History of Occitanie of 1900 to 1940

This article is a panorama of the Occitanie before the German occupation.

Regionalism

The French regionalism of finales of the 19th century and beginnings of the XX was facilitated, between others, for the French school of the Regional Human Geography, Paul Vidal of Blache (1845-1918) created by the Languedocien, professor in Sorbona of 1898 to 1909, founder of the Annales review of Geography and author, between others, geographical study States you nations of Europe (1881). It|It had many partisans, as well in France as with the rest of Europe.

The 1898 Charles Maurras (1868-1952) would publish the idea of descentralisation, a mixture of federalism proudhonià, corporatism saintsimonià and of positivism of Count, where it|it defends the recognition of the local cultures in a federative monarchy founded on the freedom of the provinces and municipalities. With sound|their inseparable Frederic Amouretti (1863-1903) they|they founded the League of the French Fatherland and the Réveil review of Provence, in the same direction. But in 1899 which had worked out the theory of arrelament regional which allowed the expansion of the individual in sound|their own table|natural square left to Paris, where it|she knows with the lorenès Maurice Barrès (1862-1923). This same year they|they would found the newspaper the French Action, to which one would link many felibres to him.

The 1905 Maurras would as take part in the League of Descentralisation, of royalist and radical decay, as shortly after would transform itself into the French Regionalistic Federation (FRF), initially directed for|by same Maurras, for Carles-Brown Joan (1870-1946), author of Regionalism (1911) and What regionalism (1936), and for|by Jùli Rounjat (1864-1925), the famous linguist author of ourtogràfi prouvençalo (1908), attempt at grammatical unification occitane. This group supported initially French Action, but the final walk of Maurras to Paris deprived it of a leader with a certain charisma.

The FRF collects the tradition proudhoniana and of the federal felibritge of Paris, and it|it accepted the support as well Bars as of J. Hennessy and J. Paul Boncour, lawyers and philologists. It|It tried to operate like lobby and to promote the presentation of bills on behalf of deputies of the various parties in favor of a regionalization administrative and federalitzant, thus like creating a frame of mind favorable to the territorial reorganization. The program of 1901 was rather eclectic, it|she proposed to create homogeneous areas with competences|administrative and economic competition, as in the municipalities, to decentralize education and to promote the traditions buildings. The program was rather vague and sound|their political effectiveness could not avoid the divergences between monarchists and republicans, between federalists and decentralizing, and consequently, it was rather reduced.

The last opportunity lost by the felibrencs in policy occurred the year 1907, when the crisis of the vine growers of Llenguadoc led them to an open revolt against the government of Georges Clémenceau. Its|Their heads|courses leading were the trade unionist occitan Marcellin Albert and the socialist mayor of Narbona, Ferroul, which it|she convened them in Carcassona in occitan and there evoked the song of the crusade in front of the demonstrators. They|They accepted the support of Pèire Devoluy (1862-1932), which tried to convince Frederic Mistral unnecessarily that it|she gave them the blessing, and for|by the cardinal of Montpeller, Roverie de Cabrières (1830-1921), which it|she sympathized with the felibres. Ferroul managed to beg with Mistral knees which would put a heading at the movement, but this one refused in round at the same time as it|she neutralized the activities of the felibre and it|she sanctioned internal heterogeneity. The movement was detached and repressed very hard by Clemenceau, even if some obtained asserted improvements.

Economic and social evolution

Three facts marked the evolution occitane in this first half of century: the war of 1914, the public school will francesitzadora, and the defect of a clean economic structure.

On the one hand, 1897 Languedocien of Low wall, Clément Ader (1841-1925) manufactured the first plane with Tolosa de Llenguadoc. Already in 1866 it|it had created a prototype, Éole of it, out of steam engine, which would rise for the first time in 1890. October 14th, 1897 it was proven with the field of Satory (Versalles) and it|it rolled 60 meters, it|she traversed 150 more in short flights and 300 in the open air. A certain argument on the paternity of the invention with the brothers maintained Wright, which recorded it front. Nevertheless, it was the precursor of the aviació in Europe, and that facilitated which between 1914 and 1918 the young contractor tolosà Laticoère built there military aircrafts, at the same time as with Didier Saurat the Air-mail one would found in Tolosa of the years later, first air haulage company with Sudamèrica via Barcelona, Alicante, Casablanca and Dakar.

