History of Paris

The destiny of Paris is related to the conjunctions of several geographical and political factors. It is Clovis which decides at the 5th century to install the fixed bodies of the political power of the kingdom in the small city of the Parisii. This position of capital will be confirmed by the Capétiens, after a two century old bracket during the time Carolingienne.

The position of Paris to a crossroads between the terrestrial and river commercial routes in the middle of a rich person agricultural area in did one of the main cities of France during the 10th century, with royal Palais, rich person Abbaye S and a Cathédrale; during the 12th Paris century became one of the first centers in Europe for teaching and arts.

That it is the Fronde, the French revolution or nearer to us May 1968, Paris always was in the center of the torments which struck France.

Symbols

Etymology

Paris draws its name from the Gallic people of the Parisii (a Parisius , Parisii ). The word Paris is in fact the transformation, with time, of Latin Civitas Parisiorum (the City of Parisii), designation which carried it on Lutetia (Lutèce). The origin of the name of Parisii is not known with certainty. It could derive from the Gallic word kwar ( career ), by reference to the many careers of the Paris region.

The etymology of Paris east at the origin of many interpretations, often more eccentric ones than the others in order to glorifier the “more beautiful city of the World” and to allot more prestigious origins to him. The historians of the the Middle Ages as the Rigord monk of Saint-Denis attached the foundation of Paris to the catch of Troy, Troyens emigrated being then installed on banks of the Seine and would have baptized their new city of the name of Pâris, wire of Priam and lover of Helene. One finds also the etymology parisia , “audacity” in Greek. At the 16th century, Baptiste of Mantoue written in Vita Sancti Dionysii that the Parisian ones result from Parrhasiens, city of Arcadie, and companions of Héraclès (Hercules). Gilles Corrozet in the Fleur of Antiquitéz of more than noble and triumphante city and city of Paris published in 1532 estimates that Paris owes its name with a temple of Isis ( By Isis ), goddesses Egyptian woman, whose statue would be located at the church Saint-Germain-of-Meadows.

For François Rabelais finally, his explanation of the origin of the name appears in the chapter seventeen of Gargantua : " I croy that these marroufles voulent that I their pay icy my come well and my proficiat. It is reason. I voys to give them the wine, but it will be only by rys."
At the time, while soubriant, destacha its beautiful fly, and, drawing its mentule in the air, compissa so bitterly that it drowned of them two taxable quotas sixty thousand four taxable quotas ten and huyt, without the women and petiz enfans.
Some number of iceulx escaped this pissefort with legiereté from the feet, and, when were with the more hault of the University, suans, toussans, crachans and out of halene, commencerent to disavow and swear, the ungs in cholere, the aultres by rys: " Carymary, will carymara! By saincte Mamye, his bathe us by rys! " Of which was from the named city Paris, which before one appelloit Leucece, like dict Strabo, lib. III, i.e., in Greek, Blanchette, for the white thighs of the ladies dudict place. And, by as far as with ceste new imposition of the name all the assistans jurerent chascun the saincts of its parish, the Parisian ones, which are faictz of all people and all parts, are by nature and good swearers and good lawyers, and somewhat oultrecuydez, whose estimates Joaninus de Barranco, libro Of copiositate reverentiarum, that are dictz Parrhesiens in Grecisme, i.e. proud in speaking .

Prehistory

The Île-de-France is occupied by the man since at least: 40000 years, as testify some the cut stone tools found except context at the time of various excavation work in edge of the Seine.

The most spectacular archaeological discoveries in situ were made in the 12 {{E}} district where were put at the day in September 1991 the vestiges among oldest of the permanent human occupation on the territory of Paris. The excavations on ZAC of Bercy allowed the discovery of the traces of a permanent habitat of the period Chasséen (between: 4000 and: 3800 av. J. - C.), established on left bank of the old arm of the Seine, revealing an exceptional archaeological furniture: three large Pirog S monoxyles in oak which constitute the oldest boats discovered in Europe, a arc out of wood, arrows, Poterie S as well as many tools in bone and stone. The human occupation on the site of Paris would thus go back to at least six thousand years. The human presence seems to have been permanent during the Neolithic final (3400-1800 av. J. - C.) as the existence of several Mégalithe S attests it, Fart-with-Devil behind the Town hall, Pierre-with-Lay the near Châtelet, Pierre-with-Bacon close to the church Saint-Merri or the Large-Stone Rue Saint-Dominique.

Antiquity

The most total blur exists between this prehistoric occupation site and the Gallo-Roman period . Only certainty, the Parisii, Gallic people, is the Masters of the places when the troops of César furrow the country. Some evoke dates between -250 and -200 for the foundation of Paris of Parisii, without great arguments to put forward. In 52 av. J. - C., when Labienus, lieutenant of Jules César, takes Paris, it is made call Lutetia (translated later into French by Lutèce ) by the Romains. The role of capital of the Gaulle was then reserved for Lugdunum (Lyon). One does not know today with certainty the site of the Gallic city. It was thought a long time that it was in the island of the City but this assumption today is very discussed (the latter having been completely excavated during great work of Haussmann and of the building site of the subway). The Gallic city could very well be located in the island Saint-Louis or another island now attached to the left bank and which was opposite the island Saint-Louis (delta formed by the mouth of the Bièvre). A very currently discussed assumption is to place the Village Gallic of origin at Nanterre, with ten kilometers in the west of the center of Paris, as attests it the discovery end 2003 of an important Gallic city of about fifteen hectares (that is to say double of the island of the City) dating from second century BC.

