History of Palestine

The history of Palestine is the presentation of the events in the area of Palestine during the History.

This article sticks to work of the historians and the archeologists relating to this area. For the biblical and religious sources and the history of the Jewish people (= judéen), to see Israel (Bible), Judaism, Jewish and articles quoted in " See aussi".

Prehistory

Of the excavations in the south of the Lake Tibériade and other parts of the valley of the the Jordan made it possible to put at the day of the traces of Hominides going up the paleolithic inferior, that is to say dating of more than one million years. Other fossils discovered have an age estimated at approximately 300.000 years. The frequentation of the caves by the man seems to start with the higher Acheuléen. The fossil the man of Galileo date of approximately 140.000 years.

Between and it develops, in Judaea and Samarie, the ''' civilization natoufienne ''', undoubtedly nomad, which one finds the vestiges. This civilization would have been made up of two slightly different groups of populations, on the one hand ancestors of people of the eurafricain type (Palestine, Iraq, Iran and Anatolia of historical times) and the ancestor of proto-Mediterranean also many in Palestine.
As of, of the Neolithic tribes domesticated plants, animals, sédentarisées and practices agriculture and the breeding. Towards 10.000 to 8.000 before JC, the tools in bone appears to take a real importance and furniture hones a characteristic rise of it. At this period, the climatic conditions are favorable (more less high precipitations and temperatures).
As of, the town of er Riha (Jericho), constitutes one of the oldest cities of the world. It is estimated that this time coincides with the first cities as such made up.
During the last quarter of, ceramics makes its appearance, as well as other forms of craft industry.
badly known Palestine of the east. One supposes displacements of populations which can be had with climatic variations. The reliefs and the coastal region are occupied by a civilization in forest matter as the prevalence testifies some to the instruments intended for the work of wood.

In the middle of, of old sites of the valley of the Jordan as that of Jericho is again occupied with the improvement of the climatic conditions.
At the end of, Palestine reaches a level of economic development and cultural approaching that of civilizations of the north of Syria which had profited earlier from north-mésopotamiennes influences.

With: Civilization cananéenne is organized on a system of city-States, fruits of an osmosis between sedentary farmers and pastors seminomad.

In the first part of, the techniques of the metallurgy and the work of the Ivory, arrive of north. One then sees appearing techno-economic structures adapted to the dry areas: there live small communities living of the cereal culture and the breeding of large and the smaller live-stock.
In the second part of, it is the Egypt which influences the area.
Towards the end of the civilization of the farmer-stockbreeders disappears without it being possible to establish bond with the formation of civilization cananéenne of. Up to 2400 before JC, the climate was a little wetter than nowadays.

The inauguration of exchanges between Palestine and Egypt, through the desert of the the Sinai, towards the end of, is an event of first importance because hitherto Palestine had been a " bottom-of-sac" subjected to the only Asian influences. These relations become considerable extensive, thanks to the use of bovidé like animal of pack, able to cross the few 200 kilometers of quasi-desert separating the Palestinian south from the Egyptian delta. Consequently, Palestine plays the part of zone of passage where the influences cross, and often weapons, of the great empires of Egypt and the Asian Middle East.

is that of the civilization cananéenne which extends beyond the end from prehistory. Although the writing does not appear in Palestine before second half of, taking into account the state of overproduction, centralization and redistribution of the food surpluses, it is generally considered by the historians that this new economic order, social and political mark the entry of Palestine in the history, is in the current one of. By the exchanges with Egypt, the area develops and grows rich, specializes in the trade of ceramics and of many constructions are born. Many cananéennes cities develop and are strengthened.

The period cananéenne in the middle of

The historians generally consider that the period cananéenne is spread out beginning of with the end of. See the article Country of Canaan.

With leaving, of the seminomad populations crosses the Jordan and penetrates in Palestine, causing the collapse of the socio-economic structures which prevailed there: the agglomerations are destroyed and given up and the Palestinian economy converts with the breeding.
From, it is supposed an increase in the number of the permanent installations, and a reduction in that of the tribes; but it seems that one still remains very close to the tribal organization.

This period during which displacements between Asia, since Mésopotamie, and Egypt are intense corresponds to one moment of internal agitation which is used as prelude to the invasion Hyksôs (“Princes of the foreign countries”) of Egypt. During this same period, the Palestinian agglomerations start to be surrounded by ramparts.

the existence of the city cananéenne of Ourousalim (Jerusalem) is attested in writings dating from the

the attacks and infiltrations repeated lead to Hyksôs way towards the oriental party of the delta of the Nile where they make of Avaris their capital. The Hyksôs were probably small princes cananéens and amorrites from Palestine. As opposed to what one thought, the Hyksôs do not seem to be Semitic people because the most recent data show, according to Dominique Valbelle, that their language did not belong to the family of the Semitic languages. Egyptian shelves mention them like wandering groups of stockbreeders and merchants practitioner plundering. At that time, Palestine, centers of an empire placed under the authority of the capital hyksôs of Avaris, reached a remarkable level of civilization. Powerful fortifications unceasingly surround the residences of the Palestinian kinglets in war the ones against the others and resorting to tanks of war drawn by horses. Roomy residences, including/understanding interior court and stage, were released. They contrast with the hovels which contemporary are occupied to them by the mass of the population. The tombs, dug in the rock, are generally family burials; weapons and jewels of good quality accompany the remainders by late fortunate. In the field of ceramics, the forms imitate those of metal vases. One sees spreading in Palestine a pottery known as " hyksôs" , black, glossed and encrusted with white limestone paste, as well as work on ivory of great quality, or the reputation acquired by Cananéens in the dyeing crimson.
Towards 1850 av. J. - C., the city of Ascalon (Ashquelon) is the capital of a kingdom cananéen and a very active port on the Mediterranean which exports the products of the back-country. She is girded of a wall of 2 km circumference, high of 25 meters, and the city was to count nearly 15.000 inhabitants.

Supplementing the work of national release undertaken by the Pharaons of the XVIIe dynasty, Ahmosis, the founder of the XVIIIe dynasty, seized Avaris and pursues Hyksôs as far as Asia. Thus, about the middle of, Egypt conquers Palestine where Egyptian protectorate was maintained during three centuries and half, during which the international situation sudden of many modifications: the conflicts with Hittites and the frequent revolts of the Bedouins camped in the Negev and the Sinai involved destruction, plunderings, deportations in Palestine.

Recent Bronze Age -1550 to -1200

recent Bronze (- 1550, -1200) finishes, throughout its last century, by a systemic collapse which touches all the Eastern basin of the Mediterranean. One attends in Palestine with the collapse of the civilization cananéenne and the advent of the age of iron (terminology used by the archeologist Pierre de Miroschedji). The archaeological data, in this paragraph, paint a picture radically different from the biblical account on much of points. If one does not find certain familiar elements there (the plain monarchy of David and Solomon for example, or the war of David against the Philistines), it is not a question of a lapse of memory nor of an astonishing ignorance, it is simply that these elements are not data of the ground.
It is during this collapse that the invasion occurs, with large scales, of what one calls " the People of the Sea ". The Philistins are most known among these people. In fact the coastal plains are touched the first, and also most severely.
Under Akhénaton, the Lettres of Amarna describe Canaan towards -1350: the low country is controlled by city-States in which are the Egyptian garrisons. The highlands are divided in little populated territories. The king of Jerusalem, Habdi-Heba complains about the misdeeds, on his territory (some hamlets extending from Béthel with Beersheba) of the ethnos group Shasou (wandering pastors) and of the Apirou (socio-economic class mercenaries more or less brigands). He claims of the assistance in Egypt. Conflicts of territories oppose it to Shuwardata, sovereign of Gat, the city-State of the coastal plain. In Sichem (highlands of north) Labayu reign, which launches an attack on the city-State of Megiddo: it is a failure which it pays of its life. These three spheres of influence, the fact is to be noted, will be maintained a long time.
Ramsès III (- 1182, -1151) clashes hard with Peleset, one of the Peuples of the Sea, and makes engrave on its temple a scene of battle of a dramatic realism. Egypt will use thereafter, seems it, of the Philistins as mercenaries in its Palestinian garrisons.

