History of Portugal

This article devotes to the Histoire Portugal.

The beginning

See also: Protohistoire of Celtibères

Approximately ten thousand years before Jesus-Christ the Iberian peninsula was inhabited by people autochtones which will be later known as being the Ibères. Among them the Tartessiens were (Tartessos). Four thousand years later arrived in the area Indo-European people , the Celtes. The Celtic tribes and ibères are frays to give the people Celtibères to which the Lusitanian S and the Gallèces belonged (Gallaeci). Less influences came from the Greeks and Phéniciens come from current Lebanon as well as their Carthaginian descendants which installed small semi-permanent commercial counters.

Roman province

See also: Lusitanie, Hispanie Roman, Roman Empire

Roughly at the 2nd century, the Iberian peninsula was conquered by Rome, thus giving a contribution of the Romans to the ethnic composition of the modern Portuguese population. Viriatus, hero Lusitanian, carried out the fight against the Roman invasion, but was demolishes and died into -139. The west of the Peninsula formed the Roman provinces of Lusitanie, in the south of Douro, and Gallécie, in the north of Douro, and enjoys the Pax romana during approximately five centuries. A popular alternative of the Latin (vulgar Latin) became the dominant language of the area. The Romans introduced l´écriture, the schools, of many scientfic concepts and the private property then still unknown.

Great invasions

See also: Great invasions, Germanic Migrations, Kingdom suève

Towards 500 ap J.C. cruel people of Germanic origin invaded the peninsula and then took it with the Roman Empire into full collapse. Among these invaders the Suèves and the Visigoths were, which populated what is the Portuguese territory today. The Vandals and the Alains also came on the Portuguese territory, but were expelled or partially integrated by the Visigoths.

al-Andalus

See also: Al-Andalus, Kingdom of León

As from the 7th century, the Iberian peninsula was invaded by the Moors from North Africa: Arab Moslem and Berber North-African recently converted with Islam. They nommérent the country Al-Andalus and its occident Al-Gharb Al-Andalus (Al-Andalus west - South and Center of the Portugal). The Moors dominated. north being attached to the kingdom of Galicia or Kingdom of León, embryo of Castille and Portugal of the Reconquista. This Reconquête lasted five centuries and was completed in 1249 for the Portugal. It is founder of the national identity.

Birth of the Kingdom of Portugal

From the 9th century, the south of Galicia forms a dynamic county around its religious metropolis, Braga, and of its port Oporto. It bears the name of Portucale or Terra portucalensis (country of Portucale ), pointing out the Latin name of Oporto ( Portus Cale or Portucale ). In 1095, Alphonse VI of Castille and León, sovereign of the Galicia, gives the county of Portugal, between the rivers Minho with north and Mondego in the south, with his/her son-in-law the knight Henri of Burgundy which installs its court close to Braga, to Guimarães (regarded since as “cradle” of Portugal). His/her son Alphonse Ier became king in about it 1143. Its fight against the Moor S was completed by its successors (Sanche Ier) two centuries before the Castilians and in 1252, it is the first State of the world to have reached its current borders. The reign of the kings de Bourgogne Denis Ier, Alphonse IV, Pierre Ier the Dispenser of justice and Ferdinand Ier is accompanied by an economic development, artistic (cathedrals of Braga, Coimbra and Lisbon, Eglise of Templiers of the convent of Tomar) and intellectual (historiography, illumination Commentaire of the Apocalypse ).

  • 1097  : Henri of Burgundy receives Alphonse {{Romain|VI}} of Castille and León, the county of Portugal.