The Roman city was built at the 1st century on left bank. It is thought that it extended roughly from the Boulevard Saint-Germain with the Valley-of-Grace and of the Rue Descartes with the Jardin of Luxembourg. Lutèce was built around the street Saint-Jacob (which was the Cardo) according to a plan organized in perpendicular streets. The center of the city is fixed by the Roman architects at the current level of the 172 and 174 of the street Saint-Jacob. The forum extended from the street Saint-Jacob with the boulevard Saint-Michel and from the Rue Cujas with the Rue Malebranche.

thermal baths were built with the angle of the Saint-Germain boulevard and the Saint-Michel boulevard, like near current the Collège de France, with the angle of the Rue of the Schools and the Rue Jean-of-Beauvais; they were fed by a Aqueduc bringing the water of the plate of Rungis, in the south. Several sections were updated in the 14th district and the 13th district.

A theater was with the angle of the Rue of School-of-Medicine and the Saint-Michel boulevard, with the current site of the Rue Root. In the East of the city, a river now channeled, the Beaver, circumvented the Montagne Holy-Genevieve while passing on the level of the Botanical garden. The river at that time crossed the 13 {{E}} district to throw itself in the the Seine on the level of the island of the City and the Saint-Louis island. The Arènes of Lutèce were located at the East of the city, near the Beaver. A cemetery (the Saint-Jacob necropolis) is established in the South of the city, with the site of the abbey of Port-Royal. But Lutèce was probably populated only by five to six thousand inhabitants to the maximum of his expansion, which makes of it only one modest city of the Roman world, Lugdunum (Lyon) with its apogee at the 2nd century cash of: 40000 with: 400000 inhabitants according to the estimates of the historians.

According to the tradition, the Christianisme is introduced into the city by the first bishop missionary, holy Denis, is martyrisé towards 250. During the the Lower Empire, Lutèce is devastated and set fire to by the Great invasions in the middle of the 3rd century and its population is folded up in the island of the City which is strengthened by the stone recovery taken at the large ruined buildings. Nevertheless as of the 4th century, the existence of suburbs is attested by a text, and the city at that time takes the name of the people of which it is the capital, the Parisii.

In 451, Sainte Genevieve, which has a growing influence on the Christian community, manages to convince the inhabitants not to flee the city in front of the imminent arrival of the Huns. Attila is diverted city without combat, before being demolishes with the fields Catalauniques .

The Middle Ages

The Mérovingien Clovis, king of the Frank , is established there to make its capital in of it 508 following its victory over the Romains. In spite of many bloody conflicts between its successors, the city at least remains the undivided capital of the kingdom of the Franc until the beginning of the 7th century. As of the 6th century, one notes the presence of a place of worship established on the Right Bank: the church Saint-Gervais (located today behind the Town hall).

At the 9th century, enclosures are built on Right Bank to protect the parishes from Saint-Gervais and Saint-Germain-the Auxerrois (located today close to the Louvre). The enclosure of Saint-Gervais was to be located roughly at the level of the streets of the Bars, Rivoli and Tacherie. At the 9th century, the Viking S plunder and sow terror along the coasts of the Manche, thanks to their Drakkar S, ships with weak draft easy to operate, they go up far the course of the Fleuve S in the grounds. They arrive for the first time to Paris in 845. The city is given up by its inhabitants and plundered, the king Charles the Bald person must pour: 7000 pounds of money so that they accept to evacuate it. The counts of Paris, of the dynasty héditaire of Robertiens, have extremely to make: as of 856 - 857, they return and set fire to all the churches except for Saint-Denis, Saint-Etienne and Saint-Germain-of-Meadows at the price of a strong ransom. But they however seize the latter in 858. In 861, the abbey and the whole city are burnt. In 865 - 866, it is Saint-Denis which is victim of a fire. Finally in 869, they plunder Saint-Germain-of-Meadows again. In 870, the king decides to organize the defense of the city: in 885, Gozlin, the bishop of Paris, makes repair the Gallo-Roman wall right before a new attack and the population takes refuge in the island of the City. The left bank is entirely destroyed by the Normands at the time of this new attack in 885 at the time of a one year old seat. The raids end only with the Traité Saint-Clearly-on-Epte concluded in 911.

When the crown falls to the Capétiens in 987, Paris is one of the two big cities of their personal field with Orleans but the kings remain rather in the latter. Their ancestor Eudes had illustrated himself by defending it vis-a-vis the Viking S. Hugues Capet fixes his residence in the Île of the City but remains little in Paris. On the other hand, his/her son and successor Robert the Piles frequently resides at Paris consolidating its preeminence and its role of capital. It makes restore the palate of the City and the abbeys, the city then becomes an important center of religious teaching at the beginning of the 11th century.

The first agglomerations of the Right Bank date from the 11th century. It is then about Saint-Martin-of-Fields (today Rue Réaumur), Saint-Germain-the Auxerrois and Saint-Gervais. The royal capacity gradually sets at Paris starting from Louis VI (1108 - 1137) and more still of Philippe Auguste (1179 - 1223). The court fixing itself at it, Paris becomes definitively the capital of the kingdom. The left bank of the city is truly rebuilt only at the 12th century. At the same time, the Right Bank consists of four districts: the district of Strike (Saint-Gervais), the Châtelet, the Markets and Saint-Germain-the Auxerre-native. The district of Strike extended then to the Saint-Merri church.