Age of iron I -1200 to -900

the mountainous areas, for an obvious geographical reason, are exposed to the Peuples of the Sea. It is in these mountainous regions, towards -1200, which the first Jews appear, seminomad population which sédentarise. Israel Finkelstein is one of the discoverers. One observes then a regular growth of this population, which continues at the time of David and Solomon. For Pierre de Miroschedji, the culture Jew emerged in the hills of the center of the country, in continuity with the culture cananéenne of the previous time.
Towards -1000, one estimates the population at 40 000 inhabitants divided out of 230 sites in the northern half, sprinkled better and close to the great transportation routes, for 5 000 inhabitants divided out of 20 sites in the southern half (drier and isolated). These figures, very weak, show impressing it progress of the methods of investigation of archeology today. The inscription, line 27 of the Stele of Mérenptah (- 1207), according to which Israel is a seminomad group which does not live in a city, is thus confirmed.
the Stele of Such daN, after -900 (not dated exactly), praises the exploits of the araméen Hazaël, king de Damas: I killed RAM wire of king d' Israël, and killed yahu wire of king of the house of David. And I reduced city in ruin and changed their ground into. Archeology has the proof thus that there was well king David, whose “house” (the dynasty) did not reign on Israel at the time of the stele.
At the time of king David, Jerusalem is a small village surrounded by a very dispersed rural population (5 000 inhabitants divided out of 20 sites). The growth of this population is rather slow but regular, it continues under Solomon, Jerusalem remaining however a modest agglomeration of size. The total population of the kingdom of Juda is estimated, according to the usual criteria in archeology, with 35 000 worms - 800. There is, in the area, null trace of a military activity under David (no trace of great battle of the Jews with the Philistines), nor of the construction of very large buildings under Solomon (temple, palate, stable). However, archeology is capable to identify, in the same site around the headland, of great former constructions (cyclopean walls towards - 1700), as well as a posterior development striking down (towards - 700).
Shéshonq Ier attacks the principal cities of north as well as the mountainous part of Israel located just at the north of Jerusalem. Several cities then are set fire to and destroyed. The episode is reported on a wall of Karnak. The inscriptions do not mention Jerusalem (it is a small village) and are unaware of Juda completely. The episode ranges between -950 and - 900 but is not dated precisely by archeology: this inaccuracy thus prevents from calibrating carbon-14 on this occasion.
the Philistine culture of the southernmost littoral and the culture cananéenne of the valleys of north continue until worms - 900 without interruption: one cannot thus define the History of Palestine between - 1200 and -900 starting from the only culture Jew.

Age of iron II -900 to -586

With the kingdom of Juda, after - 900, of imposing citadels are built with Lakish and Beth-Shémesh, a fortress with Arad and another in Beersheba, signing an economic advancement, commercial and administrative in the south of Jerusalem.
According to the stele of Mesha (- 853), Omri king d' Israël, and it oppressed Moab during many days… And his/her son succeeded to him, and he also it declared “I will humiliate Moab.” Thus he spoke, under my reign… And Omri took possession of the ground of Medeba. And it lived there during its reign, and the totality of the reigns of its sons: during forty years. The kingdom of Israel, under the dynasty of Omrides (- 884, -842), has as a Samarie capital. One released there an immense esplanade and the superb cut stone palate, largest of the area, dated -900. The kingdom, which includes/understands all the big cities of north, becomes a true State with a centralized administrative management, the production with cereal large scales and export, in great quantity, of wine and olive oil, Assyrie in particular. The armies of Hazaël put an end to the domination these powerful military chiefs who are Omrides, as with that of the Philistines (destruction of Gat).
With the kingdom of Israel, one finds in Megiddo, Hazor and Gezer of the monumental doors in triple tortures, that one has, at last century, allotted to Solomon. But the current datings locate these three doors at different times and, moreover, doors of the same type were found in very diverse areas, without relationship with the Jews. That of Megiddo is dated - 800. A very large stable was found in Megiddo, dated - 800 also. The most important remainders, cut stone palates and temples, are dated - 900.
Assyrie invades the kingdom of Israel in - 720, destroying its economic power and policy.
Towards -700, Jerusalem, modest village of 6 hectares, passes to 75 hectares in a few decades, and becomes an impressive city protected by a formidable wall. Its population passes in little time of 1 000 with 12 000 inhabitants and the total population of Juda is then estimated at 120 000 inhabitants. This spectacular growth is explained by the surge of refugees coming from Israel and by the commercial collaboration of Juda with Assyrie. The earthenware jars, of standardized size, carry official seals, proof of an industrial mode of production and generalization of the writing.
Ézéchias (- 715, -687) made dig a tunnel to bring water under the city, realization which represents a great technical prowess, to which the Bible refers. A commemorative inscription, in old Hebrew, was engraved. Intended to be read to inform (whereas the steles have up to now a magic function which explains the style laudator with the excess of their texts), it proves that Juda from now on is taught reading and writing. The number of ostraca found increases besides considerably from -800. In the Bible, the events have from -700, a precise base historical, in connection with the archaeological data, which was not the case before, as long as the proto-Hebraic writing was not practiced within the population.
In -623, the Assyrian power crumbles, the Assyrians withdraw area of north. The reign of Josias - descendant of David - crowned into -639, represents, during 30 years, the apogee of monarchy Jew.
Towards -600, Juda has 75 000 inhabitants, of which 15 000 in Jerusalem. Juda dreams to extend its influence on north, to carry out the unit of the people of Israel, but the Egyptian aimings are contrary with this project. Egypt is a quite large neighbor (2 800 000 inhabitants towards - 1250). This competition constitutes, for the first time in Juda, a real reason of hostility with respect to Egypt. In the Bible, Egypt is sometimes presented like a friendly country (Joseph), sometimes like a hostile country (Brace).
In -586, Nabuchodonosor (Babylonia, i.e. Mésopotamie of the center) conquers the kingdom of Juda and Jerusalem, off-sets the quarter of the population in Babylon and destroyed the Temple and the city systematically. It results a first Jewish Diaspora from it. Juda becomes Jehoud, Judaea: a certain life of Jehoudim (Jews) remains on the current sites of Ramallah and Bethlehem. The excavations make it possible to estimate at 30 000 inhabitants population of the province of Jehoud which surrounds Jerusalem at that time.

The Persian period -587 with -333

Of 587 av. J. - C., the Persian period extends until in 333 av. J. - C..

Of other people starts at this period to then settle in Samarie, among which Edomites, Ammonites and Maobites.
In 539 av. J. - C., Cyrus Large the, king de Perse, makes the conquest of Babylon and its provinces. It authorizes the same year by an edict the Jews to be turned over to Palestine, but the economic situation is not very favorable there and much remain in the Persian empire, helping sometimes financially those which choose to return to Palestine. The latter, approximately 40.000, rebuild the Temple of Solomon (according to the Bible, initially the furnace bridge of the sacrifices as of 538 av. J. - C. then the temple itself between 520 and 515 av. J. - C.). Other parts of the destroyed city, in which certain Jews were already turned over clandestinely, are rebatties.
This test for the community judéenne in exile, balanced by a religious revival in Palestine, allows the true emergence of the Judaism.
Until fourth century BC, thanks to freedoms which reign in the empire Perse, the Judaea and the Samarie becomes more flourishing. The large priest of Jerusalem is named administrator of the Persian province of Judaea, which makes of it a theocracy. The araméen having been adopted by the sovereigns achéménides under the Babylonian administration, this language is propagated in Palestine and, in Judaea, it takes an increasingly large importance with the detriment of Hebrew.

The hellenistic period -333 with -134

The hellenistic period extends from 333 av. J. - C. with 63 av. J. - C..

