The Paraguay is a State of South America, independent since the May 14th 1811. It was before a Spanish colony .
History précolombienne
Before Spanish colonization, the territories which currently constitute Paraguay were populated of Amerindian semi wandering speaking about the languages close to the guarani. These men were savage warriors, who practiced a worship polytheist.
Colonization
The Spanish Juan de Salazar founds the town of Asunción the day of the Ascension (August 15th) 1537. The city then became the capital of the new Spanish colony the Gouvernement of Rio of Plata, become a viceroyalty thereafter (see these articles), then of the State independent of Paraguay (1811).The years 1610 - 1767 were those of the domination Jesuit on the Indians Guarani S of the province Jesuit in Paraguay, which included/understood part of current Paraguay, but also part of the Brésil and Argentine (current Argentinian State of Misiones). The Jesuit presence appeared in particular by creation, starting from 1609, of Réductions, villages made up of several hundreds or thousands of Indians sedentarized and framed only by two Jesuits. One could in this respect speaking about " Communism chrétien" (Clovis Hugon), insofar as the life of the Guarani S Community (until the distribution each morning of the tools to go to work with the fields) and were strongly framed by the religion (obligatory mass at 5:30 in the morning and day rythmée by the religious celebrations). In 1611, by the ordinances of Alfaro, Spanish monarchy provides at this institution a clear legislative base. The reductions are strictly prohibited with the White, Noirs and Mongrels. The Indians are exempted system of the encomienda, according to which Indians, entrusted to a colonist, were to receive from him protection and Christian instruction in exchange of work on its exploitation. The province of Paraguay belonged to the Viceroyalty of High-Peru and was located in a strategic area, crossing point between the Peruvian mines (in particular mines of money of the Potosi) and the port of Buenos Aires, by which metals *gagnaient Spain. Consequently, the economy of the reductions was related to the mining activity: Guaranis raised cattle for the meat and the leather (which was in particular used to manufacture bags for the minors) and of the mules intended to transport the material in the escarpées mine fields.
However, the system of the reductions Jesuits displeased to the Spanish and Portuguese colonists, insofar as the ordinances of Alfaro withdrew Guaranis from the encomienda. Raids of eager colonists of rafler of the slaves were organized, and this all the more easily as the reductions joined together an significant amount of Indians in the same place. It was in particular the case in the Années 1630, with the raids of the bandeirantes, Portuguese colonists of the town of Sao Paulo near. Consequently, the king of Spain authorized Guaranis to arm and constitute militia. In 1641 was held the battle of Rio Mbororé, victory of Guaranis and their Jesuits against Paulistes. These confrontations were of course also related to the competition of the two great empires Spanish and Portuguese.
In 1750 was signed the treated of Madrid or treated limits between monarchies Spanish and Portuguese: in exchange of the evacuation by the Portuguese of the place of Colônia (space of smuggling and Portuguese threat on Buenos Aires, located on the other side of the Rio of Plata), the king of Spain, which had however granted to the Jesuits the administration of the zone, was to make evacuate seven reductions located at the east of the Rio Uruguay and to yield this territory to the Portuguese. The refusal of Guaranis appeared by the Guerre of the 7 reductions, of 1754 with 1756, under the aegis of cacic (usual chief) and corregidor (" président" " council municipal" of a reduction) Nicolas Neengiru. This episode consolidated the rumors which circulated then in Europe, making these reductions a true State in the State with the hands of the Jesuits, exploiting Guaranis to arrive to ultimement fighting at the same time the Spaniards and the Portuguese. The rumor even wanted that this State is controlled by an emperor (answering precisely, like Neengiru, with the first name of Nicolas) and than it strikes its own currency (some affirm to have seen specimens of them). All that was not without influencing in the decision taken by Portuguese monarchy in 1759, then by Spanish monarchy in 1767, to expel the Jesuits of the American empires. In any event, it should be stressed the originality of this form of colonization, in particular in the context of the often brutal colonization of the conquistadors. The province of Paraguay was the area where the demographic fall of the Indians was the least sensitive.
-
Bibliography on the reductions Jesuits in Paraguay:
- Mr. Ezran, a soft colonization: missions of Paraguay , Paris, 1989.
- Barbara Gansom, The Garani under spanish rule in the Rio of Plata , Standford, 2003.
- L.A. Muratori, Relation of the Missions of Paraguay , 1754.