  • 1139  : Alphonse Henriques (Alphonse Ier) proclaims king de Portugal after the Bataille of Ourique.
  • 1143  : Alphonse VII, king of Castille and Leon recognizes Alphonse Ier as king de Portugal (treated of Zamora)
  • 1147  : Alphonse Ier conquers Lisbon.
  • 1249  : Alphonse III pushes back the Moors definitively, by the conquest of the Algarve.
  • 1279 - 1325  : Denis Ier establishes the bases rémotes later great maritime forwardings of a hundred years.
  • 1355  : murder of Ines Castro ( Inês of Castro in Portuguese), mistress of the future Pierre Ier), ordered by Alphonse IV, father of this last. With the advent of Pierre in 1357, Ines was unearthed and crowned queen, the Large ones of the kingdom had to kiss the hand to him.
  • 1383 - 1385  : crisis of succession of Ferdinand I. Jean, Master of the military order of Aviz, is declared king by the the Cortes of Coimbra and beats the Castilians in the battle of Aljubarrota, on August 14th, 1385.
  • 1415  : catch of Ceuta, in Morocco, by Jean Ier.
  • 1434  : under the direction of Henri the Navigator, wire of Jean Ier, Gil Eanes exceeds the course Boujdour and begins navigations of discovered of the African coast.

Beginnings of the expansion

See also: colonial Empire Portuguese

Under the impulse of Henri the navigator the Portuguese sailors discover as a first European of many regions of Africa.

In 1442, Antao Goncalvez and Nuno Tristam directed a military forwarding and brought back blacks like slaves in their countries, for domestic and agricultural work. In 1454, the Pope Nicolas V will authorize the slavery of buckwheats and pagan by the bubble romanus pontifex . In 1492 official date of the end of the draft towards Portugal one counted African 10% in Lisbon. According to certain source this slavery stopped only with the 18th siècle.
The trade with African brings back also ivory and tropical fruits. In 1488, double Bartolomeu Dias the Cape of Good Hope in the search of a maritime way towards the Indies. He will die without to have achieved his goal but its compatriot Vasco de Gama arrives there on May 20th, 1498, opening the way with the trade of spices. Albuquerque founds in the Indies of the strong solids (Goa, Malacca, Moluques). Finally Pedro Alvares Cabral discovers the Brésil in 1500.

The discovery of Brazil makes it possible to the Portuguese tradesmen to adapt Pau-brasil, a very required wood of dyeing and construction. The Indians of Brazil then of many African are put in slavery for the culture of sugar. In 1600, Brazil is the first sugar producer in the world. At the XVIIe century Bandeirantes also discover gold and diamonds in the south of the colony who are exploited thanks to the same labor servile.
Portugal then counts to qu´ about 1,5 d´habitants million a whole people lives then implied in colonialism. In 1555 the country is counted like richest d´Europe.

Decline of l´empire

In 1497 the Jews are expelled of Portugal and the country loses many intellectuals. The country falls into a religious fanaticism which culminates with the Inquisition in 1536.

With regard to the colonies and the foreign trade, the Portuguese must deal with a sharp French competition and especially Dutchwoman. Of 1550 with 1575 the French occupy Rio of janeiro. The Dutchmen are even further occupying all the Brazilian Nordeste and the Angola (center of extraction of the slaves), of 1630 with 1654. Thanks to the colony of the Cape, the Dutch boats also have a stopover towards India, the West Indies and its invaluable spices.

The Dutch invasion indirectly having with the union of two Iberian monarchies in 1580, following the Battle of Alcantara, Portugal was implied in the competition hispano-Dutchwoman while all the important functions in Portugal fell to the hands from the Spaniards.

The ores (gold, diamond) found in Brazil at the XVIIe century did not enrich Portugal but on the contrary slowed down its economy exactly as that was the case of Spain as regards the money mines of Potosí. The two Iberian countries did not cease importing manufactured goods of England in exchange of the ores. At the end of two hundred years, Portuguese and Spanish manufactures were almost ruined while the British had gold, money, diamonds and an industry. In addition, the gold rush attracted as well immigrants towards Brazil as one had to slow down the departures towards the colony.

Portugal de Pombal

Napoleonean domination

the Brazilian crisis

the 1st Republic

The colonization of l Afric

Portugal de Salazar

Subjects of the history of Portugal

See too

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