History of Ouzbékistan

Located in the middle of the Central Asia, between the Steppe S, the deserts and the mountains majestic, with the crossing of main roads of communication and trade, the Ouzbékistan knew important migrations during its history, which caused modifications of its settlement, according to the rises and the falls of dynasties and empires as powerful as varied. The Uzbek , of Turkish language, are only among the last of these migrants… Today, this independent country more populated area tries to be made the way around the great powers and to affirm its own identity which it is forging.

Prehistory

Recent genetic studies show that the men arrived on the territory of current Ouzbékistan there are approximately 40.000 to 50.000 years, that does one of the oldest populated areas of them. The archaeological evidence of this presence remains however compartmental contrary to the areas of Africa and Australia. Studies identified the area as the source of the populations which will live the Europe later, the Siberia and the North America. This area is also regarded as the matrix of the Indo-European Langues.

The Bronze Age

Between 2200 and 1700 av. J. - C., a well advanced civilization of the Bronze Age existed in the south of Ouzbékistan and the Turkménistan. It is called civilization bactro-margienne or the Civilization of Oxus (Amou-Daria). It was in relation to the Civilization of the valley of Indus and was characterized by a mixture of nonIndo-European people autochtones, which completely disappeared today, and of Indo-Aryens come from the Western Kazakhstan. The archeological sites, like that of Djarkoutan or Mollali Tépé, reveal the existence of an already urban lifestyle, with a practice of the irrigation and the culture of the Blé and Orge. No trace of writing has for the moment be discovered. Starting from 1700 av. J. - C., the Indo-Aryan ones started to migrate towards the India. They were replaced in Ouzbékistan by tribes of Iranian wandering pastors, such as the Sogdiens, which were sédentarisèrent.

One also knows another culture, known as of Tazabagyab, appeared towards 1500 av. J. - C. close to Khwarezm in the south of the Mer of Aral, from where the Iranians of the Western Turkestan could come. This prestigious culture gathered elements of the culture of the Tombs with Frame and a Culture of Andronovo which extended from the the Ural in the west, towards Lac Baïkal in the east, and until the Syr-Daria in the south. The culture of Andronovo was the first to have had the tank of war with two wheels, drawn by two horses. Its inhabitants lived in villages, cultivated the ground and raised animals. They could manufacture well weapons and tools out of bronze.

Persians, Greeks and nomads

Bactriane, Sogdiane and Empire achéménide

The two principal Iranian people of Ouzbékistan were the Sogdiens, in the area of Samarkand and Bukhara, and Bactriens, more in the south, horse between Ouzbékistan of the south and the Afghanistan of north. The Indians gave to the Bactriane the name of Bahlikâ and the Chinese that of Daxia . Its capital was Bactres (current Balkh). The city of Samarkand ( Maracanda in Greek) was founded by the Sogdiens probably with the O C Sogdiens and Bactriens never constituted of State unifié : their territory was divided in principalities centered around their cities. The Zoroastrisme, purely Iranian religion, perhaps developed in Bactriane. The Avesta, its crowned text, knows Sughda- “ Sogdiens, Sogdiane ”, but it is unfortunately very difficult to date. It goes back in any case to a high Antiquity. Sogdiens seem to have been of the Scytho - Sakas sedentarized.

More in north, around the Sea of Aral, lived the wandering tribes of the Sakas (or Saces, related with the Scythians) and of the Massagètes , all Iranian women. The latter were valiant warriors who, under the reign of the Tomyris queen, assassinated the Persian king Cyrus {{Rom|I|1}} {{er}}. As at Sogdiens and Bactriens, the women played a big role on their premises.

The inhabitants of Bactriane and Sogdiane, as well as Khorezm (Kwarezm) close located at the North-West, were mainly farmers having a perfect command of the techniques of irrigation in the valleys of Syr-Daria, Amou-Daria and Zeravchan. They were gathered in communities of important size, practitioner actively the craft industry on metals and the trade. The nomadism developed especially in the desert and mountain areas.

The city of Afrasiab close to Samarkand was founded step later that in 500 front J. - C. the museum of its archeological site contains the oldest pawns of known failures. The murals with Afrasiab are famous and the city is regarded as one of the hearth of the language Persan E modern. According to Ferdowsi, the Persan poem epic , the Afrasiab character, legendary founder of the city, would be a king of all the Touran S, ancestor of the Hephtalite S and probably also of the Qarakhanides (Karakhanides) ( to low see the conquests of Hephtalites and Qarakhanides in Ouzbékistan ).

From 545 with 540 av. J. - C., Cyrus {{Romanian|II|2}}, founder of the Persian Empire, launched out to the conquest of the Central Asia, it integrated Bactriane, Sogdiane, Khorezm and the Parthie in the Empire Achéménide as provinces (11th, 15th and 16th Satrapie S).

Alexandre the Large one and Séleucides

Alexandre Large the conquered Sogdiane and Bactriane in 327 av. J. - C., whereas it conducted campaign against Darius III, and put an end to the dynasty Achéménides. Two years before, on Oxus (Amou-Daria), it based a city which would bear the name of thereafter Termez (or Tirmidh , a possible deformation of the name of the king gréco-bactrien Démétrios), currently the southernmost city of the Ouzbékistan.

Being established in Maracanda (Samarkand), it married there Roxane, the girl of Oxyartes, local bactrien chief, whom he had captured in 327 av. J. - C. before taking, under a thick snow, the fortress known as the Sogdien Rock (or the Rock of Ariamazes), considered hitherto impregnable. This marriage was to him an invaluable help to subdue wild popular resistance in Sogdiane, directed by Spitaménès, which stopped the progression of its army, while the conquest of Bactriane was relatively easy for him. This marriage was also the prelude to the weddings of Suse where 10 000 Greeks married with 10 000 Eastern in 324 av. J. - C.

After its marriage and before undertaking the countryside of India, free Alexandre in 323 av. J. - C. its general headquarter with Maracanda (Samarkand) to conquer the citadel in the place of current the Tachkent, in the south of which, on Jaxartes (Syr-Daria), it ordered the construction of a city-counter and fortress that it would name Alexandria Eskhaté ( extreme ).

Following the death of Alexandre in 323 av. J. - C., the reign in the north-eastern part of its empire which one will call " Transoxiane (; country beyond the Oxus ") passed to its general Séleucos Ier Nikator, founder of the dynasty of the Séleucides. Under Séleucos Ier, Bactriane undergoes an massive immigration of exiled Greeks and hellénise more than any other conquered area.