Independence
The first years of independence of Paraguay see to be established the tradition of the personal capacity, under the aegis of three strong personalities, Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia, Carlos Antonio López, and his son Francisco Solano López. This last makes lose in Paraguay two thirds of its population during the Guerre of Triple Alliance (1864 - 1870), against a coalition gathering the Brésil, the Argentine and the Uruguay. Brazil occupied the country of 1870 to 1874. Then, all the presidents elected with the head of the country were it under the banner of the Parti Colorado 1880 with 1904, until the liberal party takes the capacity, that it preserves with only one short interruption until in 1940.
20th century
In the Years 1930 and 40, the Paraguayan policy is strongly marked by the Guerre of Chaco against the Bolivia, by the Civil war of Paraguay the military, dictatorships, and of the periods of strong political instability. The general Stroessner seizes the power in May 1954. Elected to complete the unfinished mandate of its predecessor, he is re-elected seven times, maintaining the state of siege permanently, the Constitution being suspended, and with the support of the army and the left Colorado. During the 34 years of the reign of Stroessner, the civic rights were seriously restricted, and the systematically continued and imprisoned opponents, in the name of the fight against the Communisme and of the national security. The new Constitution of 1967 which legitimates the capacity of Stroessner causes the progressive insulation of Paraguay of the rest of the world.
The February 3rd 1989, Stroessner is reversed by a military Coup d'etat of the general Andres Rodriguez, who gains the presidential election then easily in May. Its party, the Colorado party, gains the majority of the seats to the Congress. However, the opposition gains several big cities, of which Asunción, with the local elections of 1991. Rodriguez launches several political reforms, legislative and economic, and opens Paraguay outside.
Contemporary Paraguay
The constitution of June 1992 establishes a democratic system and reinforces the protection of the basic rights radically. In May 1993, the candidate of the Parti Colorado Juan Carlos Wasmosy is the first civil president of Paraguay since 1954, elected during impartial and free elections. The Congress is on the other hand dominated by the opposition, which shows that the Exécutif did not interfere on its election. In April 1996, an attempt at military Coup d'etat of the chief of staff of the armies Lino Oviedo fails thanks to the popular mobilization, the support of the Organization of the American States and the the United States.
Marzo paraguayo : the crisis of March 1999
Lino Oviedo is however the candidate of the Colorado party to the elections of 1998, but the Supreme court does not authorize it to present itself and maintains it imprisoned. It is its rival of the party Colorado, Raùl Cubas, which is elected in May. Its presidency is marked by the conflict on the statute of Oviedo, which influences the policy of the government of Cubed. One of the first instruments of Cubed is thus to commute the sorrow of Oviedo and to release it. These acts are declared anticonstitutional in December 1998 by the Supreme court. In February 1999, Cubas defies the Court openly, by refusing the return of Oviedo in prison. It is in this context that the vice-president Luis Maria Argaña, rival of long time of Oviedo, is assassinated on March 23rd, 1999, which leads the House of Commons to pronounce the Impeachment of Cubed the 24. March 26th, eight students who expressed against the government are assassinated, assassination rather largely allotted to the partisans of Oviedo. This exaction then returns the vote of the Senate which was to impeachment take place the 29 on the inevitably unfavourable impeachment with Raùl Cubas, which resigns the 28. The president of the Senate, Shine Ángel González Macchi, adversary of Cubed, pronounces the oath of presidential nomination the same day, in spite of fears of military coup d'etat. Cubed flees in Brazil the 29 and receives the political asylum there. Oviedo also flees him, in Argentina then in Brazil. The request for extradition subjected by the Paraguayan authorities is rejected in December 2001.
Presidency of Gonzalez Macchi
The new president offers places in his ministerial cabinet to senators representative of the three political principal parties to create a government coalition. Even if the liberal party withdraws government in February 2000, the government Gonzalez Macchi succeeded in finding a consensus on several discussed reforms, including the economic reforms. The liberal Julio César Franco gains the elections of August 2000 to provide for the station with vice-president. In August 2001, a procedure of impeachment against Gonzalez Macchi is examined by the Congress, for allegations of Corruption and charges of ineffective government, but does not approve it.In 2003, Nicanor Duarte Frutos, Colorado party, is elected president.
See too
| Random links: | Good Cities | Virtual Network Computing | Harvey Mason | University of Dallas | Villas of Palladio in Venezia |