In addition, the War of the 1914-1918 not only it|she enlisted with files the flower and cream of youth occitane (like of Breton youth and race, brought|led to the first fine like flesh|meat of gun|tube, and that the 1917 a strong movement of massive desertions would cause) but also, especially the coal of the Massif Central, sucked the recourse|natural resources of the country. In 1916 Charbonneries de Barjac, in Gard, would be based close to Ales, in order to reinforce the coal exploitation. But after 1920 the descent would start. The porcelain of Llemotges, which used 8.000 workers in 1920, half will use some only in 1938. Endemés, the two principal local benches occitans, the Bank Castelnau de Montpeller and the Gaidan Bank of Nimes, will carry the capital in Paris, by thus beginning the regional decapitalisation, which with long will cause the defect of inversions|clean investments. Nevertheless, in 1924 it|it would be based in Tolosa the National office Industrialist of Nitrogen, official chemical sector, which since then he will be only|only thing that, sometimes, will invest with the country.

In addition, in 1936 one establishes 36.000 Italians|Italian with Gers and Olt and the Garonne, people who will not learn occitan and will accelerate with long the process|linguistic lawsuit of substitution.

At the same time, the politicians occitans were already fully integrated in the French policy, and of its|their origins occitanes they|they made a simple folk aspect of it. This one was the case of Theòphile Delcassè (1882-1936) of Pàmies, minister of external businesses the 1914-1915, marine the 1911-1913, and colonies|eau de Cologne the 1893-1895; of the Limousin Marie-François Sadi-Carnot (1837-1894), president of the republic of 1887 to 1894; the Of Provence one|of Provence Gaston Doumergue (1863-1937) of the Party Radical and president of the republic of 1924 to 1936; such of Provence Edouard Daladier (1884-1970), radical-socialista chief of the government in 1934 and 1938-1940 and minister of war in 1932 and the 1936-1937 and works|public works the 1930-1931, of sad memory to be the French signatory of the Pact of Munic of 1938, and which in 1943 was off-set in Germany by the occupants Nazis; and the Gascon sailor Jean-François Darlan (1881-1942) admiral in 1929 and none the French fleet in 1939, which 1941-42 was to it vice-president of the Vichy government until it|it left to Algiers and it|it became|put on behalf of the allies until he was assassinated.

As for the culture occitane in French|French, in these years it|it had like maxima exposing to the Of Provence one|of Provence Jean Giono (1895-1970), author of the Trilogy of Side (1926-1930) where it|she sings with the underdevelopment occitan without giving, however, the names|first names of the persons in charge, in a French|French full with provencalisms, and it|she rents of them the virtues of the rural world against mechanization and the urban world. The director of cinema of Provence in is also remarkable Marcèu Panhol (1895-1974), with evocations of manners of Marselha of the film trilogy Fanny (1932), Marius (1931) and César (1937), but that a national cinema does not succeed in the attempt to create, although it|she is in French|French, since other directors, like the Languedocien Louis Feuillade (1874-1925) author of films like the vampires (1915), the life such as it is (1911-1913) and Fantômas (1913-1914), or the Gascon|Gascon Louis Delluc (1890-1924), author of the films Fever (1921), the inoundation (1924) or the woman of null part (1922), they|they made its|their production in Paris. Other authors in French|French of great reputation would be the poets of Provence Rene Char (1907-1988), with the Seull books of die (1945), morning (1950) and Lettera affectionate (1953), and Paul Valèry (1871-1945), considered as great glory of the French letters, author of the poems the marine cemetery (1920), the young person parks (1917) and Variety (1924-1944), dialog of aspect socràtic. After the war the nimenc Jean Marie Clézio (1940) would highlight of it, defender, however, of the minority languages, and author of the process|statement (1963), the fever (1965), the flood (1966) and delivers it since fruits (1969).