Under the governorship of Séleucos II, Séleucides, too worried by their vexations in Syria, were not in the possibility of ensuring the control of their Eastern regions. The independent Royaume gréco-bactrien was thus founded by Diodote Ier (Diodotos) towards -250 around Bactriane, after it is freed rather easily from the supervision of Séleucides. Under the reign of Euthydème I, the second successor of Diodotos, the séleucide Antiochos III tried to take again possession of Bactriane, but it failed and had to recognize the independence of this kingdom. An important urban development characterized this period and the gréco-Eastern Syncrétisme in arts reaches its paroxysm then.

The dynasty of the Séleucides definitively dies out in -64, under Antiochos XIII Asiaticus, when the remainders of its empire, formerly the largest kingdom hellenistic, were annexed to the Roman Empire.

Invasions of the nomads and the installation of the Silk route

Between I er and the 2nd century after J. - C., the territory of the Royaume gréco-bactrien was invaded by wandering people come from China, Yuezhi and Sakas. The center of the kingdom moved then towards south-east to become, towards 190 av. J. - C., the Royaume indo-Greek.

The Parthes occupied in 115 the Western part of Bactriane (between Ouzbékistan and the current Turkménistan), by replacing Sakas there (or Saces) which had migrated more to the south, towards current the Afghanistan. They shared this region with of Yuezhi which reigned there since 126 av. J. - C.

At that time, the Syncretism religious, perpetuated by the Parthes, evolved gradually to the Monothéisme and the concept of universal religion is spread among people of current the Ouzbékistan. Thanks to the influence of the priests ( magi ), the Zoroastrisme will become there the official religion under the Sassanides.

More in the East, the Empire Kouchan had been made starting from several distinct principalities, towards the beginning of the thousand-year-old 1st, more of one hundred years after the Royaume gréco-bactrien was destroyed by the nomads. It occupied gradually, between 105 and 250, the Bactriane and part of Sogdiane and Khorezm. This empire was created by the Kouchan, a tribe of Yuezhi, people of current the Xinjiang in China, possibly related with the Tokhariens. During several centuries, the Civilization koutchéenne was in the center of the exchanges between Orient (China) and Occident (Roman Empire), on the course of the Silk route. The Kouchan S moreover imported the Bouddhisme in Central Asia and developed to with it hellenistic arts of the East.

The opening of the Large Silk route , more the terrestrial and maritime commercial long roads of Antiquity, at the second century BC, and especially its security, after it had remained a long time at the thank you of the gangsters and the plunderers, grace in particular to the efforts of the Kouchan S, moved the center of gravity of the Iranian world, of the edges of the Tigre towards those of Amou-Daria. The Perse Parthian diverted from now on the eyes of banks of the Euphrate, to look at well beyond Syr-Daria: in its eyes the trade with the China takes an importance that with the Greece had never had, and Transoxiane is with the crossroads of the axes of exchange. The Silk route was not only used for to transport silk to Europe - spices, the, paper, and porcelain also took this way. Moreover, she played a big role in the diffusion of the beliefs (p.ex., the Bouddhisme), of the ideas and the culture. This being, the Road lasting its existence enriched from all the points of view its city-stages such as Samarkand, Kokand or Ferghana. The famous road will remain of use until the medium of the Middle Ages.

To summarize, history of Transoxiane between and the 3rd century after J. - C. is complicated, various more or less transitory kingdoms in the dubious beginnings there being succeeded, before being all swept by the rising power of the Sassanides Mazdéen S (zoroastrists). At the same time, the Ferghana in the east, a stage-key on the Silk route, knew to keep its independence.

Sassanides Persians

The Sassanides were a Persian dynasty originating in the Fars, founded towards 224 after J. - C. by a descendant supposed of Darius III. Under Sassanides, art and the Persian culture reached a level impressing and their military force could even glorieusement defy powerful the Rome. The reign of Sassanides was characterized by a high centralization of the capacity, an ambitious town planning and an agriculture with the advanced techniques.

Already with 3rd and 4th centuries, Sassanides undertook attempts at conquest of Transoxiane, but their progressive expansion caused risings at the nomads Kouchan S, which refused to yield their territory, and engaged of many battles with Sassanides. A little later, at the end of the 4th century, they will be the Huns, Chionites (the red Huns) and then the Kidarites, which will defy Sassanides succeeding in to maintain their positions in Transoxiane. They will break even on Iran.

In 427, the king sassanide Vahram V (" Vahram Ghûr") crush finally the wandering troops of the Huns white (Hephthalites) come in Central Asia from China and restores the Persian domination there. His/her son Yazdgard II Sipahdost consolidates this presence in 442 by eliminating the successor from the Empire kouchan, the Royaume kidarite, related with the Huns, formerly combined Perses.

The dynasty of the Sassanides controlled during more than four centuries an immense territory including Transoxiane, developed a art of court sumptuous, undertook great work of civil engineering, and, tie profit of its key position on the Silk route, carried out victoriously, for practically all the period, of the wars on the faces of the East, against the Huns and the Turks, and of the West, against the Roman Empire.

Huns white (Hephthalites)

The emperor sassanide Yazdgard II was confronted with the attacks of the wandering tribes of Huns white (Hephthalites) as of 442. His/her own Peroz son went to ask Hephthalites to give him troops in order to take possession of Persia. Apparently, in order to be able to reign on the Sogdiens, Hephthalites had had to adopt their language. They would start later with sédentariser. One generally regards Huns white as the first ancestors of the current Uzbek people.

Thanks to the assistance obtained at Hephthalites, Péroz I became emperor of Persia in 459 - 484. To thank them, it yielded the district of Taliqan to them, in the south-east of current the Turkménistan. It was not long however in entering in conflict with them.

Hephthalites were of so savage warriors that the simple mention of their name terrified everyone. The Persian soldiers sent to their meeting resembled condemned to dead going to the scaffold.

Péroz I was killed in 484 at the time of a new battle against Hephthalites. Its death involved the internal conflicts at the Sassanides forcing them to yield the territory of current Ouzbékistan and to pay a tribute in Hephthalites.

The conquest of the Bassin of Tarim put Hephthalites in alliance with the Ruanruan. After having carried a fatal blow in Ruanruan in 552, the Köktürks sought to be combined with Persians against Hephthalites. Between 560 and 563, the latter were overcome at the time of a great battle, which lasted eight days, close to Bukhara. Thereafter, they were divided in principalities which paid tribute, the ones with Persians, the others with the Turks.