Thanks to its privileged position on the great commercial routes, it is the commercial activity which gives its rise to the city, the full curve of the river constituting a series of convenient natural ports. The Right Bank becomes the outlet of the commercial main roads: the Blé enters by the Rue Saint-Honore, cloths of North by the street Saint-Denis and fish of the the North Sea and the Manche by the street of the Fishmongers. The importance of its market, in connection with the Fair of Lendit to Saint-Denis, requires place and its establishment in a place more released than the island of the city: Louis VI installs it towards 1137 with the localities Champeaux , the small fields; the Halles of Paris remain there during more than eight centuries.

In 1163, the bishop Maurice de Sully undertakes the construction of a cathedral worthy of the seat of the royal and episcopal capacity to the site of two churches mérovingiennes: the first stone of the cathedral our-Lady is posed in the presence of the king Louis VII. The first episcopal palate of the city is built in the south of the building. A pregnant is built by Philippe-Auguste to protect the city in full expansion on its two banks, in particular of the threat which the king of England constitutes: she girds the agglomeration of the street Etienne-Marcel to the street of Estrapade and the news fortress of Louvre to the Ditch-Saint-Bernard. Thereafter, Paris extends then especially on Right Bank.

At that time, the episcopal schools surrounding the cloister our-Lady acquired a great reputation for the quality of their teaching. But main and pupils seek to withdraw supervision of the bishop and to create independent schools: these new places of teaching are established on left bank. After rough difficulties with the bishop and the king, they choose to place under the patronage of the pope Innocent III and found an defense organization, the Universitas , recognized in 1209 - 1210. The Université of Paris obtains the right to seal of its clean Sceau in 1252, which marks its independence. The reputation of the university very quickly attracts students come from the entire Christian occident; they gather in “colleges” according to their origins.

The importance of the city increases, as well on the political plan and financier as merchant. The central bodies of the government having their seat there, the king wishes to preserve the control of Paris and does not grant to the city a charter of commune; nevertheless, he concedes privileges of middle-class man of the king and grants to favors to the hanse merchants of the water which is essential thus with other corporations like a political power. He obtains from this fact an head office, the visiting room of the merchants, a bankruptcy court and the right to raise the tax. In 1258, Saint-Louis removes prévôté with the hands of the merchants and entrusts it to a close relation, Etienne Boileau. In 1263, the hanse of the merchants elects a first municipality made up of a provost of the merchants, Evrard of Valencians, assisted of four aldermen. Thus a system of double Ville authority - State sets up.

Towards 1328, the Parisian population is estimated by the historians at approximately: 200000 inhabitants, which is considerable and the most populated city of it Europe makes, London not counting whereas: 40000 with: 50000 inhabitants and Moscow less: 40000. But in 1348, the Black Death ten-per-cent tax population. At the 14th century, the enclosure of Charles V (1371 - 1380) includes the whole of current the 3 {{E}} and 4 {{E}} districts and extends from the Royal Pont with the Porte Saint-Denis (site of current the Rue of Aboukir).

During the War One hundred Year old, the popular discontent due to the stagnation with the standard of living with most modest, to the imprisonment of the king Jean the Good and to the weakness of the dolphin Charles V gives place to the ambition of the provost of the merchants Etienne Marcel, causing the Grande ordinance of 1357 then the first revolution Parisian and also a first rupture between the king and the city. The kings do not remain then any more in the center of the city, preferring the hotels Saint-pol., where is held on January 28th 1393 the Bal of burning the during which an accident causing occurs the death of several close relations of the king Charles VI which orders the destruction of the building then sinks definitively in the madness following this event. Thereafter it will be the hotel of the Tournelles, which one can more easily escape in the event of disorders. November 23rd 1407, the Assassinat of Louis of Orleans street Hurdy-gurdy-of-Temple causes the Civil war between Armagnacs and Burgundian. In September 1411, the city rocks in the Bourguignon camp; the civil war reigns then of 1412 with 1420.

Paris leaves deeply ruined by the war, in particular following the seat of 1429 imposed on the city by Jeanne d' Arc which wants to take it again with English and their allies Burgundian. Charles VII and its son Louis XI are wary of Paris and remain only exceptionally in the capital, preferring the to him Loire Valley. The city slowly manages to leave the stagnation of the war and the population increases half between 1422 and 1500, tonic of one hundred thousand to a hundred and fifty miles hearts. A modest economic expansion takes again about the middle of the 15th century following the reconquest of Pontoise in 1441 then with the re-establishment of navigation on the Seine and the trade on the roads of North, traditional ways of provisioning of the city. But this revival does not hide the collapse of Parisian drapery and the luxury trade, victim of the absence of the Court. Paris becomes a city administrative and legal and provincial immigration takes again towards 1500.

Rebirth

The Italian Renaissance hardly influences the structure of the city, its development remaining related to the residences of the king and the court. Also the Gothic style blazing remains it a long time the Parisian style par excellence, so much for the civil architecture (hotel of Cluny, hotel of Direction) that for the religious architecture (church Saint-Severin, church Saint-Etienne-of-Mount) where the influence of this one appears only discreetly in the decorative elements.

