History of San Marino
The history of San Marino , a small State often qualified of “ older republic of the world ”, takes its roots at the 4th century, under the Roman Empire. The facts surrounding the birth of the city concern mainly the Mythe and the Légende, but pass nevertheless for authentic.
The creation of San Marino
About the year 300, a modest fore-mentioned stone mason Marin would have left his native island of Rab, in Dalmatie, to settle in the town of Rimini as a mason. Before even as the large wave of persecution against the Christian launched by the emperor Dioclétien in 303 did not start, the Marin piles escaped and took refuge on the mount Titano, located in the vicinity. A growing number of persecuted joined it, and thus established on Titano a Christian community. The official date of birth of this community, today, is conventionally fixed at the September 3rd 301.
In 313, following the edict of tolerance of Constantin and with the appeasing of the situation, Marin was named Diacre by the bishop of Rimini. A Roman Patrician converted with the Catholicism, name of Gave Felicissima, in addition made him gift of the Titano mount, of which it held the property up to that point.
The final establishment of the community of San Marino is symbolized by the death of its founder to the Automne of the year 366, and especially by the last words which were them his: “ Relinquo your liberos ab utroque homine. ” (“ I leave you free other men ”).
The first true historical evidence of the existence of a community on the Titano mount is provided to us by a Moine fore-mentioned Eugippio, which brings back in several documents gone back to 511 that another alive monk on this height indicates already the place of the name of “San Marino”. Later documents, towards the IX {{E}} century, give a report on a well organized, opened and proud community: the writings report moreover that the close bishop, already at the time, was impotent to assert this territory. San Marino appreciated their freedom, and were safe from many potential enemies owing to the fact that the majority of the latter were unaware of until the existence of the tiny political entity.
Fortifications nevertheless were built as from the 10th century, as the Diplôme to Berengario of 951 testify to it and the Bulle of Onorio II , gone back to 1126. In 1372, the cardinal Aglico writes that the city “ is located on a very high block of rock, at the top of which three gigantic castles rise ”. These three Château X still accepted during the time of many installations, such as for example an autonomous system of provisioning of Eau intended to collect rainwater and to store it in large cisterns. Some of these cisterns, built between 1472 and 1478, are still visible under the palate of the government.
The blooming of a peaceful republic
About the year 1200, the continual increase in population had ended up making necessary a territorial expansion, and it was proceeded twice to the purchase of Château X close and their dependences. Little time before, San Marino had become a city-republic with whole share, equipped with its clean legal code. Oldest of the codes having been able to be preserved date of the year 1295. During three centuries following, the laws saint-marinaises constantly were specified and updated in new versions: the sixth and last code, published the September 21st 1600, consists of step less than six volumes and 314 headings, which testifies to the degree of sophistication reached by the company. The laws were enacted by the Arengo , a council bringing together the large household heads: the Murder and the Trahison were thus punished Capital punishment. Even the drainage of the refuse and waste water were subjected to regulations and sanctions, exceptional situation in the Europe of the end of the Moyen-âge.
As of this time, the republic counted for its protection on a Armée perfectly formed and organized, in which any old man from 14 to 60 years was likely to be useful in the event of conflict. Starting from 1243, the habit was taken to elect two captain-regents with the head of the city for a six months mandate, a practice still of use today.
The fight to preserve independence
The Italy of the 13th century is also that of the confrontation between the partisans of the Pape (the Guelfes) and those of the emperor (the Gibelins). With San Marino, the two communities, which until had lived there in good agreement, knew a growing discord which was balanced finally by the banishment of all Guelfes out of the city. The rallying of San Marino to Gibelins and the imperial cause is mainly explained by the fact why the bishop S neighbors were évertuaient to seize this small territory, or at least to subject it to the tax. The conflict between this city savagely independent and the ecclesiastical authorities knew a top in 1247, date on which the pope Innocent IV excommunicated the whole of San Marino. Three other excommunications followed during the century, and seriously called into question the traditional social peace of San Marino.