Köktürks of the West

The Turks had created their empire in 552. In 576, Mugan (Muhan) (553-572), the son of the Turkish Khan Bumin, succeeded his father by entrusting the Western wing of the empire of the Köktürks to his uncle Istämi. This last was combined with the Sassanides Perse S to fight the Huns white. After having eliminated Huns White, towards 563, the two allied ones divided current the Ouzbékistan, in particular the territory of the Sogdiens, but they were not long in being scrambled. In spite of the wars which they carried out together, until in 630, the Byzantine Turks and the could not come to end from Persians.

The khan of the Tujue Tardu, which succeeded his/her Istämi father, had been encouraged by the Chinese, who wished to break the Turkish empire. Its policy brought to a final separation of the empire of the Köktürks in two States, that of the Eastern Turks in Mongolia, directed by Nivar, brother of Mugan, and that of the Western Turks in the Tian Shan, in Ouzbékistan and in Eastern Kazakhstan, directed by Tardu.

The defeat of Tardu vis-a-vis its ambitious nephew Apa Qaghan (Daluobian) brought chaos among Western Turks, until they find of the mobilizing chiefs in the person of Shigui, then of his/her brother, Tong (they are their Chinese names). This last was a powerful sovereign, who extended his capacity until on part of the Afghanistan and India of North. A few months later, of the vassal tribes, the Qarluq, revolted, and Tong was killed. The Western Turks lost their unit again. In the years 640, the Chinese évincèrent them rich person oasis of the Bassin of Tarim on the Silk route, who were just in the south of their territory. In 651, the Western Turks lined up under the authority of a qan Chinese Helu. After having obtained the support of the Ouïgours, the Chinese are reflected in shift against him and in 657 overcame it. Practically all the Central Asia fell then to the hands from the Chinese.

Under the Turks, particularly thanks to their requirements in armaments and jewelry, the people of current Ouzbékistan actively developed the craft industry on metals (Or, money, Fer, Plomb, Cuivre, etc), as well as the writing. The rise of the trade on the Silk route between China and Europe had a considerable influence on the local production of the Coton and the Soie.

The famous pilgrim Chinese Xuanzang passed towards 631 by Tachkent and Samarkand at the time of his voyage in India in the crowned search of Manuscrit S Buddhist.

Arabs

After the first attempt partially failed to invade and Islamize Samarkand and Ferghana in 706, the Arab , carried out by the troops of the general Qutayba ibn Muslim, conquered towards 712 the territories of current Ouzbékistan and Kyrgyzstan. They enter there to the contact with the Chinese during the reign of the first Abbasid Abou Al “Abbâs to the victory of Catholic students. They establish by the force the Islam near the center-Asian people hitherto practitioner the Zoroastrisme.

Sogdiens which agreed to convert with Islam were exempted taxes. Vis-a-vis the extent of conversions and the consecutive fall of the revenues from taxes, the Arab issued that the new converts should be circoncis and to have a good knowledge of the Coran. This measurement involved a vast revolt.

In 720 and 721, Sogdiens destroyed the Arab garrison of Samarkand with the assistance of the Turks. A new governor was then named with the Khorassan, Said ibn Amr Al-Harashi. The rebels sogdiens chose this time a strategy of retirement. Under the control of Divashtich, king of the Eastern city of Panjikand, a part of them took refuge in the fortress of Abargar, located on the Mug mount. At this place, on left bank of the Zeravshan, the archeologists found many documents rich in lesson on the company sogdienne. The Arabs having besieged the fortress, Divashtich had to go. It was carried out with the autumn 722 by Al-Harashi.

In 728, the governor of the Khorassan Ashras ibn Abdallah Al-Sulami offered a freedom from tax for the new converts, which produced the same effects exactly as the first time. With the assistance of the Turks, Bukhara became the center of the revolt sogdienne. It was subjected during the summer 729, after several months of hard combat. Samarkand, directed by king Ghurak (successor of Tarkhun), had not been raised. In spite of the repression carried out by the Arabs, the resistance of Sogdiens did not stop. It was particularly sharp in 733 and 734. The governor Nasr ibn Sayyar (738 - 748) decided to follow a policy more reconciling with the local elites.

The Arab control of the Central Asia was consolidated following the Bataille of Catholic students (with the Kyrgyzstan close to the current city Kazakh of Taraz) against the Chinese in 751. This victory which marked the projection more in the East of the Arab armies was also the occasion to acquire a certain number of Chinese techniques of which that of the manufacture of the Papier. At the time of the battle of Catholic students, the Arabs, victorious, make captive of many Chinese and thus recover the secrecy. They quickly include/understand the interest of this new support to propagate the Islam, and Samarkand will be the very first production center of the paper of the world Musulman. In addition, they will improve manufacture of it while incorporating in it in its preparation of the rags. Haroun rear-Rachid imposed the use of paper in all the administrations of the empire. Paper arrives then in the known rest of the world and in Occident thanks to the Arab conquests in Central Asia. One finds it with Baghdad in 793, with the Cairo in 900, with Xàtiva (San Felipe, Spain) in 1056 and finally in France at the beginning of the 14th century.

The people of Ouzbékistan organized many insurrections against the Arabs, of which most important took place into 720-722 in Sogdiane, in 734-737 in Sogdiane and with the Khorassan and finally, in 747-750 pennies the direction of Abû Muslim, which contributed to the fall of the Omeyyades and arrival of the Abbassides. Other insurrections took place into 801-802 and 806 everywhere in Movaraunahr or My wara' un-Nahr (the name which the Arabs gave to the Transoxiane).

The annexation of Movaraunahr to the Arab Califat S contributed to the growth of the big cities of Samarkand, Binkent (Tachkent), Termez and Bukhara, with the development of the craft industry, the trade (especially of that extra-frontier with Caravane S) and of the techniques of Irrigation. Of 750 with 850, period of the Abbasid Caliph S , science known as " arabo-musulmane" reached its top. The sovereigns paid, sometimes his gold weight, any book recently translated, and thus, as of the 9th century, a major part of the writings of the Greece was available in Arab language. The philosopher Al-Farabi (born in Transoxiane), the second Master (in reference to the first Master, Aristote), holds a dominating place in this dynamics.

Large the Mathematician Al-Khwarizmi (Al-Khorezmi), inventor of the algebraic principles and which gave its name to the algorithm, was born towards 783 with Khiva. The Astronome celebrates Al-Farghani (805 - 880) was native of Ferghana.

Samanides Persians

The Samanides were the first Persian dynasty to take again the capacity in Ouzbékistan after the Arab conquest.