The royal authority had hitherto appeared only for the construction of enclosures, the paving of the streets or the erection of royal residences. Gradually, monarchy worries about the disordered expansion of the city, is interested in its aspect and enacts a first regulation of town planning. Its first important demonstration is the architectural ordinance imposed in 1500 on new the Pont Notre-Dame, bordered of uniform houses of brick and stone of style Louis XII.

In 1528, François I {{er}} fixes officially its residence at Paris. The rebuilding of Louvre then is decided and put in building site in 1546 under the direction of Pierre Lescot. The doors of the old enclosures are demolished, the first built stone quay of the city, the principal aligned streets and a town hall worthier of built the east city. The intellectual radiation of the city is considerable, with the teaching of the university turned towards theology and the liberal arts is added a modern teaching turned towards humanism and the exact sciences wanted by the king, the Collège de France. Under its reign, Paris reached: 280000 inhabitants and constitutes more big city of Western Europe, which makes say to the emperor Charles Quint: Lutetia not urbs, sed orbis (Paris is not a city, it is a World).

The August 24th 1572, under the reign of Charles IX, is held the Massacre of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, perpetrated by the catholic on the Protestant the day of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. This massacre is prolonged several days in the capital before extending to more than one score of provincial towns. One counts according to the witnesses of two thousand to ten thousand victims in the only capital. The catholic league is particularly powerful in the capital and draws up against the king Henri III during the day of the barricades in 1588. This last flees before besieging the city but he is assassinated with the Château of Saint-Cloud by the monk Jacques Clément on August 1st 1589.

The seat is maintained by Henri de Navarre, become the king Henri IV, but the city however ruined and famished refuses the entry to him. When it abjures the Protestantisme by converting with the cathedral of Chartres (the famous one but apocryphal book Paris is worth a mass ), the doors are finally open for him in 1594 and the king enters without combat the city.

The XVIIe century

At the end of the 16th century and at the beginning of the 17th century, Henri IV raises the city with a speed surprising, multiplying the building sites in order to reduce misery and poverty, to embellish the city and to serve its glory. The New Pont, whose work had been begun by Henri III, is completed, offering for the first time access to the river landscape, the preceding bridges being built with houses in overhang. A small place is arranged in its medium, the Dauphine Place, as well as the Dauphine Rue on left bank. The first modern architectural units bordered of houses of brick and uniform stones are built with the Place of the Vosges, on the site of the Hôtel of the Small towers destroys by Catherine de Médicis, and out of the perimeter of then of the city, the hospital Saint-Louis. The first payments of town planning are worked out by its minister Sully in dialog with the provost of the merchants, François Miron. But with the favor of an obstruction of circulation, the king is assassinated on May 14th 1610 by Ravaillac, Rue of the Ironwork.

Under the reign of its successor, Louis XIII, the started movement continues on the initiative of private promoters. Vast free grounds are acquired, of the traced streets and the developed pieces. Christophe Marie, which leaves her name to the Pont Marie, joins together two small islands to make the island Saint-Louis of it equipped with an architectural unit built by Louis Vau. Richelieu makes destroy 1633 with 1636 the Enceinte of Charles V on Right Bank and replaces it by an enclosure bastionnée known as of the Yellow Ditches to include the equivalent of the first four current districts. The movement of the Counter-Reformation, sign of the catholic revival, causes everywhere the construction of new convents. Sixty are built in Paris between 1600 and 1639, in particular in the Marsh, the Saint-Honore suburb and the Saint-Jacob suburb. In this last, Anne of Austria makes build the Valley-of-Grace on vast free grounds end to celebrate the so much awaited birth of the Dolphin. The hospital and charitable foundations multiply on the initiative of saint Vincent of Paul, without really succeeding with reduced misery or the Analphabétisme. In 1622, Paris reaches finally the row of Archevêché.

In 1648, the day of the barricades mark the beginning of the Sling which causes an important economic crisis and a new distrust of the king with respect to his capital. Louis XIV having relatively assured safety the kingdom thanks to the fortified towns of Vauban, it makes destroy the ramparts in 1670 in order to arrange on their site a planted walk, the new course, ancestor of the grand boulevards. The old strengthened doors are replaced by triumphal arches to the glory of the king, the doors Saint-Denis and Saint Martin's day.

The city which reaches them: 400000 inhabitants owes his increase in population during all the reign in Louis XIV only with provincial immigration, mortality overriding the births. The city is at that time miserable and marked by a strong insecurity, legendary the Cour of the miracles is gradually emptied of its false disabled person and beggars starting from 1656 by the lieutenant-general of police force Gabriel Nicolas of Reynie. The king chooses Versailles like residence in 1677, before moving there the seat of the government in 1682, it is Colbert which takes in hand the Parisian policy and makes the shuttle between Paris and Versailles. It establishes the observatory, the Hôpital of Salpêtrière then the Hôtel of the Invalids on left bank, the only one to have the grounds necessary. The Faubourg Saint-Germain extends to the Invalids, Louvre and Tileries are embellished and the arranged Place Vendôme. During all his reign, the sun king moves nevertheless only twenty-four times at Paris, primarily at the time of official ceremonies, thus marking his hostility in the city. This one is felt hard by the Parisian ones.

The XVIIIe century

At the 18th century, Versailles does not dispossess Paris of its intellectual radiation; on the contrary even, it makes of it a powerful slinger open to the ideas of the Lights. It is the century of the reign of the philosophers and the encyclopedists and the period of the literary living rooms, most famous being that of Mrs Geoffrin. The XVIIIe century is also that of a strong economic expansion which causes a considerable population growth, the city reached: 650000 inhabitants the day before the French revolution.