Second half of the 13th century was one difficult period for the city. The republic of Rimini, obedience guelfe and then under the domination of the Malatesta family, tried to take the control of San Marino: only an alliance contracted with the count d' Urbin gibelin Guy I {{er}} of Montefeltro then his/her son Frederic I {{er}} made it possible to thwart this project, at the end of several years of combat which were completed only in 1299. This victory did not put however a term at the attempts at annexation aiming at the city. As of 1291, an ecclesiastic named Teodorico tried to subject San Marino to the pope and to the tax: a long legal argument followed, and was solved by a famous man of right and scholar originating in Rimini, Palamede, which sliced in favor of San Marino. Hardly five years later, in 1296, it was the Feretrani family which tried to assert this territory, but without success: a new judgment of Palamede, official statement in addition to the pope Boniface VIII, establishes clearly this time the Souveraineté full and whole of San Marino.
In spite of this decision, the neighbouring areas continued to nourish expansionist aimings, and this in vain. When one discovered in 1303 envoys with the pay of Feretrani being introduced illegally on the territory of San Marino, the engagements began again and were completed only in 1320 following the intervention at the sides of San Marino of excellent the Armée with the Uberto bishop.
The adversaries of San Marino ended up realizing that the small territory could not be obtained by the war, and tried to pass by the diplomatic channel. The Republic obtained the lifting of the spiritual sanctions imposed by the Église, as well as the exemption of any tax concerning the properties held by the small State in-outside its territory. In exchange, however, was required the handing-over of several exiled having fled the town of Urbin to take refuge in San Marino. This request was rejected, involving a resumption of the hostilities with the family Malatesta until the end of the 14th century.
When this family, hundred years later, fell in disgrace near the pope, San Marino could make profitable their advantage by signing an alliance with the Church the September 21st 1461, which enabled them to re-enlist the fight against Malatesta.
The conflict finished as of 1463 by the victory of San Marino, at the conclusion which the pope Pie II allotted to the Republic the three seigniories of Fiorentino, Montegiardino and Serravalle. The following year, the seigniory close to Faetano was voluntary to integrate in its turn the community saint-marinaise: this episode constitutes at the same time the last war and the last territorial expansion of San Marino. César Borgia, celebrates it Duc Valentinois and wire of the pope Alexandre Ier, invaded certainly San Marino in 1503 to impose its authoritative domination on it. Nevertheless this occupation was of short duration: the army of Borgia was destroyed at the time of a revolt of the duchy of Urbin, in which took part some San Marino besides.
Decline and found pride
The October 8th 1600, a news Constitution came into effect, whose basic principles are found until in the current texts. At that time still, San Marino was to face many potential threats: a treaty of protection was signed in 1602 with the Église, and entered finally into force in 1631.
In spite of this diplomatic success , times were hard for the Republic, which entered an inexorable phase of decline: the personalities more in sight took the way of the emigration and the lines of noble big families died out the ones after the others, which involved a fall of prestige Culture L of the community.
A new invasion of the territory was the occasion of ressusciter the national pride of San Marino: the October 17th 1739, the cardinal Giulio Alberoni, Legate of the Pope in Romagna, attacked the Republic. Alberoni acted thus for its own account and not by order of the pope, and it is quite naturally towards the latter that San Marino turned itself. Clément XII sent the cardinal Enrico Enriquez to give an account of the situation to him. On the basis of indication provided by this last, the pope enjoignit immediately with the Alberoni cardinal to release San Marino: the February 5th 1740, less than six months after the invasion, the Republic found its freedom thus.
When starting from 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte ensured his domination through all the Italy by melting several State-satellites there (Roman République with Rome, République parthénopéenne with Naples, etc), San Marino hastened to conclude from the commercial agreements with these new political entities, thus expressing its alliance with Napoleon.
It is often reported that Napoleon, during the countryside of Italy, would have given the order to his troops to stop at the borders of San Marino and not to cross them - the future emperor was, according to several testimonys, a large admiror of this small State which had never made act of tender to whoever. As a homage, and with the magnanimity of the winner, he wanted to even offer to San Marino two guns, several carriages of Céréale S and especially a territorial extension to the sea. Wisdom and legendary reserve of San Marino were not lacking on this occasion to them: the prospect to extend their territory and to impose themselves on the eyes of the other nations was politely declined. The community was indeed aware that it would have been thereafter impossible to them to live in peace with their neighbors. Only the food carriages, less compromising, found thanks to their eyes…
Following the defeat of the First Empire, the Congrès of Vienna of 1815 issued the return to the pre-Napoleonean order in Italy: thus, just as the Bourbon S reimplanted themselves in the south of the peninsula and the Habsbourg S in north, San Marino could preserve its independence.