In 819, the Caliph Al-Mamun (813 - 833) had rewarded the four grandsons for Persian Saman-Khoda (Nuh, Ahmad, Yahya and Elyas) for their good and faithful services in their allotting to each one a province. Ismail Ier (892 - 907), the son of Ahmad, quickly took the control of Transoxiane and of the Persian Khorassan and settled there as semi-indépendant governor, choosing Bukhara like capital. The valley of Zeravchan, the area of Chach (Tachkent) and the towns of Samarkand and Termez were also in the center of the development of the Samanide territory, its craft industry and its flourishing trade (Verre, Papier, Cuir, fabric S, Soie, Bétail, etc).

In 900, in the name of the Caliph, Ahmad overcame the Saffaride Amr ibn Layth (Amr ebn Leys) which wanted to invade its province. Thereafter, until the year 1005, Samanides kept under control most of their territories. To affirm itself vis-a-vis their neighbors of the south (Tahirides, Ghaznavides and Ghurides) with which they dispute the capacity at the 10th century, the Samanides do not use only the military force, but also Article They develops town planning and funerary architecture, create parts of pottery very different from/to each other with kaleidoscopic decorations , marbled decorations, etc

Large the Doctor and Philosopher Avicenne (Abou Ali Ibn Sînâ), was born close to Bukhara in 980, while the scientist Encyclopédiste Al-Biruni , who was his corresponding, was born in 973 in a suburb from Kath, close to the current ouzbèke city to Ourguentch.

Qarakhanides and Seldjoukides Turkish and Khwârazm-Shahs perso-Turkish

The Turkish dynasty of the Qarakhanides (Karakhanides), regarded as ancestors of the Uzbek current, reigned on current Ouzbékistan of the end of the 9th century to the 1212. Into 920, Qarakhanides directed by Satuq Bughra Qara-Khan “Abd Al-Karim were converted collectively with the Islam. Under the reign of Harun Ier (982 - 993), they took in 992 Bukhara with the Samanides. Under the reign of its successors, Qarakhanides completed the conquest of Transoxiane by definitively reversing the Samanides towards 999. After the defeat of Qarakhanides vis-a-vis the Seldjoukides (1040), another Turkish dynasty of Central Asia, the adversaries among most dangerous, the kingdom of Qarakhanides was cut into two: the Western kingdom, whose capital were Bukhara, moved in 1042 in Samarkand, and the Eastern kingdom with Kachgar like center. In 1089, Seldjoukides overcame the Western kingdom definitively being then under the reign of Ahmad Ier (1081 - 1095), and occupied Bukhara and Samarkand there. In spite of this subjection, Qarakhanides of Transoxiane could develop an intense architectural activity. Thus, under Muhammad II (1102 - 1130), one set up in Bukhara inter alia the minaret Po-I-Kalân (Kalyan). A little later, of 1124 with 1218, the Vallée of Ferghana found in the possession of the Mongolian Chinese proto- of the tribes of Kara-Khitans.

The sovereign Khorezmien Went AD-DIN Tekish (Takash) (1172 - 1200) conquered the Perse in 1194 and relieved the same year the last Turkish Sultan of dynasty of Large the Seldjoukides Tuğrul ibn Arslan which reigned then on part of Transoxiane. But it is by the Khwârazm-Shah Ala AD-DIN Muhammad that the State of the Qarakhanides with the capital in Samarkand was definitively destroyed in 1212. The rise of the rapid of the Khwarezm to the row of great power could be done only by the alliance of the dynasty with the Kiptchak and the Oghouzes. But the campaigns and the raids the latter had consequences devastators for agriculture in Central Asia because, beside the destruction related to the wars, much of fields were transformed into pastures for the wandering herds of Kiptchak.

The reign of the Khwârazm-Shahs was of short duration. In 1219, the governor khorezmien of Otrar on the Syr-Daria made assassinate a caravan of merchant-spies sent by Gengis Khan, and the ambassadors sent by this one to require explanations knew the same fate, which started a terrible repression.

In 1220, the Mongolian conquered the current Ouzbékistan, whose main cities like Samarkand, Bukhara or Tachkent underwent severe destruction.

Mongols and Turco-Mongolian

Gengis Khan, Tchaghataïdes and Barlas

The catch of Samarkand was made at the time of the great conquest of the large Mongolian emperor Gengis Khan (1220), which reversed the Khwârazm-Shahs. It bequeathed then its empire to its four sons, under the authority of the third, the supreme Khan Ögödei. Current Ouzbékistan was found in the hands of its second wire, Tchagataï (Djaghataï). It was at the origin of the dynasty of the Djaghataïdes.

The Khanat de Tchaghataï, also called Khanat de Djaghataï, was founded in 1219 as a ulus turco-Mongolian, covering the four current countries of the Central Asia, the south of the Kazakhstan, the west of the Xinjiang Chinese and the north of the Afghanistan. There existed of 1229 with 1571 like an autonomous kingdom within the Mongolian Empire.

In first half of the 14th century, the empire of Tchaghataïdes had been divided into two, the Eastern Mongolistan wandering, and the My wara' un-Nahr, a Khanat ( ulus ) Western, mainly sedentary. The reign of the Tchaghataïdes lasted until in 1347 when the chief of the tribe of Karnau, Kazaghan (Qazghan) assassinated the large last Khan of Tchaghataïdes, Kazan (Qazan), and proclaimed emir (" gouverneur").

The emir Kazaghan and after him his Abdallah son reigned on current Ouzbékistan until the beginning of the year 1360, but after the assassination of this last, the country sank in chaos. The nomads of Mongolistan, better formed militarily, benefitted from the situation by organizing many attacks which completely weakened and impoverished the My wara' un-Nahr. At this point in time the Turkish-speaking Mongolian tribe of the Barlas, called pejoratively “the asses”, with Hadji Barlas at the head, started to take importance in the area. After the escape of Persian Hadji Barlas in , it is its nephew Timour (Tamerlan) who took the head, initially of Barlas, and then, of all the surrounding tribes.

Timour (Tamerlan) and Timourides

Tamerlan (1336 - 1405), also called Amir Timour (" Emir of Iron "), born in Kesh (current Shahr-e Sabz) close to Samarkand, of a tribe Turco-Mongolian E of Barlas, he was a large war leader and a scholar of art and letters. It was a distance relative of Gengis Khan. Proud pitiless commander, handicapped legs (his name Tamerlan comes from the Persan " Teimur Lang" or " Timour Boiteux" , in Turkish " Timur Aqsaq "), even at the end of its life, without being able more to go, it always went to the combat while ordering to its men to carry it in the fray, armed with its sword.

By a system of alliance, it was made elect large emir Samarkand in 1369 and, installing there its capital, ressuscita this prestigious city that the Mongolian of Gengis Khan had devastated in 1220, there making converge the richnesses and the talents (artists, craftsmen, scientists and well-read men) captured at the time of its campaigns.