In 1715, the Philippe regent of Orleans leaves Versailles for the Palais Royal; the young king Louis XV is installed with the Palais of Tileries what marks the return of the royalty in Paris but this return is only transitory: as of 1722, Louis XV chooses to be reinstalled with the Château of Versailles breaking the fragile reconciliation with the Parisien people. The strong economic revival makes the popularity of the Régence even if this one is quickly splashed by the scandal with the bankruptcy with the Scottish financier John Law in 1720.

The built city extends then about on the surface covered today by the first six districts, the Jardin of Luxembourg marking the Western border of the city. Louis XV personally is interested in the city starting from 1748; the place Louis XV, become later Place of the Harmony, is arranged of 1763 with 1772. Then it is the Holy-Genevieve church which are built (current the the Pantheon), the Théâtre of Odéon, the military academy and the esplanade of the Field-of-March. Big change, all these buildings belong to vast urban refittings which transform the aspect of the districts which surround them. In 1785, the pregnant of the Farmers general surrounds roughly the eleven first current districts and does not have a military vocation: it is built only to impose the transit of the goods via the barriers of Octroi, which makes say to Parisian with irony The wall walling Paris returns Paris murmuring .

The French revolution

It is with Versailles that the French revolution by the convocation begins from the General states then the Serment of the Play of palm. But the will reformist and peaceful is quickly put at evil by the Parisian ones, affected by the economic crisis (price of the bread), sensitized with the political problems by the philosophy of the Lights but also by a rancour with regard to the royal capacity which gave up the city since more than one century. It is in Paris, at the place where the Rue Saint-Anthony joined current the Place of the Bastille that the Storming of the Bastille be is held the July 14th 1789, symbol of the absolutism and despotism, with the rising of the cabinetmaker S of the Faubourg Saint-Anthony. July 15th 1789, the astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly receives with the town hall the load of first mayor of Paris. The October 5th, the riot starts on the Parisian markets, carried out by the women. The 5 at the evening, Parisian crowd reaches Versailles and tears off with the king the sanction of the decrees (elected judges, tax equality, suppression of the indirect taxes). The 6 in the morning, the castle is invaded and the king must agree to come to reside at Paris with the Palais of Tileries and to call there the constituent Assembly which settles on October 19th in the Horse-gear of Tileries. The constitutional ones are most numerous, the radical patriots being still very minority. “The baker, the baker and the small baker's boy” brought back of Versailles become in fact of the prisoners of the Revolution and will go back there never again.

July 14th 1790 is held the Fête of the Federation on the Field-of-March but the same place is the theater of the Fusillade of Field-of-March on July 17th, 1791. Bailly quickly blamed is finally guillotine to have made shoot at the people. The Convent of Cordeliers and the Convent of the Jacobins, occupied after the setting on sale of the national goods as from May 1790, constitute high places of revolutionary Paris; they mark the any power of the Parisian clubs on the course of the Revolution. Hustling the monarchical capacity then even constitutional, they set up a dictatorship, firmly decided to set up the new order: Freedom, Equality, Fraternity .

In the night of August 9th, a new revolutionary Commune takes possession of the Town hall of Paris, sits of the government. At the time of the Day of August 10th, 1792, crowd besieges the Palais of Tileries with the support of the new municipal government. The king Louis XVI and the royal family ask for the support of the legislative Assemblée but is finally imprisoned with the Tour of the Temple. This event marks the effective end of the French monarchy (which will be restored in 1814). From September 2nd to 7th 1792 proceed one of the darkest episodes of the Revolution, the Massacres of September. At the time of the elections of 1792 which proceed in a tended context, the Commune of Paris plays a part of toughening; the national Convention is then elected but the group of the Girondins bringing the more moderate opinion of the middle-class of the provinces quickly is discredited and drawn aside from the capacity in June 1793 by Robespierre.

The Parisian ones then live two years of rationing and of reign of the Terreur under of the Comité of public hello comes up. The police of Paris, under the authority of the town hall, get busy to imprison all that the city still counts of noble, of rich person middle-class, priests and intellectuals in general. This is why the mayor of Paris is today still the only one of France to being private of any policing powers. January 21st 1793, Louis XVI is guillotine on the place Louis XV, renamed “place of the Revolution”; it is followed on the scaffold in only a few weeks by: 1119 people, of which Marie-Antoinette, Charlotte Corday, the countess of Barry, Danton, Lavoisier and finally Robespierre and its partisans after the Thermidor 9 year II (July 27th, 1794).

The Revolution is not a time of development for the city and few monuments are built; only the field of Mars testifies to the national celebrations. On the other hand, of many convents and churches are shaven. They leave room to allotments built without overall plan, which leads to a reduction of the green areas of the city and to a thickening of the center. Under the Directory, investment properties, of neo-classic style, are high.