In 333 av. J. - C.: Alexandre Large the of Macedonia, overcomes the Perses, thus opening the way towards Syria. After Tyr and Gaza in 332 av. J. - C., it penetrates in Egypt where it founds Alexandria in 331 av. J. - C., then starts the conquest of the Judaea and the grounds between Egypt and India, obliging the people to make him act of allegiance.

Palestine then seems to know a time of peace and the Judaea hellénise partially, many Greek settle there and their culture influences deeply the social domains, philosophical but also religious. The Jewish community becomes minority more especially as many Jews leave per thousands to settle in the many cities of the empire, since the Black Sea until the Aegean Sea, but especially in the new capital of Alexandria. These migrations took such an importance that one indicated them under the collective name of Diaspora (in Greek, “dispersion”). At this period, the Bible starts to be translated into Greek, translations which will form the Seventy. Synagog S are built in the big cities.
After the death of Alexandre, in 323 av. J. - C., its descendants, the Séleucides of Syria, control Judaea until third century BC, but it becomes the stake of ceaseless conflicts between the Egypt and the Syria.

In 198 av. J. - C., the king Antiochos III of Syria crushes the Egyptians with the Bataille of Panion, and appendix definitively the Judaea with its territories, and tries to replace the Judaïsme by the Hellénisme.
According to the historian Flavius Josèphe, Antiochos III had granted to the Jews a charter defining the theocratic statute of the Jewish nation. However, the tensions with the Romans multiply and the successor of Antiochus III does not renew this charter.
In 167 av. J. - C., the king Antiochos IV of Syria prohibits the Jewish religion and replaces in the crowned Temple, the furnace bridge of Yahvé by a furnace bridge devoted to Zeus.

According to the Books of the Stiffs taken again by Flavius Josèphe, Jewish rising is organized under the direction of the priest Mattathias and his sons, the Macchabées. At the end of a hard military conflict, the Stiffs, who called upon the Romains in 164 av. J. - C., are victorious, obtain the abrogation of measurements which caused rising. Judas Macchabée then leads punitive forwardings towards the hellenized not-Jews and Jews.
the large appointed priests are favorable to the Hellenic culture, which generates conflicts with the adversaries of the Greeks who end up yielding. The latter name into 152 the chief of the Jonathan rebels large priest.

The period hasmonéenne -134 with -63

It is with the small son of Jonathan, Jean Hyrcan Ier (134-104), that the Jews know one period of independence in the form of a monarchical and sacerdotal dynasty hasmonéenne. The new kingdom annexes the Samarie and the Idumée and their inhabitants adopt the Judaïsme, partly constrained. At first century BC, the throne of Judaea is the stake of a serious conflict between the two princes Hasmonéens Hyrcan II and Aristobule II. The governor Antipater is combined with the Romans who had remained for one century in the area, and in 63 av. J. - C., the Roman general Pompée enters to Jerusalem.

The handwritten known as of the Dead Sea go back to this period. Deposited in caves near Jericho, during the first Jewish revolt against the Romans (at the latest in 68 av. J. - C.). In addition, the Greek became the international language in the Middle East as in the whole of the world " civilisé".

The Roman period -63 with 324

It extends from 63 av. J. - C. with 324 a. J. - C. and is prolonged, unresolved continuity, during the brilliant Byzantine time.

The historians usually distinguish two periods, the first concerning the last two centuries of Jerusalem Jewish, until the end of the war of Hadrian 135 a. J. - C., then the time of pagan Ælia Capitolina, enclosing itself on the victory of Constantin, in 324 a. J. - C..

In 63 av. J. - C., Pompée takes Jerusalem. Hyrcan II being large priest, Antipater, its minister controls the Judaea. at this point in time spreads the term “Judéens” to designate the children of Israel and which will give Juifs in French.
Starting from 47 av. J. - C., the kingdom of Judaea is directly subjected to the Roman empire. They are the Romans who will create, later, the name “Palestine” in remembering the Philistine people. The governor Antipater takes the title of procurator. The Roman law extends on Judaea, which is attached to the large Roman province of “Syria-Palestine”.
In 37 av. J. - C., Hérode Large the, the son of Antipater becomes king of Judaea. Initially, no Jew had been able to claim with the royalty, the most rank being granted them being that of large priest or ethnarque. But Hérode is essential among those capable to defend the Roman interests in Palestine, becoming king combined with the empire. At the end of its reign, its kingdom extends on Palestine to the Dead Sea, between Massada and Sodome, and of the parts of Transjordanie. As an administrator and impassioned hellenist, it makes build gymnasia, theaters, swimming pools and other gathering places, as well as temples in the honor of the Roman Emperor. It also arranges the mount of Massada and the hill of the Hérodion (near to Bethlehem) to make of them fortresses, those then accommodate the oldest known synagogs, that of Hérodium which is dated from the First Jewish revolt, and that of Massada of the beginning of the reign of Hérode
In 20 a. J. - C., Hérode attempts to build in the place of the modest temple which the Jews set up on their return of exile, a Second Temple. The worship is established there as of the year 18 a. J. - C., but the result of the realization will be made only in 64 a. J. - C., a few years before the First Jewish revolt, which will see this monument destroyed being. Hérode is however long in being made recognize Jews, which reproach him his foreign origins er his alliance with Rome that it applies in an often brutal despotism.
the mode procuratorien lasts 60 years until the First Jewish revolt - stopped from 41 to 44, which corresponds to the reign of Clutched.
Among the procurateurs who follow one another until 41, the command of Pontius Pilate (26-36) remains associated in the religious texts with the Gospels with died of Jesus-Christ. Its reign finishes shortly after the massacre of Samaritans who it orders.
Regarded at the beginning as a sect Jewish, the Christianity, carried by brilliances disciples, extends quickly among the hellenized Jews, which regard Jesus-Christ as the Sauveur (in Hebrew Yeshua ), the Messie awaited and announced by prophecies. However this new religion is propagated with much more force and of faith towards Rome and the Europe that in Judaea even, or the Judaïsme, base and source of the monotheism, is largely followed by the population. The monks strongly react by refusing any laxism in the observance of the forms of the traditional religion.
At the beginning of the Christian era, the population of Judaea is made up as a majority of inhabitants of Greek origin, partly judaïsés, of a third of Jews autochtones, and some groups of Nabatéens.
Of 41 with 44 a. J. - C., Clutched 1^er reign on the grounds of the kingdom of Hérode, slightly modified. With its death, the emperor Claude made of the kingdom of late province managed by a Roman procurator. The situation becomes tended between Romains and Jews which show them despotism and incidents burst.
In 66 a. J. - C., during the taking away carried out on the treasure of the Temple, of the riots burst, which the Zélotes poke. They constitute the First revolt Jewish, from 66 to 70. Proclaimed emperor into 70, the general Vespasien, sent by the emperor Néron, to Titus his/her son, the mission entrusts of finishing the operations engaged in Palestine. The Jewish bastions fall the ones after the others, the Temple of Jerusalem, after several months of seat into 70, is set fire to, the fortress of Massada is overcome into 73. Many Jews are sold like slaves.
In 72 a. J. - C., is founded Flavia Neapolis, the current town of Nablus. The province became independent of that of Syria and is governed by a legate.
Towards the end of the 1st century, the Hebraic gun of the Bible is fixed at Jamnia (Yabné), after the destruction of the Temple. For the Greek versions, to see Translations of the Bible.
At the 2nd century, when the emperor Hadrian orders to rebuild Jerusalem under the name of Ælia Capitolina in the honor of Jupiter and prohibits the Circoncision, a new Jewish revolt bursts, in 132, under the direction of Simon Bar-Kokheba.
In 135, the Roman troops end up crushing the rebellion in blood. The kingdom of Judaea definitively is abolished and completely integrated in the Roman province of ''' Syria Palestine '''. Jerusalem is declared Roman city and is prohibited to the Jews under penalty of death.
the Jews of Palestine gathered in Galileo and around the Lac of Tibériade

The Byzantine period 324 with 638

As from the 3rd century, under the influence of the Christians who became increasingly powerful, especially after the adoption of Christianity by the emperor Constantin I {{er}} at the 4th century, Palestine takes a particular moral statute while being regarded as Holy Land.