After having married Aldjaï, grand-daughter of the emir Qazghan, died before 1370, it married several widows of her brother-in-law Mir Husayn, of which Saray Mulk Khanum, more known under its title of Bibi Khanoum (" princess aînée"), girl of late the Khan Qazan, which conferred to him the title envied of güregen (" son-in-law impérial"). A famous mosque of Samarkand bears the name of this princess.

Tamerlan engaged in a fulgurating conquest of the Islamic world: it seized the Khwarezm and the Khorasan in 1371, the Iran and the Mésopotamie five years later, of the Kipchak plain where reigned the Horde of Gold, to then go to strike towards 1395 several cities of the Russia before making countryside in India (1398-1399) and putting at bag the town of Delhi.

In Anatolia in 1402, it seized the person of the sultan Bayazid II, then fought in Syria, took Damas, moved towards the Egypt, but the dynasty Mamelouk E was declared vassal, thus avoiding the annexation of its territory. To sixty and eleven years, it was on the point of moving towards China when death surprised it.

Its empire, which included several current countries of the Central Asia, survived to him only one century. The succession of the conqueror was even organized of alive sound, and it is his/her son Shah Rukh who went up on the throne. But the territory was parcelled out quickly, and it was necessary for the successor Timur to take the weapons to reconquer the empire which his/her father had bequeathed to him. In 1420, it directed the Iran and the Iraq, and dominated, at least of name, the India and the China. His/her own son, Ulugh Beg, considered astronomer, and governor of Samarkand, took his succession in 1447. But, attacked of all shares, he knew one period of territorial decline which continued until the end of the reign of sultan Husayn Bayqara (R. 1469 - 1506), who closes the dynasty.

The empire of the Timourides ends up falling in 1507 to the hands from the Uzbek from the dynasty from the Chaybanides. But of great cultural, artistic and scientific achievements took place, mainly with Samarkand and Hérat, at the time of the 15th century called Renaissance timouride, in particular under the reigns of Shah Rukh (1377 - 1447), of Oulough Beg (1394 - 1449) and of Husayn Bayqara (1438 - 1506).

Oulough Beg, being also a large scientist, made build with Samarkand a Médersa (institute), open in 1420, where it is probable that it taught, and a observatory, inaugurated towards 1429, where he worked with some 70 mathematicians and astronomers, of which Qadi-zadeh Roumi, Al-Kachi and Ali Quchtchi, leading to the publication of Tables sultaniennes ( zij-e solTâni , into Persan) whose precision remained unequalled during two centuries. Died of Shah Rukh in 1447, it reached the throne of the Timourides, but entered in conflict with his/her oldest son, Abd ul-Lative case, which made it assassinate in 1449 and went up on the throne before being itself killed in 1450. Ali Quchtchi left with a copy the Tables sultaniennes to Tabriz, then with Istanbul from where they reached Europe.

The Médersa of Oulugh Beg continued to function until the 17th century, but the cultural life of the Timourides concentrated with Hérat in second half of the 15th century when the famous poet and Uzbek philosopher Alicher Navoï , founder of the modern language ouzbèke, carried out its life and its work.

The first Uzbeks (Chaybanides)

The Chaybanides, Mongolian Moslem dynasty going down from Chayban, wire of Djötchi, originally consisted of 15 000 families, had since Batu small a ulus (khanat) within the Horde of Gold, called Gray Horde, in current the Western Kazakhstan. Several centuries during, Chaybanides appreciably multiplied without being able to keep a unit of the tribes.

The powerful khan Abû-l-Khayr succeeds in joining together the wandering tribes of Chaybanides living between Tobol, the Ural and Syr-Daria in 1429 under a name of Uzbek Ulus . It is the first time that the name " ouzbek" appears in the history; without having ethnic significance, it holds of the name of Özbeg, prince Mongolian of the 13th century which established the Islam within the Gold Horde.

Abû-l-Khayr, by conquering the Khwarezm in 1447, tried to create a solid Uzbek State, but it was killed in 1468 by the tribes of current Kazakhstan. Its nephew, the prince Muhammad Shaybânî refonda, with his brother Mahmud, the khanat of Ouzbékistan, then conquered in 1500, using the mercenaries of Astrakhan, the towns of Bukhara and Samarkand. They rather easily reversed the Timourides in 1507 but was killed in a combat with Persians in 1510.

Other sultans chaybanides, Ilbars and Bilbars, took possession of Khiva in 1511. However, the khanat secured its territory only in 1512, after its victory against the Moghols of Bâbur, but without to be able to consolidate itself in a single and solid State. Towards 1512, the Uzbek khanat was controlled by four khans which reigned there in a distinct way.

The Uzbek Khanat tried to benefit from the traffic of caravans which crossed the area, but on the long run, it was cut international business. Moreover, under the reign of Abdallâh II of Bukhara, the khanat knew a intellectual stagnation because of a greater religious seizure on the State.

The dynasty of the Chaybanides ended in 1598 with the assassination by its entourage of the khan of Bukhara and Samarkand “Abd Al-Mu' min. During second half of the 17th century, the Khanat of Bukhara knew a dynastic change and it was controlled by a line originating in Astrakhan, the Djanides, descendants of Djötchi. Most of tribes ouzbèkes descendant of Abû-l-Khayr was found then more in north, particularly in the valley Chu, to form the ethnos group of the Kazakh .

At the 16th century, on the vast territories of the Central Asia, especially in the persophones parts of Ouzbékistan, the poetry of the large Iranian poet Djami was extremely popular, and made it possible to enrich art by the painting of new topics. That marked the beginning of development many artistic schools, of which most important were in Iran.

The reign of Bâbur with Ferghana

Formerly the cradle of the religion zoroastrist, Ferghana played Moyen-âge a central role in the history of powerful the Empire moghol of South Asia and of the India whose Bâbur was the founder.

With died of Omar Sheikh Mirza, king de Ferghana in 1498, his/her son Zahiruddin Muhammad Bâbur (1483 - 1530), although always of minor age, became chief of this region of the oriental party of current Ouzbékistan. Descendant of Tamerlan by Miran Shah and of Gengis khan by his/her mother, at once her ensured throne, it obsessionnellement reflects to extend its territory.

Thus in 1497, it attacks and takes Samarkand, on which it thinks of having a hereditary legitimate right. But a rebellion among its noble seizes its kingdom, its troops give up it and it loses its conquest. It managed to take again Samarkand thereafter but was quickly driven out in 1501 by its principal enemy, Muhammad Shaybânî, powerful the Khan of the Uzbeks. During three years, he wanders trying in vain to recover his lost possessions. In 1504, gathering some faithful troops, Bâbur crossed the snow-covered Hindū-Kūsh, took the strong city of Kabul and was found with the head of a rich person kingdom.