Italian unification
For all the period known as of the Risorgimento , during which the revolutionary movements multiplied in Italy, San Marino was used as ground of asylum with the many ones exiled. Following the repression of the revolutions of 1848/49, celebrates it Giuseppe Garibaldi found for example refuge there, before receiving in 1861 the citizenship saint-marinaise.
After Plébiscite S were organized in Sicily and in the north of the Italy, to which a very vast majority emerged in favor of a union with the Royaume of Piedmont-Sardinia, and after the States of the Church were invaded by the troops Piedmont eases, the new unified kingdom of Italy was finally proclaimed the March 17th 1861. San Marino, since always an independent Republic, refused to take share with the Italian Unification and thus remained a Sovereign state. Abraham Lincoln, in addition citizen of honor of San Marino, took party for this solution and wrote on this subject with the captain-regents: “ Your State, although small, is one of most honourable of the history. ”.
As of the March 22nd 1862, an ambitious treaty of friendship and co-operation was concluded between San Marino and the kingdom from Italy, the two States there being considered on an equal footing. Convention was renewed the March 27th 1872.
Fascism and the Second world war
Until 1906, the sixty members of the Parliament was appointed for lives and indicated themselves. The elective principle was introduced in 1906 in order to make the system more democratic, but knew a diverting as of 1923: following the accession with the capacity on April 1st of the two first captain-regents of fascistic ideology , the fascistic party San Marino ( Partito Fascista Sammarinese ) gained the absolute majority of the seats at the time of the elections of the April 4th.
Thereafter, and in spite of its collaboration posted with the dictator Benito Mussolini, the Republic does not provide any soldier to the Armée Italy nne. In addition, the traditional neutrality of the small State led the fascistic government of San Marino not to begin officially in the Second world war.
In 1941 and 1942, the forces of opposition managed for the first time to be allocated to the Parliament, which was allowed inter alia by the birth of a wave of resistance antifascist elsewhere in Italy. The July 28th 1943 saw finally the dissolution of the fascistic party San Marino, three days after the inversion of Mussolini. The small State accommodated thereafter close to 100 000 refugees fleeing the engagements more in the south. In spite of its neutrality and the tracing of gigantic white crosses to delimit its territory, the British bombers released the June 26th 1944 several hundreds of bombs on San Marino, causing the death of sixty people and the wounds for hundreds of others - the British government was to recognize later that this aggression was completely unjustified. San Marino knew again the combat in September 1944, when the German Alliés and clashed for the control of the area. The the United States settled in San Marino on a purely provisional basis until in November, in particular to help with the repatriation of the many refugees who were there.
Post-war period
Since the fascistic government of San Marino had not undermined the Constitution of the country and to its most fundamental laws, there were only few political changes after the end of the Second world war. The women accepted the right to vote in 1960, then the right of eligibility in 1973.
An often forgotten element holds so that the Republic, of 1947 with 1957 and again of 1978 with 1986, was directed by a communist government . At the end of the Years 1980, the Communist party knew a softening of its ideological line and renamed Parti progressive-democrat . Since then, it jointly directs the country with the dominant party of the Christian Democrats.
Since the end of the Years 1950, the Tourisme played a part growing for San Marino. In the year 2000, more than three million tourists went to visit this small State of less 30 000 inhabitants. The tax returned increased consequently, which made it possible at the State to be released from any national debt and to found in 1975 a completely free Health insurance for San Marino. Today, approximately 60% of the incomes of San Marino come directly or indirectly from tourism. The majority of the visitors come to make a one day there excursion since the great tourist centers of the Adriatic Sea near, such as Rimini and Pesaro.
San Marino became in 1988 a member of the the Council of Europe and adhered in 1992 to the United Nations.
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