Empire

In 1799, the political power does not belong any more to Parisian but to a young Corsican general, Napoleon Bonaparte. May 18th 1804, unanimously, the senate votes the introduction of the imperial government, on December 2nd, Napoleon i is crowned emperor by the pope Pie VII with the cathedral Notre-Dame. It decides to establish in Paris the capital of sound Empire. It makes the capital of Europe of it, in front of Rome, second city of the Empire, and Amsterdam, third. In 1801, Paris recovered the losses undergone under the Revolution and counts: 546856 inhabitants; this progression is nevertheless especially the fact of provincial immigration, the birthrate remaining weak. Since the middle of the 18th century, the city is outdistanced by London in full economic and demographic expansion which reaches: 1096784 inhabitants. Nevertheless, Paris remains one of the more big cities of Europe, Moscow and Amsterdam counts each one approximately: 200000 inhabitants and Rome approximately: 150000.

The city is associated with the imperial records and the emperor is interested of close at the city and his problems. He wants large monuments with his glory of Roman style, the triumphal arch, the Triumphal arch of the Carousel, the Pont of Iéna, the Madeleine, the Bourse and many fountains are built in order to bring water to the Parisian ones. The roadway system is entirely reorganized, the classification of the houses is created, the quays, the sewers, the cemeteries are built. The water provision is improved by creation of the Canal of Ourcq and the water conveyance, a network of markets is set up as well as slaughter-houses and the wine market. But Napoleon does not have time to create large openings; only that East-West of the Rue of Rivoli is carried out with its buildings drawn by the architects Percier and Fontaine.

Restoration and the monarchy of July

The fall of the Empire in 1814 then in 1815 after the Hundred Days bring to Paris the English armies and cossacks who camp on the Field-Élysées that they ransack. Louis XVIII of return of exile returns in Paris and settles with Tileries.

Louis XVIII and Charles X are not worried Parisian town planning but private construction knows an important blaze with the development of the banking system. New residential districts are traced, the district of Europe, the Saint-Georges district (known as “Athens News”), with buildings of ancient style.

Under the Monarchy of July, the money middle-class triumphs but this one is opposed to the traditional middle-class and the working Prolétariat in strong expansion which piles up misérablement in the central districts. The latter reach more cent-mille inhabitants with the square kilometer and constitute important hearths of epidemic; the Cholera in 1832 made: 32000 victims. In 1837, Paris enters the era of the Railroad with the opening of the Gare Saint-Lazare. It is quickly followed by five other “landing stages”. The company of the time is abundantly described by Balzac, Victor Hugo or Eugene Sue.

In 1848, 80% of deaths go to the common grave and the two-thirds of Parisian are too poor to pay the tax. These central districts in addition constitute important hearths of popular revolts; the barricades make fall Charles X at the time of the glorious Three then Louis-Philippe in 1848.

During this period, the city accelerates its growth rate to reach the wall of the Farmers general, while in the suburbs one builds (between 1840 and 1845) the last enclosure of Paris, known as pregnant of Thiers on the current site of the ring road. But in the middle of the city, only the bored shy person of the Rue Rambuteau is implemented.

Second Empire

See also: Transformations of Paris under the Second Empire

With the advent of the Second Empire, Paris changes radically; of one city to the medieval structure and old and unhealthy constructions, almost deprived of main roads of circulation, it becomes in less than twenty years a modern city. Napoleon III has precise ideas on town planning, housing, the urban development, matured by long years of exile to London. Being surrounded men of action, Georges Eugene Haussmann, named prefect of the the Seine in 1853, Eugene Belgrand, the Engineer hydraulician, and Jean-Charles Alphand, Architect landscape designer, it engages in gigantic Paris work of modernization whose speed is surprising. This transformation is allowed by the richness of the leading classes and the economic powers into full expansion. It develops the network of the sewers, makes disappear from many unhealthy districts and gives to Paris broad avenues mitigating the big problems of circulation as well as sumptuous monuments such as the Opéra Garnier, the Louvre in its current aspect and the Palais of Tileries (disappeared today) and finally of many parks and gardens. Haussmann crosses in the Paris old man and makes disappear from many unhealthy districts, the island of the City is almost emptied of its inhabitants and leaves the place with vast administrative buildings, the Hôtel-Dieu and the Police headquarter, two grand boulevard North-South and East-West are traced, the boulevards of Sébastopol and Saint-Michel and the Rue of Rivoli which is completed, and draw the urban screen of new Paris. A new architectural style appears with the new stone buildings of size to the carved decoration which will be described later as “Haussmanniens” whose Avenue of the Opera is one of most characteristic. On the grounds released by expropriation, the prices go up out of arrow and the working population is driven out new districts in construction. Prudently, an important barracks is established Place of the Republic because this work, in addition to the modernization of the city and sanitarianism in vogue, especially make disappear the tortuous and popular lanes, traditional revolutionary hearths and places of barricades. Belgrand collects the Dhuis and the Vanne. The sewerage system passes from 150 to 500 kilometers. Alphand creates vast parks on released grounds, the parks Monceau, Hillock-Chaumont, Montsouris and, with the periphery of the city, the Bois de Boulogne and of Vincennes are arranged. Paris of today is thus before all that of Napoleon III and Haussmann.