Constantin and especially its mother Sainte Helene, who comes in Pèlerinage on the spot, destroys the pagan sanctuaries established on the holy spot and establishes basilicas on the site of the the Holy Sepulchre and the Nativity with Bethlehem. Other basilicas and sanctuaries are built and the Pèlerinage out of Holy Land develops, as well as the monachism (holy Jerome de Stridon is withdrawn with Bethlehem to translate the Bible there into Latin: the Vulgate).

Byzantine Palestine knows, as the remainder of the oriental party of the Empire, a cultural and economic flowering while at the same time the Western Empire disappears.

the Byzantine emperors of Constantinople are interested in it very near. At the 6th century, the Christians are majority in Palestine, at the sides of which one finds a strong minority Jewish, pagan Arabs and a small community samaritaine.

The Moslem period 638 with 1096

638 : The expansionist wars of conquest (jihad) of the Moslems, under the second successor of Mahomet, the Caliph Umar (634-644), devastate the territories of Syria and Judaea. Jerusalem fall after two years from pitiless seat. The conquerors are established there and their laws impose on it. The city of Jerusalem is conquered and proclaimed crowned place of the Islam, because according to the Moslems, the Prophet would have been transported, at the time one night miraculous, of Mecque with “furthest away from the mosques” - which, according to the Jews, cannot be Jerusalem where at times of Mahomet there was no mosque. In this place - according to the Moslem tradition - it made its rise of the Temple of Jerusalem to the “throne of God” while passing by the “circles of the Hell” and the “7 skies”: it is the episode of the isra' (voyage night) and the Semi' radj (rise). After several centuries of prohibition, the Arabs authorize finally the Jews to return in Jerusalem.
In 691, the “Cupola of the Rock”, one of the most beautiful monuments of the religious architecture, is built in Jerusalem, on the site of the Jewish Temples. It is built on the orders of the caliph omeyyade Abd el-Malik, on the rock even where the Mahomet Prophet would have carried out his rise towards the sky.
In 702 is built the Mosquée Al-Aqsa, close to new the Dôme of the Rock, on the site of a church of Justinien dedicated to the Virgin. She will be destroyed by an earthquake, rebuilt in 745, then again destroyed and rebuilt in 780.
Starting from 750, with the dynasty of the Abbasid of Baghdad, many groups of Arabia are interfered with the Christian and Jewish populations which are seen obliged to adopt the language and the Moslem habits of the Moslem conquerors. Salih ibn Ali, the Wali of Egypt is named governor of Palestine, it will be confirmed by the new Caliph in 755.
At the 10th century, the reigning dynasty of the Fatimides is opposed the Turkish attacks, to Bedouins and to Byzantines.
the Arab geographer Muqaddasi, born in Jerusalem in 942, defines the Palestine like the territory extending from the coastal plain in the steppe, through the mountain, then the depression of the Jordan, which curiously puts Galileo and the north of the Samarie outwards.
In 972, the caliph Fatimides Al-Mu' izz, (953 - 975), extended its empire on Egypt, Palestine and part of Syria.
the reign of the extravagant caliph Fatimides Al-Hakim (996 - 1021) mark one period of intolerance and fanaticism against the communities Christian woman and Jewish. It made demolish the church of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem and founds the sect of the Druzes in 1017.
Of 1090 with 1272, the haschischins, sect dissenting politico-nun of the current ismaélien, make reign terror in the States of the Close relation and the Middle East. They preached the physical elimination of the enemies of the Truth, and killed out of many dignitaries Turks Seldjoukides, Abbassides, Sunnites, Fatimides and cross Christians.

In 1192: The king of Jerusalem Conrad de Montferrat was killed by the Haschischins.

The time of the crusades 1096 with 1244

Of 1096 with 1099, first crusade of the Christians in Holy Land.
In 1098, Jerusalem is taken by the Fatimides
on July 15th 1099, Jerusalem is taken by the Crusaders, most of the inhabitants Moslem and Jewish are massacred.

the frank Royaume of Jerusalem is founded, it will last two centuries. Godefroi de Bouillon (1061-1100) is proclaimed king.

In 1100, the king Godefroi de Bouillon eager above all to protect the interests from the Church in the Latin State in formation, chooses itself to carry the title of Avoué of the Holy Sepulchre, because he did not want to gird a gold crown where Christ had carried a crown of spines.
on July 18th 1100, the king Godefroi de Bouillon dies killed by an arrow poisoned, according to the chronicler ibn Al-Qualanissi, whereas it directed the operations of the seat of Acre, but according to the frank chroniclers it would have died of the Peste.
In June 1101, Bataille of Rowed, at the time which, the new king Baudouin Ier, with his 260 knights and his infantry, the Egyptian army of the general-emir Al Sawla Al Qavasi crushes.
In May 1102, Bataille of Rowed close to Jaffa, at the time which 20.000 Egyptian warriors unload and take by surprised the king Baudouin and his knights who are massacred. The king succeeds in running away himself, but Jerusalem is found without defense, gold curiously the Egyptians do not try anything and set out again.
In 1103: The king Baudouin {{Ier}} takes the cities of Haïfa, Jaffa and Acre.
In 1108: Arrival in Palestine of Bertrand of Toulouse and squadrons of mercenaries génois, with a final aim to take Tripoli and Beirut with the Lebanon.
In 1111, the Palestinian governor of Ascalon, proposes to the king Baudouin {{Ier}}, a tribute poured by Palestinian of the city, n the other hand of the ousting of the Egyptian civils servant, and the supply of a franque garrison to protect them, but in July the Egyptians counter-attack and massacre the frank governor and 300 warriors.
In 1113:

the Syrian armies of Mawdoud Atabek of Mosul and Tughtekin of Damas attack the frank boroughs of Galileo. The king Baudouin {{Ier}} the meeting at the time of the Battle of Sinn al' Nabra which it loses, but it is saved by the arrival of reinforcements of Antioche and from Tripoli and finally the Syrians withdraw themselves.
the king Baudouin Ier repudiates his wife Arda , girl of prince Taphnuz, whom he suspects of inaccuracy, and marries Adelaïde of Sicily which joined it in Palestine with a dowry of 7 ships charged with gold and objects invaluable.
Foundation of the Order of Hospital of Midsummer's Day of Jerusalem.

In 1115, Tughtekin of Damas is combined to the king Baudouin to counter the army of the sultan Mohammed of Baghdad.
In 1117, the king Baudouin {{Ier}} repudiates his second wife after having ruined it.
In 1118:

In March, the king Baudouin {{Ier}} share to conquer Egypt with 216 knights and 400 infantrymen, it crosses the the Sinai but dies of disease with El-Arich on April 2nd. The new king is Baudouin, count d' Édesse, under the name of Baudouin II.
the Ordre of the Poor Knights of Christ is created by the knights Hugues de Payns and Geoffroy de Saint-Omer, in order to ensure the guard of the Défilé of Athlit, the most dangerous access path for the pilgrims.

new king de Jérusalem, Baudouin II grants part of its palate to them, with the site of the Temple of Solomon.
In the honor of this place highly symbolic system, they take the name of Ordre of the Temple in 1119, created with seven other French knights: Andre de Montbard, Gondemare, Godefroy, Roral, Payen de Montdésir, Geoffroy Bisol and Archambaud de Saint-Agnan. Andre de Montbard was the nephew of Saint-Bernard who wrote itself the rule of the order. Until 1291 and the fall of Midsummer's Day d' Acre, Templiers will gain, out of Holy Land, one will have very important.