Again, in 1510, after the death of Shaybânî, Bâbur claims its original possessions, and receives the determining assistance of the Turkmène Ismail Safavi. With new forces, it made in 1511 a triumphal entry in Samarkand. But in 1514 it was again demolishes by the Uzbek khans and turned over with difficulty to Kabul.

Three Khanat S resulting from the dislocation of the Khanat de Tchaghataï

; Khanat de Khiva The Khanat de Khiva, also called “State of Khwarezm (Khorezm)”, was oldest of the three khanats Uzbek, existing between 1512 - 1920 in the south of the Mer of Aral. Having at the beginning the capital with Ourguentch, following the brutal change of the course of Amou-Daria ( Oxus ) in 1598 which was fatal for him, Khorezm moves its capital with Khiva, small fortress of the time. A few centuries during, Khiva becomes one of the centers of the Islamic world, before becoming the integral part of the Russian empire in 1873.

; Khanat (Emirate) of Bukhara The Khanat of Bukhara (1599 - 1920), was a State centrasiatic mainly persophone, with the capital in Bukhara, and which included also the town of Samarkand.

The dynasty of the Djanides reigned on the khanat of Bukhara of 1599 with 1785 after having relieved the other descendants of Djötchi, the dynasty ouzbèke of the Chaybanides. At the 17th century, the members of the dynasty build two of the three Madrasa place of Registan with Samarkand (in 1646 and 1660).

Khanat of Bukhara was famous in “emirate” in 1785, following the conquest of Nâdir Shâh. In 1868, the Emirate of Bukhara becomes Protectorat of Russia. Shortly after the Revolution of October, after the catch of Bukhara by the Red Army on September 2nd 1920, it definitively loses its independence to train the Soviet Popular republic of Bukhara before integrating, in 1924, RSS of Ouzbékistan (in its great part) and RSS of Tadjikistan.

; Khanat de Kokand The Khanat de Kokand, which takes its origins in the town of Ferghana, was an existing state between 1709 and 1876 on the territories of current Ouzbékistan (is), Tadjikistan and Kirghizstan. The large horde of the wandering people of the Kyrgyz and the Kazakh , active in the Eastern Kazakhstan, quickly became its vassal.

At the beginning of the 19th century Kokand annexed the town of Tachkent. Under the threat of the attack of the khanat of Bukhara which prepared to annex Tachkent, the Russian general Mikhaïl Tcherniaïev seizes the occasion to make an offensive on the khanat of Kokand. Following the fierce combats, in 1876 Kokand was annexed by Russia what opened the road with the Russians for the remainder of the Central Asia.

Under the Russian Empire

The Russians appear in the area at the end of the 19th century, after a fulgurating victory of the troops of the general Mikhaïl Tcherniaïev with Chymkent (current Kazakhstan) in 1884. They subject initially the wandering tribes of Kazakh, then the khanats (states on which reign a Khan) of Bukhara and Khiva, and then is current Ouzbékistan, including Tachkent (1865). The conquered territories were gathered in an administrative unit called general Gouvernement of the Turkestan. In 1867 Tachkent becomes the capital of Turkestan.

The authorities Tsar ists supported the culture of the Coton in Turkestan instead of the traditional extensive farmings. Its production and distribution were controlled by the Russians, which involved important conflicts between the local population and the colonists. In the linguistic field, Russia adopted various measures aiming at propagating the Russian in the territories conquered in Central Asia.

In March 1876, Khanat of Kokand falls in its turn in the hands from the Russians, after fierce combats of Pulad Khan with the troops carried out by the Russian generals Konstantin Von Kaufman and Mikhail Skobelev. The khanats of Bukhara (which inclua also Samarkand) and of Khiva, become Russian Protectorate S in 1868, entirely lose their sovereignty in 1920 when they were integrated in Russian Turkestan.

In 1916, the Uzbeks revolted against the Russian authorities, but the rebellion was severely repressed by the Tsar.

However, these Russian annexations allow the introduction of new relations sociocultural, intense commercial exchanges between the Russian traders and the Uzbek merchants, as well as a development of education, industries and Railroads, which brings a powerful impulse to the socio-economic development of the area.

The Soviet era

Genesis of the modern nation ouzbèke

The Bolchevik S which seized the power in Russia following the revolution of October 1917 meet a wild resistance of the Uzbek nationalists ( basmatchis ). Once repressed resistance, the Communists seek allies among the Moslem progressists because they realize quickly that a pitiless repression is likely to throw the Moslems of Turkestan in the arms of the White. One of them, Soultan Galiev, as soon as the danger of the new revolts passed, was isolated circle of the capacity and excluded from the Communist party. A thing worries in fact the Bolsheviks: the pantouranism (gathering of all the people Turkish), which explains why they wanted to make disappear until the name from " Turkestan ".

The Ouzbékistan as a Republic and a single and distinct nation exists only since the October 27th 1924, when various existing territorial entities in Central Asia (part of Turkestan, Republic of Bukhara and republic of Khorezm, the two old last being khanats) were gathered in the Soviet socialist République (RSS) of Ouzbékistan (the Soviet autonomous Republic tadjike originally integrated within the RSS of Ouzbékistan was made up in distinct federate republic in 1929). The five republics of Central Asia were born following the territorial cutting carried out under the aegis of the Police chief for nationalities of the time, Joseph Stalin, according to the ethnic distribution of the populations. Thus, several enclaves ouzbèkes on the territories Kyrgyz and inhabitant of Tajik and vice versa were created (Barak, Sarvan, Vorukh, Kairagach, Sokh, Shakhimardan, Qalacha and Khalmion). In 1936, the RSS of Ouzbékistan was widened by the integration of the autonomous republic of Karakalpakie, taken with the RSS of Kazakhstan.

Under the reign of Stalin

In 1928, Stalin orders the collectivization of the grounds in all the Soviet Union. The revolt of the basmatchis (primarily of country origin) Uzbek, started in 1916 and repressed towards 1926, began again then again; it will last until the years 1940.

In the years 1937-38, during the " Great purgings " Stalinist, several Uzbek civils servant of State were carried out, of which the former Prime Minister, Faïzoulla Khodjaïev. The Islam was one of the targets of the Stalinist repression the purpose of which was to make the Soviet Union atheistic completion . Most of the mosques was closed, several Moslem activists carried out.