The June 16th 1859, a law makes attach to Paris several common neighbors, thus extending the limits of the commune to the line of fortifications which surrounds the city and its suburbs. Are thus attached to Paris the communes of Belleville, Grenelle, Vaugirard and the Villette in their totality, of Auteuil, the Batignolles-Heap, Bercy, the Vault-Saint-Denis, Charonne, Montmartre and Passy in major part (parts of these communes located outside the fortifications being attached to the common neighbors), as well as districts of Aubervilliers, Bagnolet, Gentilly, Issy, Ivry, Montrouge, Neuilly, Pantin, Pre-Saint-Gervais, Saint-Mandé, Saint-Ouen and Vanves. This law takes effect on January 1st 1860 and constitutes a big step in the great work directed by Haussmann. The French capital passes thus from twelve to twenty districts and of: 3288 with: 7088 hectares. This evolution is the last of importance and solidifies for a long time the administrative limits of the city. The continuous growth urban of the end of the 19th century and the 20th century is not accompanied indeed more by one expansion of the communal borders what is at the origin of the “Banlieue”.

The Commune of Paris

See also: Common of Paris (1871), Common of Paris

At the time of the Franco-German War of 1870, Paris is besieged during several months but is not taken by the Prussian armies. Refusing the armistice signed the January 26th 1871 and following the elections of February which carry to the capacity of the royalists eager to put an end to the war, the Parisian ones rise the March 18th 1871: it is the beginning of the Commune of Paris. Adolphe Thiers, chief of the government installed temporarily to Versailles, militarily crushes it between the 22 and May 28th at the time of the bloody Semaine which remains to date the last Civil war that Paris knew.

Beautiful Time with the First World War

During the Beautiful Time, the economic expansion of the capital is important but it is held on bottom of political tensions in the street. Nevertheless, the reception of two World Fairs in 1889 and 1900, which leave a broad print in the capital, contributes to alleviate the tensions. The Eiffel Tower is built for the exposure of 1889 (centenary of the French revolution). The first line of the metropolitan as well as the Large palace, the Petit Palais and the Pont Alexandre-III is inaugurated at the time of that of 1900. Paris becomes an important industrial center, but the center of gravity of industry moves gradually in outskirts of the city with the research of space necessary. The automobile and aeronautical factories for example are established essentially with Boulogne-Billancourt (Renault), Suresnes (Citroen and workshops of Louis Blériot become later the Aérospatiale) and Puteaux (Of Dion-Button), in current the Hauts-de-Seine. This migration is at the origin of the strong concentration of workmen in outskirts of the city and of the “red suburbs” communist which is set up at that time. Nevertheless certain sectors remain strongly established in the city intramurally , in particular the press and printing works.

It is at this period, of the Belle Time with the Mad years, that Paris knows the apogee of its cultural influence on the World, in particular around the districts of Montparnasse and Montmartre. It is indeed during these decades that the City of Light accommodates very many artists such Picasso, Matisse, Braque or Fernand Leger.

In 1910, a centennial rising of the Seine causes one of most serious the Inondation S than the city knew and made for three billion francs of damage. The economic expansion begins again quickly but the release of the First World War brutally puts fine at that time prosperity. Paris sees its modernization ceasing during the years of war, all the building sites are then stopped. The bringing together of the face in 1914 causes the departure of the government for Bordeaux from September to December, the German troops having reached Luzarches, with less than thirty kilometers in the north of the city. Paris is saved by the engagements, the progression of the German armies in France having been stopped on the Marne. On the other hand, the city undergoes the bombardments of the “Taube”, the raids of the Zeppelin S, and the shootings of German gun; one of these shootings makes a hundred victims when it reaches the church Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais in the district of the Marsh on March 29th 1918. These bombardments will remain episodical and will constitute only psychological operations with character. The procession of the victory on July 14th 1919 mark end of more than four years of nightmare.

Inter-war period and the Second world war

The Inter-war period mark the return to peace but in a context of social crisis and economic. The public authorities remain impotent vis-a-vis the Housing shortage and incompetents to implement the ambitious town-planning necessary. Nevertheless, the subway is prolonged in suburbs, a modest policy of housing is installation with the Loi Squinter which supports the development of the dwellings at a cheap rate or HBM. Many brick buildings are set up along the outer boulevards, with the site of the pregnant of Thiers then destroyed because henceforth useless, and constitute the best examples of this period. garden city are also built in the remainder of the department of the Seine (current small crown) but their number remains limited and no green area of importance is added to those of Haussmann. The main part of the Parisian buildings remain dilapidated and constitute hearths of Tuberculose, the urban density reaches its paroxysm in 1931, Paris intramurally cash: 2891000 inhabitants, the maximum reached by the city. In parallel, of the Lotissement S develop everywhere around Paris near the stations and mark the beginnings of the spectacular development of the suburbs but this expansion is made in an anarchistic way and these new districts built into full fields suffer from a chronic lack with installations and public equipment.

The Parisian ones try to take again their political preeminence in a context of multiple accounting scandals and corruption of the political circles. February 6th 1934 is held the manifestation of the patriotic Ligues against the parliamentary left, which degenerates into riots and makes seventeen killed and mille-cinq-cents wounded, then on July 14th 1935, an important procession takes place in favor of the Popular front and counts five hundreds - thousand demonstrators. But the September 3rd 1939, France declares the war in Germany.

During this conflict, the city is declared open Ville at the time of the military rout of 1940. Thus saved in the immediate future, Paris is consequently occupied by the troops of the Wehrmacht until the Libération of 1944. Paris ceases being the capital of the country and becomes the seat of the German military command in France ( Militärbefelschaber in Frankreich ), implying a strong presence of troops and enemy services. The shortage and rationing become the daily newspaper of the inhabitants, causing the development of the Black-market, encouraged in fact by the occupant. A new press appears, that of the newspapers collaborating with the Germans. December 23rd, 1940, the engineer Jacques Bonsergent is the first resistant one shot to Paris. On July 16th and 17th 1942, is held the raid of Vel' d' Hiv', arrest of: 12884 Jewish, most massive in France. : 6000 are directed towards the Camp of Drancy and: 6900 are concentrated in the Vélodrome of Winter during more than one week, essentially of the women and children. The collaborator attitude of the French authorities pushes many Parisian to begin in the Résistance.