In 1147 and 1148, disastrous second crusade which ends up joining Jerusalem.
In August 1153, Templiers, by the catch of the city of Ascalon, mark their ambitions to obtain a true temporal power.
Except for the time of disastrous the second crusade, the Palestine knew since the death of the king Baudouin {{Ier}} in 1118 of the years of relative peace and relation of good neighborhood between Christians and Moslems. Many former crusaders married Arab women and adopted many Eastern habits, and of intense commercial exchanges developed with the Italian ports. There was no conversion forced with Christianity, but of persecutions against the Jews which chose the exile in great number and disappeared almost from Palestine.
In the Years 1180, the most powerful lord of the Muslim world was the sultan of Egypt, Salâh Aldine , known as Saladin. It dominated most of Raising and in general had positive ratios with the Christians. But the intrigues of some fanatic lords obliged it to enter in war. At the time of the Battle of Hattin ( Attîn ), Saladin beat the Christians and finally entered as a winner to Jerusalem in October 1187. This event as soon as it was known in Europe involved the call to the third crusade.
In 1189, the emperor Frederic Barberousse, the king of France Philippe Auguste and the king of England Richard Lion-hearted, linked their forces and formed a very important army, the armed with the Kings . However Frederic Barberousse drowned, and Philippe Auguste left the crusade after the catch of Saint-Jean-in Acre. Remained only, Richard Lion-hearted achieves wonders but finally, in 1192, before setting out again, it negotiated a truce with Saladin, under the terms of which, Jerusalem remained definitively with the hands of Saladin, the Christian pilgrims were authorized to go there freely and the “Francs” preserved the ports of Raising, like Cyprus.

With the defeat of Crossed and the victory of Saladin, the Jewish community became again more, especially in the coastal towns.

In 1228 and 1229, the Germanic emperor Frederic II, excommunicated, organized its own crusade in Holy Land, and, primarily by the diplomacy, it obtained the restitution of Bethlehem, Nazareth and Jerusalem.
In 1244, the Moslems take again Jerusalem definitively.

The Othoman conquest 1244 with 18th

After Saladin, at the 13th century and 16th century, the Egyptian Mamelukes, created in 1230, take in 1250 the capacity in Egypt and control the Palestine, whereas the prestige of Jerusalem increases in the Arab world.

During this period, Palestine, accommodates Arab refugees driven out by the projection of the Mongolian on the Iraq and the Syria, and towards the end of the 15th century, it accommodates the driven out Jewish refugees of Spain. Much of them settles as a Galileo, and will be at the origin of the intellectual and religious radiation of the town of Safed.

In 1516, the Turkish sultan Selim Ier of Constantinople conquers the Palestine which will become during 4 centuries, until in 1917, one of the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire, one year before the Egypt, but it leaves with the militia Mamelouks the capacity to the local level, with the title of Bey.
Integrated in the Ottoman Empire, the Palestine experiences at the 16th century a good economic development, contrary to the Egypt. The cities and places of worships are renovated, all the communities see their populations growing. The Othomans authorize the Jews to be reinstalled in Palestine, fleeing persecutions (in particular of Spain).

The 19th century

Bonaparte passes there, followed by a short Egyptian presence. The area undergoes a strong economic depression, but, at the end of the 19th century, Palestine becomes again the object of covetousnesses, in particular European, and its population sees the Arab massive arrival of Transjordanie, while the Christian minorities and Jewish also extend.

the general Napoleon Bonaparte passes by Palestine and Saint-Jean-in Acre.
At the time of this 19th century, the Palestine undergoes a strong economic depression, and becomes again the stake of European covetousnesses.
1799 : Napoleon Bonaparte, during his program of Egypt makes an eloquent statement recognizing the property of the Holy Land (Palestine) to the Jewish people. Extract of the speech: “France proposes to you to take the heritage of your fathers”. He writes to the leaders of the world to explain to them why it should be done what is necessary so that the Jews settle in Palestine.
1800 : August 16th, 1800, Napoleon declared: " If I controlled a Jewish nation, I would restore the temple of Salomon.".
1854 : According to the report published in the New York Platform, the Jews represented two thirds of the population of Jerusalem. The journalist, special correspondent in the Middle East for the Platform was called Karl Marx.
1866 : Switzerland Henri Dunant (1828-1910), founder of Geneva Convention and the Red Cross, constitutes the Universal National company for the Renewal of the East, and just like launches a call suggesting that the Jewish colonies incipient in Palestine are declared diplomatically neutral, the Suisse.
1873 : The territories going of Ramleh-Jaffa, in north, to Egypt, in the south, concern from now on directly the authorities of Constantinople. Until there, the Judaea and the Samarie concerned the administration of Damas, whereas the Galileo concerned Beirut.
1881 : The assassination of the tsar Alexandre II mark the beginning of the first wave of Jewish immigration. Jews come from Russia, of Romania, and Yemen, come to settle in Palestine. The baron Edmond de Rothschild starts to buy ground in Palestine and finance the first " establishment; sioniste" with Rishon LeZion ( the Prime Minister in Sion ). Arrival of the first Zionists, the Lovers of Sion.

Before this arrival (in 1881), population of Palestine east of: 457000 people, of which: 400000 Moslems, between: 13000 and: 20000 Jews and: 42000 Christians, majority orthodoxe Greek.
The latter, ashkénases of European origin and sépharades of origin of Spain, of Middle-East and North Africa, are of modest condition and concentrate in districts in Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed and Tibériade. They represent only one unimportant minority on the whole (except in these cities).
the Arab population lives to 70% in small villages in the hills, near the sources and of the wells, where, sharecroppers, they live of a primitive agriculture. The land great landowners live in the cities and, for some, in Beirut, Damas and Paris. It is with them, mainly, that the grounds will be bought, thus depriving the sharecroppers of their work tools.

Searches are organized in the European communist Jewish mediums working for the purchase of grounds in Palestine, of engravings of time present these popular searches. The modern Zionism was born in the working communist socialist mediums Jewish which will directly influence the lifestyle of the newcomer: a company close to the socialist ideologies and methods Soviet collectivists, by creating communities similar to the Russian kolkhozes (agricultural cooperatives of production which had the pleasure of the ground that it occupied and the collective ownership of the means of production), or all are shared at the service of the community. In Israel it is in the countryside of the communities called Kvoutza, modernized then by the Kibbutz and Mochav, coexistent with a private sector.

1883 : Beginning of the activities of establishment of Jewish colonies by the baron Edmond de Rothschild in Palestine.

the ideas of Theodor Herzl are concretized. Although in public he claims that the arrival of the Jews would bring only material benefits, he is conscious of the problem raised by the presence of the Arab population in Palestine, but he takes care not to speak about it.

1890 : Beginning of the second vagueness of Jewish immigration coming from Russia.

1899 : Creation of the Jewish colonial Bank, charged to generate the financing of the activities for the purchase of grounds in Palestine.

the baron Edmond de Rothschild decides transfer of its colonies in Palestine to the ICA (Jewish Colonization Association).

The 20th century until the Declaration Balfour (1903 - 1920)

1903 : The 6th Congress Zionist, adopts the principle of an installation in Palestine.

1908 : Opening close to Jaffa of the Palestinian Office intended to organize the purchase of grounds by Dr. Arthur Toff (1876-1943), as well as Palestine Land Development Company (PDLC).

In March, incidents with Jaffa between Jews and Arabs.

1909 : Foundation of a small Jewish borough near Jaffa which will become the new city of Tel Aviv.

Creation of the first Kibbutz.
concept of Jewish work , in the middle of socialist philosophy, led other than the Arabs of the Jewish economy. This policy exacerbates the hostility of the Arabs towards the Zionism. Paradoxically more open, the rich person landowners use the Arab, less expensive and more tested labor.

1914 : The population of Palestine is estimated at 570 000 Moslem Arabs, 75 000 Christian Arabs and 60 000 Jews.

1915 : In full war, the the United Kingdom, the France and the Russia, plan, in the greatest secrecy, the division of the Middle East and define contours of their zones of influence. They think that Palestine is a particular case, because of stake symbolic system which constitute the holy places, and must profit from an international statute.

1916 : The Accord Sykes-Barb redefines the new geopolitical chart of the Middle East. Palestine is defined like international zone, including/understanding Saint-Jean-D' Acre, Haïffa and Jerusalem.