In addition, the founded regional human geography for Louis Vidal of Blache had continuators occitans, like the tolosà Jean Brunhes (1869-1930), author of the human Geography of France (1926-1930), and the Limousin Pierre Deffontaines (1894-1878), member of the Institute of Catalan Studies.

Political situation at the Twenties

With regard to regionalism, consequently of the territorial reorganization concluded after the War in 1918, of the force would take the doctrines of economic regionalism again, in favor of the official reorganization in homogeneous economic areas in order to avoid the bureaucratization and to improve the administrative effectiveness. But all the answers in this direction failed.

The FRF, directed since 1901 per Law-Xavier de Ricard, would maintain enough activity for the period 1922-1926 grace the influence which exerted between other members of Parliament Jean Hennessy, moderate radical which in 1919 that presented a private bill that it|she aspired to a major regionalization, but failed too. In 1926 the radical government proposed to put a process into practice|lawsuit of decentralization, but later slowed down it for|by the sudden appearance of peripheral nationalist parties, and forces it those in Alsàcia. Paul Boncour, convinced federalist, minister of external businesses and war were in 1933, and it|it either then did not present any initiative in this direction. For its part, the SFIO (socialist) maintained a position jacobinista, and only PCF maintained a certain comprehension with the problem. In this manner, between 1900 and 1914 one presented many bills, as well as many individual sympathies, but without no practical result. Creation with Tolosa of the Institute of Llengües would be obtained only in 1913 Southerners, with the library richest in language of oc.

In 1930 it would be formed a new federalistic tendency non conformist, with the reviews Esprit (1932) of Emmanuel Mounier (1905-1950) of Grenoble, creator of personalism, and the New Order (1933), ideologically heterogeneous (with Christian Mounier, Alexandre Marc, Denis de Rougemont (1906-1985), Switzerland of Neuchâtel and Pan-European federalist, R. Dandieu I Raymond Aron (1905-1983), Parisian liberal) that, refusal with capitalism, liberalism and socialism, are characterized by personalism in favor of the autonomy of the individual and its|their free association in ascending spheres that they|they guaranteed freedom, and that it|it considered|contemplated the territorial federalism and economic corporations like a barrier with the dictatorship and the uniformity.

Thus, they|they reformulated regionalism maurrasià in favor of indefinite Europe of the Fatherlands, formed by units determined for|by|because of ethnic criteria. Compared to this group a dissenting group of the FRF of a 1921 put heading per Eugene Poitevin would be shown, with the review the Federalist (1921-1938), where would collaborate in it of the Breton nationalists, Alsatian occitans, Basque and, at the same time as it|it paid attention to the policy of nationalities of the Company of Nations.

In addition, in the linguistic ground, progressive and repressive schooling against the minority languages caused the shame of the patuès, at the same time as it|it broke the traditional belt of linguistic transmission, fact worsened by the fact that immigrant people who were established with the country, mainly it|she did not learn any more occitan.

Occitanism in the Twenties

With regard to the felibritge, locked up|closed in a estheticism of living room or a folklorism localist in spite of the efforts of capolié Devoluy and Bernard, with the reviews Prouvènço (1905-1906) and Vivo Prouvènço (1907-1914), it|she will hustle young people in the search of new alternative possibilities.