Starting from the August 19th 1944, with the approach of the allied troops newcomer of Normandy, occurs a rising armed under the impulse with the interior Résistance. The August 25th, after the entry in Paris of the the 2nd armor-plated division of the general Leclerc, the commander of the German garrison, the general von Choltitz, capitulates without carrying out the orders of Hitler which were to destroy the city, “ Paris should not fall to the hands from the enemy, or it should find only one field of ruins ”. The bridges and the monuments of Paris are thus relatively saved by the combat of the Libération. The city is one of the only communes of France to even decree the title of Compagnon of the Release.

Contemporary Paris

In 1956, Paris binds to Rome in a exclusive Jumelage, with a strong value of symbol and reconciliation after the Second world war.

Under the mandates of the general de Gaulle of 1958 with 1969, several events political are held in the capital. The Massacre of October 17th, 1961 indicates repression having struck a peaceful Manifestation in favor of the independence from Algeria in Paris. According to the estimates, between 32 and 325 Maghrebians died under the blows of the French police force, then directed by the prefect of police Maurice Papon. Tens of demonstrators were thrown in the Seine, while others died in detention centres.

Starting from March 22nd 1968, a important movement student touches the university of Nanterre. The Parisian students start demonstrations in the Latin Quarter on April 12th, which degenerate into riots at the time of the night of the barricades May 10th and 11th. A Committee for the maintenance of occupations (CMDO) is then created with the Sorbonne on the initiative of the Internationale situationnist. Born from the student's crisis, the movement very quickly moults in political crisis and social of international scale. May 13rd, of immense demonstrations gather: 800000 people come to protest against police violences. After two months of disorders, the Parisian ones strongly vote in favor of the de Gaulle general at the time of the legislative elections of the June 22nd and 29th 1968 and the calm cost. In spite of this plebiscite, he will resign following the referendum of the April 27th 1969.

At the time of the funeral of the de Gaulle general on November 12th 1970, an immense crowd and the Heads of State and governments of eighty-four country are present at the time of the religious service which proceeds with the Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris. Its successor, the president Pompidou, is that which is interested more in the capital but he dies before the end of his mandate, in 1974. He leaves his name in the center which shelters the National museum of Modern art and the Public library of information and to the expressway Right Bank. Its successor, the president Giscard d'Estaing, is also interested in Paris but does not share the vision of a rather radical modernization: he calls into question the project planned for the Markets and stops partially the project of expressway left bank. In 1976, the State grants under its mandate for the first time since 1871 an autonomous municipality to the capital. Jacques Chirac is then elected mayor of Paris. The successor of the general de Gaulle, Georges Pompidou is interested of close with the capital. He leaves his name in the center which shelters the National museum of Modern art and the Public library of information and to the expressway Right Bank. Its successor, the president Giscard d'Estaing does not share his vision of a radical modernization: he calls into question the project planned for the Markets and stops partially the project of expressway left bank. In 1976, the State grants for the first time since 1871 an autonomous municipality to the capital. The candidate RPR Jacques Chirac is then elected mayor of Paris. It twice remains it during 18 years, re-elected in 1983 and 1989.

The May 21st 1981, the day of the taking of of the president Mitterrand opens by a ceremony with the the Pantheon during which it pays homage, by a deposit of red roses, with Jean Jaurès, Jean Moulin and Victor Schœlcher. Under its first mandate of François Mitterrand, a reform is adopted by the law of Décentralisation of the December 31st 1982: it equips each district with the capital of a mayor and a clean Municipal council and indicated either by the Maire of Paris.

In 1991, the quays of the the Seine of the Pont Sully upstream with the Pont of Iéna downstream are classified on the Liste of the world heritage of UNESCO for its fluvio-urban overall remarkable town planning and its monuments of which several constitute chief-of works with the world radiation.

Become president of the Republic in May 1995, Jacques Chirac is replaced with the town hall by Jean Tiberi whose mandate is marked by the fight against pollution with the multiplication of the corridors of bus, the cycle tracks and the opening of the bank roads Sunday. Its mandate is however affected by political politico-financial businesses and divisions within its own municipal majority supporting the election in March 2001 socialist Bertrand Delanoë, first mayor of left since the commune of Paris. This one then posts its will to reduce the place of the car in the capital to the profit in particular of the pedestrians and the public transport with inter alia installations of the ways of bus in exclusive right of way, and supports the promotion of festive events like Sleepless night or Paris-Beach .

The autumn 2005 is marked by important urban riots in suburbs which start with Clichy-sous-Bois in Seine-Saint-Denis on October 27th, 2005 with the death of two young people continued by the police force, before spreading itself in a great number of poor suburbs through France. The Urban violences relate to nevertheless only little then the downtown area of which the town of intramural Paris. This episode relayed by the media of many countries watch then the state of ethnic and social ghettoisation of many sectors of suburbs and incapacity of the political power to face the failure of the Integration of an important immigrant population.

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