The British Mandate (1921 - 1947)

In 1921:

Of passage to Jerusalem, the young British Secretary of State to the Colonies, Winston Churchill, receives a delegation islamo-Christian woman which declares to him: “If the Zionists had come to Palestine only like hosts, or if the things had remained about it so that they were before the war, there would be no Juifs problem and not-Jews. But it is the idea of Palestine transformed into a Jewish national Hearth which the Arabs reject and fight”.
the Palestinian movements refusing to guarantee the construction of a “Jewish national Hearth”, they reject any participation in the political institutions of the British mandate, except for the management of the religious affairs.

1922 : The Transjordanie (oriental party of the territory British agent) becomes an autonomous emirate. It is withdrawn from Jewish immigration.

1924 : Beginning of the 3rd vague of immigration of Jews in source primarily of the Poland.

1925 : Foundation by Vladimir Jabotinsky of the Movement revisionist (thus named because he asks the reintegration of Transjordanie in Palestine agent).

1928, Palestine lived until in 1926 in a relative calm, but the Jewish community it Yichouv - crosses since a deep crisis. The drying up of Jewish immigration makes it possible even some to speak about “bankruptcy of the Zionist project”. This year there, the commemoration by the Jews Zionists of the destruction of the Temple by the Romans is radicalized and is felt like a provocation by the Muslim community. Many incidents take place close to the Wailing Wall. Rumors start to circulate, about a Jewish plot, of which the goal to seize the Esplanade the mosques.

1929 : The rumor leads to riots which take forms of pogrom anti-Jew; massacres with Hebron then with Safed: 113 killed Jews and 339 others wounded. However, the emigration begins again, and of many Jews of Central Europe continue to arrive to Palestine, bringing capital and buying Arab grounds more and more.

1930 : Publication of the second British White paper, far-sighted to limit for the first time the immigration of the Jews in Palestine.

1931 : Second British census. Palestine counts: 175000 Jews and: 880000 Arabs (for: 84000 Jews and: 760000 Arabs at the time of the first census in 1922). In 1939, Palestine will count: 1070000 Arabs and: 460000 Jews.

In 1933:

Adolf Hitler reaches the capacity in Germany. It is the beginning of the 5th Aliyah , mainly coming from Germany and of the territories controlled by the Germans.
in October, with Haïfa, of the Arab rioters is caught some with the British authorities which they regard as persons in charge of progress of the Sionisme.

1934 : Beginning of the Hapa' alah, undertaken illegal immigration of Jewish refugees whereas their number exceeds the quotas imposed by the British.

Fall 1935: an Arab popular revolt bursts, with a clear coloring of populist Islam and holy war, carried out by the Sheik Aldine Izz Al-Qassam. After its death, in November, a general strike is launched to obtain the stop of Jewish immigration and the sale of the grounds to the Jews. It will be prolonged until October 1936.

In 1936: Beginning of the operation Homa Oumigdal ( walls and turn ), which is a company of establishments succeeding, of 1936 with 1939, with 51 new localities created each one in only one night.

April 1936: The Arab revolt, supported by the large mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin Al Husseini, spreads after the general strike. The British and the Jews are aimed by many attacks.

1937 :

the British commission Peel, proposes a project of partition of the Palestine between Juifs and Arabs (15% of the territory in a Jewish state). The British government ends up accepting the principle of this recommendation. It is the first text suggesting the division of the country between Juifs and Arabs. In spite of the support of Ben Gourion, the Jewish Agence rejects the plan, all like the Palestinian leaders.
Of the Arab armed groups is caught some to the British, to the Jews and to the “Arab traitors”. The British carry out a hard repression, and in two years succeed in overcoming and decapitating this Palestinian national movement.
the Irgoun makes, in 1937 and 1938, a series of bomb attacks against crowd and the Arab buses in reprisals against the Arab attacks. these actions make to Arab surroundings 250 civilian victims.
Ben Gourion adopts the thesis, largely discussed, of the “transfer”: The obligatory transfer would bring an immense area colonization. I am in favor of an obligatory transfer and I see nothing immoral there. .

May 3rd 1939: Publication of the 3rd White paper (of MacDonald):

This one provides that “at the end of the five years period, no Jewish immigration will not be authorized more, unless the Arabs of Palestine are not been willing to agree to it”.
In addition, “the government of Its Majesty declares unambiguous today that it is by no means in its intentions to transform Palestine into a Jewish State. has the desire to see to be established an independent State of Palestine finally”. The Mufti will support the forces of the Axe until the end of the Second world war.

March 6th, 1942: With the conference of Biltmore, which joins together the Jewish Agency and the delegates American Zionist, David Ben Gourion announces that the official objective of the Zionism is the creation of the “Jewish Commonwealth”, a “fatherland of the Jews”. It is the first claim of an independent state, the Jewish Agence being hitherto kept to face the power agent on this point, while remaining with the more consensual and fuzzier claim of a “Jewish national hearth” autonomous.

February 1944: the Irgoun, organization armed Zionist resulting from the right Zionist, breaks the cease-fire which it respected since 1940 because of war, and launches an attack campaign against the British, which will last until 1948. The Lehi, a dissidence of Irgoun, takes again also its operations anti-British. The attacks, as a combatant the two points rejettés of the white paper of 1939 aim at allowing a free Jewish emigration in Palestine in order to modify the demographic power struggle, and with empécher the creation of the unit Palestinian state which was considered. A third objective is added to it gradually: the departure of the British.

August 8th 1944, the British high commissioner for Palestine (governor), to sir Harold Mac Michael, very unpopular in the Yichouv, escapes an attempted murder from Lehi.

1946 : The Transjordanie acquires its independence and becomes the Hachémite Kingdom of Jordan.

July 1947: the boat Exodus is expelled of the coasts of Palestine towards Europe, carrying on its board 4 500 survivors of the Shoah, causing an important international movement of sympathy.

February 18th 1947: In front of the increase in the attacks made by the armed organizations Zionists (especially Irgoun and Lehi, and to a lesser extent Haganah), the British announce the abandonment of their mandate on Palestine.

April 28th, 1947 May -13: The SDN having allotted this mandate, it is with its successor, UNO, that it belongs to decide consequences of the end of the mandate. A board of inquiry east creates the UNSCOP (Special United Nations Committee one Palestine), composed representatives of 11 states (Australia, Canada, Guatemala, India, Iran, Netherlands, Peru, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Uruguay, Yugoslavia). In a preoccupation with a neutrality, none the great powers of the time was represented.

the UNSCOP considers two options. The first was the creation of States independent Jew and Arabic, with the town of Jerusalem placed under international control. The second consisted of the creation of only one Federal state, containing at the same time a Jewish State and an Arab State.
the Jewish agency cooperates largely with the UNSCOP, but the Arab High committee (representing Palestinian) refuses, considering that “the natural rights of Arabic of Palestine are obvious and cannot continue to be the subject of investigation”, and criticizing the absence of taking into account of the idea of a unit independent state. In fact the Arab states defend the Palestinian position.
On the principle, the representatives of the Arab young person Ligue reject any division of Palestine agent, and claim a unit independence. The end of Jewish immigration is required, the Jews already installed and “having acquired legally Palestinian nationality the same right Arabic”. Hamid Frangié, a Lebanese representative, indicates to the UNSCOP which asks for details on this last point that “the Jews entered illegally to Palestine or not having asked nationality - on the whole, according to him, 400.000 people, is two thirds of the immigrants - would be expelled”. For the Arab High committee, “the confrontation out of Holy Land puts at the catch, not two legitimacies, but of the autochtones with foreign colonists”.

on November 29th 1947, the General meeting of UNO vote in the majority of the 2/3 and the support of the great powers (the USA, the USSR, France) a resolution on the division of Palestine.