During the Second world war, Ouzbékistan accommodated several hundreds of Soviet thousands of families fleeing the invasion hitlérienne in the west, of which multiple orphans of war, which accelerated the Russianization of the republic, especially of his capital Tachkent. Part of heavy industries of the European part of the the USSR was also evacuated there. These factories remained in Ouzbékistan after the war, contributing to the industrialization of the republic.

In 1943, into full the war, the German of the Volga , suspected or shown sympathy to the German invader, are off-set in Ouzbékistan (though to a lesser extent that with the close Kazakhstan) in order to be far away from the enemy lines.

After the war

The fight of the Bolchevik S for the emancipation of the women ouzbèkes bore its fruits: towards the end of the year almost 1960 no woman carried more Tchador and all the girls received public education as well as the boys. The Illiteracy, quasi total in 1924, was entirely éradiqué about the years 1950.

January 4th 1966 with Tachkent was organized the Conference indo - Pakistan ease which leads to the re-establishment of the diplomatic relations between these two countries.

The April 26th 1966 Tachkent and its area were severely struck by a Earthquake, after which a vast program of rebuilding was launched grace in particular to the participation of all the republics Soviet S. This event caused the 4th wave of immigration Russian speaker in the country (after that of the colonial time, then under the Bolsheviks, and then during IIe world war).

After 1966, the capital ouzbèke took a considerable expansion becoming the most populated city and most modern of the Central Asia. In the years 1960-80 Tachkent was host of a prestigious International festival of films of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Business of cotton

A phenomenon which largely worked the history of Ouzbékistan in the years 1960-1980 was the intensive development of the culture of the Coton, ordered by Moscow within the framework of the specialization of the Soviet republics. The mediatized objective of the Soviet planners was to produce 6 million tons of the “white gold” Uzbek. This unrestrained development, with a race with the outputs under the conditions of the deficit of the irrigated grounds available had a catastrophic impact on the ecology of the area: the disproportionate use of chemical Manures and Defoliant S.A. poisoned the grounds and water, while the accelerated drainage of the resources of the rivers Amou-Daria and Syr-Daria for the irrigation led to the draining of the Mer of Aral where they are thrown. The surface of this inland sea decreased thus by half in 40 years and the linked activities with fishing were destroyed.

Under the pressure of Moscow to produce even more cotton, the Uzbek leaders developed a corrupted system of falsifications of the Statistiques. The chief of the party (and the republic) of the time, Charaf Rachidov, its entourage, as well as the son-in-law of Léonid Brejnev, was implied in the business of imaginary cotton (several hundreds of thousands of tons) what got gold profits with the budget of the Uzbek State, like in the pockets of main concerns. End 1983, at the time when the vastest fraud of the history of the Soviet Union was uncovered, Rachidov dies of an heart attack.

In spite of the width of this business and the will of the current Uzbek capacity to put under silence its Soviet past, Rachidov is appreciated officially as a leader who invested much in the development of the republic (several architectural whole of scale as well as the sumptuous subway was set up in Tachkent under its reign) and which could obtain from Moscow a certain autonomy by a subtle play of influences and a use of the failures of the Soviet apparatus to the profit of Ouzbékistan.

“Business ouzbèke” and its political consequences

Since the scandal of the cotton of 1983, serious accusations of corruption were carried by Moscow on all the Uzbek Establishment , making following a federal investigation of scale carried out by the investigators anti-fraud Gdlian and Ivanov (“Business ouzbèke”). Result: the near total of the Uzbek apparatus of State was replaced, of which a part was even imprisoned. The direct control of Moscow was reinforced (especially under the former chief of the KGB Youri Andropov). The Uzbek leaders succeeded the ones after the others as far as 1990, Moscow not wanting to leave them time to develop possible news structures of corruption and the family networks. Ousmankhodjaev (1983), Salimov (1983-1986), Nichanov (1986-1988), Khabiboullaev (1988-1989), Ibraguimov (1989-1990) were the transitory chiefs of the Uzbek apparatus of State at that time.

Pogroms of the Turks-Meskhètes in 1989

In June 1989, into full Perestroika, in the Valley of Ferghana, of the clashes violent one degenerate into true Pogrom S aiming at the Turks Meskhètes off-set in the area since the Georgia by Stalin in September 1944. On the whole, nearly 40.000 Meskhètes fuierent Ouzbékistan of which 15.000 were accommodated like refugees in Russia. The origin of the pogroms remains badly known: was it about the rise of Uzbek nationalism or a dramatic flashover of the interethnic clashes occurred a little everywhere in the Union at the end of the years 1990? With final, only a few thousands of Meskhètes remain in Ouzbékistan, of tens of thousands went to Russia, Azerbaïdjan and Ukraine.

Negociations about the Union

Recipient of important subsidies on behalf of the Center (several billion roubles of annual transfers in 1989), called to solve his handicap due to his specialization in the primary sector, Ouzbékistan was an enthusiastic defender of the maintenance of the USSR when the centrifugal tendencies there were felt following the liberalisms brought by the Perestroïka and the Glasnost. The referendum on the maintenance of the USSR organized by Mikhaïl Gorbatchev in 1991, one crushing majority of Ouzbékistanais answered " oui".

After negotiations, nine of the fifteen Soviet republics, whose Ouzbékistan, accepted a new treaty constituting the renovated USSR (Union of the sovereign republics Soviet) which returned them sovereign within a federation having a president, of a foreign politics and soldier commun runs. The treaty was to be signed the August 20th 1991, but the reserves of the Ukraine and the Putsch of Moscow at the time which the Uzbek leaders adopted a wait and see attitude, brought it to the failure. The Russia then declared the supremacy of the Russian laws on the Soviet laws. Anticipating a bursting of what still remained of the USSR, the Supreme Soviet of the RSS of Ouzbékistan finally declared the independence of the country the August 31st 1991 (celebrated on September 1st), ratified thereafter by a new referendum with one crushing majority, this time for independence.

Since independence

During the first years of independence, the Uzbek State is consolidated under a narrow presidential supervision. The new country reinforces its presence on the international scene, opens direct air links with several countries, starts great rebuilding works urban and road, judicious measures being accessible for the foreign investors adopts.

December 21st 1991 Ouzbékistan becomes adherent member with the Communauté of the independent States (treated Alma-ATA), currently gathering 12 of the 15 old republics of the USSR. March 2nd 1992 Ouzbékistan obtains a seat with UNO, it becomes also member of UNESCO. January 27th, 2006 it integrates the Eurasian Economic community.

