, from August 29th to 31st 1944, with the '' cleaning '' of the area of Pithiviers, Sancerre and Nevers http://chantran.vengeance.free.fr/Doc/Wetterwaldv23.pdf . Fifteen to twenty German soldiers of the School of Pioneers of Cosne, ordered by a lieutenant of [[Wehrmacht]], made, on June 25th [[1944]], during a forwarding with Thauvenay, 16 killed civilians, several déportés http://beaucoudray.free.fr/fn.htm. August 24th, 1944, the Germans evacuate the Cosne-on-Loire with four hostages. The ''' Sancerrois ''' is positioned on goes right from the " [[Spencer Operation]] " started on August 29th, 1944. At the time of this allied offensive, the 4 {{E}} Battalion of infantry of the Air (become 2 {{E}} Regiment of Hunters Parachutists), British Brigade of [[Special Air Service]], is charged by the British command harassing and with causing the ebbing maximum of losses to the German troops of south-west towards the North-East. It is also a question of protecting the southern side from the army of the general [[George Patton]] http://redditionelster.free.fr/l_entre_en_jeu.htm . A group of jeeps armed with machine-guns [[Vickers]], ordered by Rene Lesecq, arrives on August 31st at Sancerre. These mobile units of attack are distinguished in ambushes in the area from Sancerre and Charité-sur-Loire http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/600.html against a powerful enemy, supported by [[Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger|tanks “Tigers”]] and [[Panzerkampfwagen V Panther|“Panthers”]] http://216.109.125.130/search/cache?p=sancerre+infanterie&ei=UTF-8&fr=yfp-t-501&u=vieillestiges.free.fr/Liens/html/ANAP.html&w=sancerre+infanterie&d=Rf9CIfmdOdZV&icp=1&.intl=us . A first fixing takes place close to Menetou where a German convoy is attacked and leaves eight dead on the ground. The following day, a more serious confrontation is played between a group S.A.S. and the enemy for the possession of the village of the Pouilly-on-Loire. The parachutists, on the order of the American liaison officer of the Patton army, blow up the bridge of Saint-Thibaut, on the Loire, the 1 {{er}} September 1944. Three units S.A.S. prepare, on September 3rd, to cross the Loire to gain southern bank and to badger the Germans. The first unit crosses in Briare and attacks, the 4, a column of 250 men in Aix d' Angillon: 18 killed, 16 prisoners on the enemy side and occupation of the city. The German garrison of Bourges which believes in a allied attack of great scale begins the evacuation of the city. The second gives an opinion with [[Crézancy-in-Sancerre|Epsailles]], to 10 km in the south-west of Sancerre. == Sancerrois since 1945 == Sancerre developed around two gastronomical products answering the Appellation label of Controlled origin: wine of Sancerre and the Droppings of Chavignol. Today, gastronomical tourism is increasingly important in the sancerrois. == Annnexes == === Vaults, churches and abbey sancerroises === In [[1034]], it [[Abbey of Saint-Satur]] dedicated to Saint-Augustin was founded or rebuilt by Mathilde, girl of a lord named Gimon. The priory of Ménétréol-under-Sancerre, the parishes of Thauvenay, Saint-Bouize (attested since 1136) and the church of Vinon were dependences of the abbey of Saint-Satur. The ''' Sancerrois ''' was sown churches. The most important Romance buildings were the Saint-Romble church, under the patronage of the abbey of women of the St. Lawrence of Bourges, and the especially Holy Father the Nun, dependant on [[the Saint-Benoit-on-Loire]]. There does not remain about it any more but some vestiges of the {{XIIe century}}. === general Bibliography === *Buhot of Kersers, A./Histoire and monumental statistics of the department of Expensive/Bourges/Tardy-Pigelet/1875-1898 *La Large Encyclopedia, San Blas-Sancerre, p 411-412. *Gaspard Thaumas of Thaumassière/History of Berry/Bourges/A. Jollet/1863. *Jehan Froissart/Chronic/Book Third/Chapter XVI/Comment several captains anglois and other people of Companies were déconfits in front of the town of Sancerre. *Montalivet (count of) /Un happy ground corner - Saint-Bouize and Couargues/Paris/Quantin/1878 *Provost, Mr., Chevrot, J-F., Troadec, J., Holmgren, J. /Carte archaeological of Gaulle, Expensive, 18/Paris/1992 - 1 vol. *Nicolas of Nicolay/general Description of feed and duchy of Berry and diocese of Bourges Châteauroux/A.Aupetit/1883. ===Notes and références=== {{References | columns = 2}} * [http://web.genealogie.free.fr/Les_dynasties/Les_dynasties_celebres/France/Dynastie_de_Champagne.htm] * [http://www.genealogy.euweb.cz/blois/blois3.html] * [http://pageperso.aol.fr/_ht_a/phpacaud/histoire/institutions/assemblee.htm] === See also === * [[History of the area Centers]] * [[Family of Sancerre|House of Sancerre]] * [[Count de Sancerre|Counts and Countesses of Sancerre]] * [[Chronology of the County of Sancerre]] {{Gate Berry}} [[Category: History of the French cities

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