Two states, a Jew and Arabic, are created. The Israeli territory proposed covers 55% of Palestine agent (see Carte of the plan of division), which would shelter a population of: 498000 Jews out of 650.000 (37% of the total population of Palestine), plus a minority of: 407000 Arabs on: 1237000. At the time of the vote, 7% of the territory of Palestine had already been acquired in land and buildings by the Jewish population thanks to the financing by patrons and with the collections of funds.
the territory of the two states does not include/understand Jerusalem, where live: 100000 additional Jews at the sides of: 105000 Arabs, and whose statute envisaged is that of international zone.
the British abstained from, wishing to preserve their interests in the Arab world without being opposed to American.
the Jewish Agence supports the plan, which is rejected by the nationalist right Zionist: Party revisionist, Irgoun and Lehi.
the Arab countries voted against the plan, and leave the room of the vote after this one. All the political organizations Palestinian oppose the plan, except for the Communist party, which is aligned on Moscow.
Although the principal objection is the creation of a state for “foreign colonists.

on February 1st, the Arab High committee issues a 3 days general strike.

December 1947: a “wind of violence” goes quickly and spontaneously to settle, heralding the “civil war”. In all the mixed zones where the two communities live, Jerusalem and Haïfa in particular, increasingly violent attacks, reprisals and against-reprisals follow one another. The isolated shootings evolve/move in pitched battles; the attacks against the traffic are transformed into ambushes. Increasingly bloody attacks occur, which answer in their turn of the riots, the reprisals and other attacks.

January 8th, 1948 (or January 10th according to Yoav Gelber): entry in Palestine of the Armed with Arab release of Quawukji, made of Arab and Palestinian volunteers, at the time surroundings 1.500 men.

In the night from January 20th to 21st, a troop made up of 700 Syrians, in battle dress, equipped well and having mechanized transport enters to Palestine “via TransJordanie”.

on January 27th, a “band of 300 men, coming from the outside of Palestine, was established in the area of Safed in Galileo and is probably responsible for the intensive attacks to the mortar and the heavy weapon of the week against the colony of Yechiam.

First wave of refugees: Palestinian surroundings 70.000, primarily of the members of the average and higher layers, which leave for the foreigner in waiting the end the engagements.

At the beginning of April 1948, the Haganah, principal clandestine militia, depend on the Jewish Agency (the government of the Yichouv), receives its first large delivery of weapons coming from Czechoslovakia (in a few months, under the direction of Yigael Yadin, it will become a true professional army).

Beginning of the counter-attack of the forces Zionists: decided by Ben Gourion, the Opération Nahshon is launched on April 2nd by the Haganah to release the Jewish Jerusalem with which the communications became very difficult.
April 9th, the Irgoun and the Lehi, assisted by the Haganah, take the village of Deir Yassin. After the withdrawal of the Haganah a massacre is made against the civilians. The massacre is condemned by the Jewish Agence and the leaders of Haganah, but without legal sanctions.
In April, Haganah conquers Tibériade and Haïfa, then, by the operation Yiftah under the direction of Yigal Allon, Safed, while Irgoun seizes Jaffa.
Yigal Allon lance a campaign of psychological warfare.
In one month and half (April-May), the Arab villages fall the ones after the others.
Second wave of the Palestinian exodus. According to a report/ratio of the Shai (military intelligence service of Haganah) dated June 30th, 1948, 391.000 people left since December 1947, which estimates the second wave at 320.000 refugees. The report/ratio indicates: “at least 55% of the total of the exodus were caused by our operations Haganah,] and the Lehi] directly caused approximately 15% of the emigration”. Two percent of the departures only would be direct expulsions, quantifies regarded as underestimated by Morris, who rather estimates it at 10%.

on May 14th 1948, Ben Gourion reads the Declaration of independence which proclaims the creation of the State of Israel. This stage, the government controls the coastal strip Ashkelon - Haïfa, Jerusalem Jewish, the valley of Jézréel and the high valley of the Jordan.

See also: Israeli-Arab War of 1948-1949, Taken refuge Palestinian

In the days which follow, of the armies made up of approximately 1.000 Lebanon board, 6.000 Syria NS, 4.500 Iraq iens, 10 000 Egyptian and between 6.000 and 9.000 Transjordaniens unite with the civil Arab forces (12 000 men) and with the Army of Release (3 800 men according to Gresh and Vidal). Israel finds itself as before April on the defensive.

June 11th, 1948 - July 8th, 1948: Israeli-Arab first trève. Weapons tributary in Israel, in particular coming from the Eastern bloc, which wishes the defeat of English and their Arab allies. Creation and organization of Tsahal, which gathers all the Jewish militia.

July-October:

Israel conquers most of Palestine, out the Negev and the the West Bank.
the Third starting vagueness of the refugees (300 or 350.000), accompanied by certain massacres. According to Morris or Gelber, being pressed on the files of Tsahal, expulsions become particularly numerous.
On the whole, it is at the end of 1948 between: 700000 and: 730000 Palestinians which will flee or will be driven out of their ground and their house. This exodus is at the same time interior towards the Gaza Strip and the the West Bank and outside towards the Syria, the Lebanon and the Jordan. At the end of the war, more half of the Palestinians are refugees: it remains about it less: 150000 in Israel: 400000 in the West Bank: 60000 in the Gaza Strip. Following the annexation of the the West Bank most of these Palestinian refugees will pass under Jordanian supervision. Lebanon and Syria accommodate each one about: 100000 refugees, the Iraq: 5000 and the remainder will be under Egyptian administration in the band of Gaza.
Palestine counted approximately: 1800000 inhabitants (Moslem, Jewish and Christian) of which surroundings: 1200000 Palestinian of stock. In a few months, she sees the major part of the population palestinenne stock to flee or be driven out zones under Israeli control. The refugees were replaced by the surviving Jewish immigrants of the Holocauste, like by the driven out Jewish refugees or fleeing in their turn the Arab countries. See in particular on this subject Palestinian Diaspora .

December 1948: the law on the “abandoned properties” allows the seizure of the goods of any person “absent”. It defines “Absent” like person which “for the period from November 29th, 1947 to September 1st, 1948, was some share elsewhere on the Earth of Israel located outside the territory of Israel” (what means the West Bank or the Gaza Strip) or in other Arab States. The old Arab villages are destroyed, and their grounds redistributed at Jewish agricultural communities, Mochavim or Kibboutzim, legally formalizing the will to prevent any return.

January 24th, 1949: annexation of the the West Bank by Transjordanie, which becomes the Jordan then. Palestine, which had obtained a legal existence starting from the mandate of the Société of the nations of 1922, cease any legal existence, shared between Israel (77%), Jordan (20%), and Egypt (2%). Only the Gaza Strip is not formally annexed by Egypt, while remaining however managed by it of waiting of hypothetical “a release of Palestine”.

March 1949: the Negev desert passes under Israeli control (Ouvda operation).

February 1949 - July 1949: signature of a series of Agreements of armistice.

Independence of Israel to the Six Day old War (1949 - 1967)

Detailed article: Crisis of Suez Canal (1956)

Since the Six day old war

In 1967, the Guerre the Six Day old changes gives it geopolitical to the the Middle East. This war was started by a preventive attack of Israel against its Arab neighbors. At the evening of the first day of war, half of Arab aviation is destroyed. Israel benefits from it to conquer Jerusalem-is, the the West Bank and bandages it Gaza, territories Palestinian which had passed in 1948 under double Jordanian and Egyptian occupation, as well as the Syrian Golan and the the Egyptian Sinai.

In 1968, the Fatah, group of Palestinian resistance, is the target of a major attack of the Israeli army on the Jordanian village of Karameh, during which more than 150 Palestinian combatants will sucomberont under Israeli fire and 29 Israeli soldiers will be killed by the Jordanian armed forces. In spite of its defeat on the ground, the battle is regarded as beneficial by Fatah, the Israelis being finally withdrawn.

on February 3rd 1969, at the time of the Palestinian National congress, Yasser Arafat is named president of the executive committee of the Liberation organization of Palestine, to replace Ahmed Choukairy, initially sharpened by the Arab Ligue.