Presidency of Karimov

Since independence, the Ouzbékistan constituted a presidential regime extremely even authoritative. The country is directed since 1989 by Islam Karimov, old directing Communist party of the republic, founder of the Democratic Popular party of Ouzbékistan. Under the reign of Karimov, all the opposition parties, even moderate (of which most influential are Erk (Will) and Birlik (Unit)) were prohibited, least the running dissenting one, and especially in Islamic matter, repressed. The media and all the aspects of the social life, politico-economic and even cultural are under a narrow supervision and censures apparatus of State.

The legislative ones of the December 26th 2004 make it possible to the president to prolong his mandate, but the elections are highly criticized by the 20 observers of the Organization for safety and the co-operation in Europe (SOEC) whose Ouzbékistan is member. November 18th, 2007, Karimov aspires to the new presidential mandate, in spite of the provisions of the Constitution.

Mitigated economic reforms

As of independence, president Karimov made the choice of a strategy of gradual economic reforms in particular aiming reaching energy and food self-sufficiency country and at attracting the foreign investors. To a certain level, this policy gave an effect - some local companies signed contracts of Joint-venture with foreign partners of which most important are those of the assembly of the cars of Korean Daewoo or of the American tractors Case. However, the economic growth remained subjected to regular fluctuations of the raw materials on which strongly the country depends. Tributary of the export earnings, representing more than 40% of GDP of the country (Cotton and Gold to a large extent), the development of the economy ouzbèke was slowed down by the results in half-tone of the harvest of the cotton whose Ouzbékistan is the 4th world producer.

Moreover, without true strategy of reforms, the authorities of the country multiplied the false step (like, for example in the field of the exchanges, having refused the convertibility of the national currency until 2003 what caused the frictions with the the IMF) and of the restrictive actions and interventionists towards the small and medium-size companies, which involved a stagnation in the medium of the businesses. Only the small shop of street and the companies having the privileged right to make the operations of importation could thrive while the general economic fabric remained de facto either official, or under a strong influence of the State.

In fact, the government delayed the liberalization of the economy and privatizations by fear of its consequences on social environment already strongly degraded (27% of the population live in lower part of the Poverty line and the average revenues are with the fall since 1997) and to preserve the interests of some influential economic actors, close to the elites to the capacity. The offensive, as from the summer 2004, against the informal economy was at the origin of important social movements.

Islamic terrorism

The repression of the authorities ouzbèkes of any islamist mobility caused currents extremists to be passed to the acts. The February 16th 1999, the capital Tachkent undergoes six explosions, of which a front Parliament, little before the arrival of president Islam Karimov. The bombs make 16 dead and 130 wounded and seriously devastated some governmental buildings and the head office of the National Bank of Ouzbékistan (NBU). The authorities believe in an attack against the president and show the Islamic forces. In 2004, two other terrorist acts allotted to the islamist movement Hizb C-Tahrir took place with Tachkent: at the end of March an explosion aiming at the police force occurred on the bazaar of Tchorsu, at the end of July, of the suicide bombings were perpetrated simultaneously against the embassies of the United States and Israel. Since, the police force ( militsia ) is omnipresent: controls were reinforced in the popular places and at the exit of the agglomeration. The political climate henceforth returned to the normal and the legislative elections (December 26th, 2004 and January 9th, 2005) proceeded in the calm one and without incident.

Repression of Andijan

Friday May 13rd 2005, several men take by storm a prison with Andijan to release from the hundreds of people including 23 business men, shown islamist Terrorisme . They take then by storm the Mairie and establish a platform where several inhabitants speak and criticize the government and the security services on the pressures which they exert. To repress the insurrection, the authorities send the army, which opens fire on a peace march. This version is challenged by the authorities, which see an attempt at destabilization there.

Some ONG like the International committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), give a report on 500 to 1.000 died, whereas the Uzbek government recognizes only 187 of them. The defense organizations of freedom of the press and the human conditions draw the alarm bell in connection with these events and has a presentiment of the international community to act.

The November 14th, the verdict concerning the 15 marked ones is pronounced and of the sorrows going from 14 to 20 years are returned. Several observers and ONG, whose Human Rights Watch, reiterated their charges of parody of justice and use of torture to extort consents from the defendants. Following this verdict, the EU prohibited to stay on its ground for one one year duration several Uzbek high ranking officials, of which Defense and Ministers of Interior Department, which are shown to be " directly responsible " repression of Andijan.

One year after the events, the EU prohibited stay on its territory twelve official (president Karimov does not count among them) and declared an embargo on the weapons in direction of this country.

Relations with the the United States and the Russia

Shortly after the Attacks of September 11th, 2001, the president Islam Karimov, agrees to support the United States in their “Guerre against terrorism”, and that its country basic serf postpones with the operations of the Guerre of Afghanistan. Military installations ouzbèkes, whose K2 air base in Khanabad, were used by the coalition. In this step, the authorities ouzbèkes counted on the economic cooperation and strategic soldier with the United States to help Tachkent to solve its economic and political problems.

However, towards the end of 2002, Tachkent started with evil to support its excessive dependence in various fields consecutive with the establishment of American military sites on the Uzbek ground.

The shortly after the crushing of the attempt at insurrection to Andijan, the Western States and the various defense organizations of the Human rights started a media Great War against Ouzbékistan by asking the reinforcement of the economic pressure and for policy on the mode in place.

Following the degradation of the relations and the exfiltration of more than 450 Uzbek refugees by the United Nations (UNO) starting from the American bases; the July 30th 2005, Tachkent reacted by closing the American base soldiers deployed on his territory, by reorientating its foreign policy towards Russia, which retained itself to criticize bloody repression with Andijan, by adhering to the Eurasian Economic community, organization under the aegis of Moscow. In August 2006 Ouzbékistan also integrated the Organization of the Treaty of collective security, another organization under the Russian aegis.

Relations with the neighbors of the Central Asia

The relations with the center-Asian neighbors remain tended because of historical, economic and political dispute (question of the demarcation of the borders in particular in the Vallée of Ferghana). The meeting, in November 2004, between President Karimov and his homologous turkmene made it possible to join again a dialog which was at the point died since 2002. Tachkent aspires like its Kazakh neighbor to the regional leadership and knows relations sometimes tended with its neighbors inhabitant of Tajik and Kyrgyz. Tachkent which always cultivated relations between proximity and the Uzbeks of Afghanistan, on the other hand approached Kabul and takes part with Teheran in projects of opening-up by the road of the country (road Termez-Mazar-Bandar el Abbas).

Tachkent takes part, in addition, with the Cooperation organization of Shanghai (OCS), organization with dominant sedentary (coordination of the fight anti-terrorist and the monitoring at the borders), which gathers the countries of Central Asia (other than the Turkménistan), the Russia and the China. The regional center of fight anti-terrorist was inaugurated in Tachkent in January 2004.

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