In 1970, Yasser Arafat calls with the inversion of monarchy hachémite, while being based on the fact that 75% of the inhabitants of the Jordan are now Palestinians with a degree or another. The king Hussein does not let himself make and makes massacre per tens of thousands the Palestinians, who they are Fedayin S or civilians, kind Yasser Arafat to be taken refuge with the Lebanon. This dramatic episode is known under the term of black September .

1973 : War of Kippour

In 1974, the Arab Heads of States declare that PLO is the only legitimate representative of all the Palestinians. The PLO is allowed like full member of the Arab League in 1976.

1987 : Beginning with Gaza of the the First Intifada, the “ war of the stones ” or the “ revolt of the stones ”, initiated by the Palestinian population against the Israeli occupation and humiliations. It will last seven years.

In 1988, with the Intifada, Yasser Arafat reformulates her political thought, through the “Declaration of independence of the State of Palestine”, prepared by Jerome Segal, an American Jewish academic of extreme-left, and pronounced with Algiers. He is made elect, by the Palestinian National council, chair State which he proclaims independent in November with Algiers.

the October 30th 1991 takes place a conference of peace in Madrid, sponsored by Moscow and Washington.

In August 1993, following secret negotiations led to Oslo, an peace agreement is signed with the White House under the aegis of the president Bill Clinton. The whole world retains the handshake exchanged with Israeli the Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and the news gives geopolitical which the plan of Oslo constitutes.

In 1994: Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian Autorité settles with Gaza. Following the Agreements of Oslo, Yasser Arafat receives with Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin the Nobel Prize of peace. May 4th, the agreement on the autonomy of Gaza and Jericho, ratified in Cairo, marks the beginning of the period of autonomy. The Israeli army is withdrawn from 70% of the Gaza Strip and Jericho.

on July 1st, 1994: Arafat returns to Palestine after several years of exile. It constitutes in Gaza the Palestinian National authority and is elected by it president in 1996.

on November 4th, 1995 Yitzhak Rabin is assassinated by an Jewish extremist who reproaches him the retrocession of the Jewish grounds. It is replaced by the member of the Labor Party Shimon Peres, who will lose the capacity later six months with the profit of the politician of right-hand side Benyamin Netanyahou.

November 13rd - December 21st, 1995: Israeli withdrawal several towns of the West Bank.

During the years 1994 with 2000, according to a report/ratio of the the IMF, the Palestinian economy increased at intervals of 9,28% per annum, and the investments of 150%, which does of it one of the highest rates of development in the world during this period, but this growth does not benefit the people because of the economic costs and social exorbitant from the fight against Israel and corruption generalized from the Palestinian leaders.

October 23rd, 1998: Netanyahu and Arafat sign with Wye Plantation (the United States) an agreement on the Israeli withdrawal of 13% of the West Bank. December 14th, the articles of the Palestinian Charte calling with the destruction of Israel are deleted.

In 2000, the new Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak claims to offer to Yasser Arafat to recognize the Palestinian State. In fact “the State” suggested saw the not dismantled Israeli colonies, was amputee of almost 10% of its territory without counting Israeli control in the west of the Jordan, with the colonies which still cut down by 40% the control of the territory (because of the roads of diversions connecting the colonies between them); the state suggested did not have the control of its borders, not armed, and it was envisaged to include the city close to Jerusalem there, Abu Dis, and to name it Al Quds (the Arab name of Jerusalem), like allowing the return in Israel even of 250 000 descendants of the refugees of 1948. Without counting the fact that Israel did not recognize its responsibility in the problem for the Palestinian Réfugiés. Following that, there were the agreements of Taba, but Barak did not want to sign, officially because its mandate came to a end. Moreover there remained still dispute to be regulated (Jerusalem East, the colonies to be dismantled, recognition of the Israeli responsibility for the refugees).

In September 2000, a the Second Intifada is started, even more violent than the first; it turns quickly to the war. According to Imad Al Faluji, Palestinian Minister of Transport (May 1996 - October 2002), the second Intifada was planned by the thirteen formations as of the end of the Sommet of Camp David II in July 2000. The visit of Ariel Sharon on the Esplanade of the Mosques (also called Mount of the Temple) having been lived like a provocation by the Palestinians, it would be the spark which started the beginning of Intifada the following day.

April 30th 2003: Publication of the Roadmap for peace, a multi-stage plan written by the the United States, the Russia, European Union and UNO and having to lead to the creation of a Palestinian State. The Palestinians accept it immediately, Israel adopts it in May, with reserves related on the safety as of its borders and the terrorist attacks.

January 9th 2005: Mahmoud Abbas is elected with the head of the Palestinian Authority.

February 8th 2005: top of Charm el-Cheikh with Ariel Sharon and Mahmoud Abbas.

17 August 18th 2005: withdrawal and dismantling of the Jewish colonies of the Gaza Strip, 8000 colonists are evacuated in Israel by the Israëlienne army, which causes a fracture within the population between the pro-withdrawal favorable to the dialog with the Palestinians and the anti-withdrawal favorable to the continuation of colonization.

September 12th 2005: After thirty-eight years of occupation and colonization of the Gaza Strip the departure of the last Israeli soldiers marks a turning in the future of the close East. Withdrawal of Gaza, the dismantling of several colonies in the West Bank as well as the construction of the safety fence (" the wall of the apartheid" from the Palestinian point of view) considers the borders of a future State Palestinian and reassures Israëlien on sure borders… peace is perhaps close.

December 2005 - January 2006: Israeli the Prime Minister, Ariel Sharon, main actor of the Israëlien disengagement plan of the Gaza Strip undergo two successive brain attacks and plunge in a deep coma. The country sinks in a great distress.

January 25th 2006: Behavior of the Palestinian legislative elections. Stupor and fear for the future replace the optimism of the recent Israëlien withdrawal of Gaza. In spite of the efforts of peace of Mahmoud Abbas (President of the Palestinian Authority) and in spite of the Jewish disengagement of Gaza, the people Palestinian massively elect the Hamas (left islamist which does not recognize Israel and calls with its destruction). The hamas obtains 74 of the 132 seats at the Palestinian Parliament involving the resignation of the 1st Ahmed Qorei Minister. The United States decides to stop their financial payments with the government Palestinian as long as the hamas will not have recognized Israel and that it will not have to give up his project of total destruction of the Hebrew State.

January 30th 2006: Israel, by the voice of its temporary Prime Minister, Ehud Olmert, decides to freeze the funds due to the Palestinian Authority, for fear they do not arrive to terrorist elements.

June 25th 2006: A group of combatants Palestinians attacks a station armed with Tsahal at the southern border of Israel via a tunnel close to Kerem Shalom which passes to the south of the Gaza Strip. During the attack, two Israeli soldiers are killed, three others wounded, of which the corporal Guilad Shalit who is removed by Palestinian. Mohammed Abdel Al, a spokesperson of the Popular resistance committees, revealed that the attack of this place had been planned for two months with an aim of claiming the release of Palestinian prisoners locked up in Israel.

June 28th 2006: Israel launches the operation " rain of été" with an aim of recovering the soldier captured by the Palestinian commando. Several terrestrial units of Tsahal are committed in the engagements as well as helicopters and strike air bombers F-15 and F-16. The second objective of this offensive is to put an end to the ceaseless shootings rockets kassam drawn from Gaza on the south from Israel (in particular the town of Sderot) and to put the pressure on the government of the hamas which guarantees these attacks. It is the first time that the Israeli army returns on this territory of the Palestinian Authority since the unilateral disengagement plan finished in September 2005. The first days of the operation were marked by the destruction of the only powerplant of Gaza, three bridges and the arrest of several members of Parliament and ministers affiliated to Hamas.

Historical characters

Hérode Large the, king de Judée, first century BC
Jesus-Christ, Messiah and Sons of God for the Christians, 1st century
Mattathias, founder of the Stiffs, second century BC
Muqaddasi, geographer (Jerusalem) (towards 942 -?)
Procope of Gaza, sophist of the end of the 5th century (Gaza)
Yasser Arafat, (1929-2004)

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