The first battle will be for|by a unified language on written level, since all the sectors progressists were opposed to the rodanenc used by the felibres. Already in 1895 the p. Josèp Ros publicain a Grammar Built in rubble work where nearest|next possible proposed that the unified language was with that used by the old ones|antiques troubadours. In number 9 of the review Mount Segur of 1889, the young person grammairien Languedocien Antonin Perbosc (1861-1944), friend of Jaurès and influenced for|by the parnasianism, it|she proposed the theses of linguistic unification in the same direction. With this idea, same Perbosc and sound|their friend Prosper Estieu (1860-1939) they|they would found in 1904 the Occitane School, although it|it would not enter under operation up to 1919, and 1920 it|it would not publish the first draft of grammar occitane unified, based on the language of the troubadours, but only with projection with Tolosa and Llenguadoc. At the same time, one was to face, on the one hand, with the mistralism with excess of Provençaux Devoluy and Suly-Andrièu Peyre, and with Gascone|Gascon Escolo Gaston Febus, that it|it had, of the clean ideas on grammar.

For this period one founded also many reviews, as I Split It (1909-1911), for|by Filadelfa de Gerda, Estieu and Bernard; Regalido (1909), Secret Lou (1918) and Marsyas (1921) of Suli-Andrièu Peyre, endemés of the news, Merry|Gay Knowledge and as Us. As for the movement occitanista, the weight|peso of rurality, traditionalism and conservatism also revealed with the Floral Plays of Tolosa. This internal desarticulation of the occitanism and checking the flow in the cultural policy would last until the years 1930.

During the First World War, the movement occitanista was still concentrated in the folklòrico-literària activity, without arriving to a modern linguistic standard and without specific political definitions, and the regional localism of the various groups made|difficult the sudden appearance of a conciència of nationality shared beyond the regional dialects made. In Marseilles, for example, it|it still continued the tradition of Felibre Roig, body of Mediterranean Regionalism related to laic environments of teaching and in the average trade unionists and Socialists, expressed in 1917 with the review Fire.

It|It holds in 1923, for its part, one founds in Tolosa Societat d' Estudis Occitans (SEO) with Valeri Bernard, Josèp Anglada (1868-1930), philologist and author of the troubadors, and the grammairien Loïs Alibert (1884-1959), as with presidents and general secretary respectively. They|They accepted the suprot of Escòla Occitana, directed then for|by the p. Josèp Salvat, and were influenced for the IEC. They|They tried to give a new scientific statute to the language occitane, and at the same time to unify the dialects in an etymological standart while following the model of the IEC and to thus exceed the C-W communication mistralenca, based on the Of Provence one|of Provence and already reformed by Perbosc I Estieu in 1899. Since 1928 they|they would receive the support of the impresor Catalan Josep Carbonell I Ferrer and of the Office of Relations Southerners of Generalitat de Catalunya, grace which they were published Grammar occitane second the parlars lengadocians (1935) of Alibert, which will be used as a basis for dépurer the remainder of the dialects occitans and to make to a literary language community, thus as captioned It of Esclarmonda de Valeri Bernard and Los saints Evangelis de Juli Cubaines, translation of the Bible. The felibres would try to oppose to him like alternation istoric Grammar since modern prouvençaux speeches of Juli Rounjat, but without success.

In 1920 Liga will be also formed by Lenga d' Oc in Escòla, with Joan Bozet, Antonin Perbosc and J. Bonafòs, academics who criticize the francesització with excess. The 1928 Bozet tried to reform the Gascon in accordance with the criteria of Perbosc, which will oblige it to turn with Palay I Camelat, traditionalists.

In 1923, endemés, the Oc review of the Gascon|Gascon Ismael Girard appears (1898-1976) and of the doctor Camil Soula (1888-1963), later member of the IEC, called Groupe of Tolosa. Of open mind, modernity and freedom of criticism, one of the most important publications in occitan, influenced up to 1939 for the IEC, and later, when the direction assumed Fèlis Castanh (1920) of it for|because of Communism, did it. Soula visited Barcelona in 1920 and while returning would found Liga Occitana, Déodat de Severac (1872-1921) chaired by Antonin Perbosc and the musician, attached to Catalan artists. A little later in March 1923, that would constitute the Committee of Action since National Claims of the South, of composed for|by|because of several personalities occitanes and felibres of various tendencies, which would make a Call… to the nation occitane, for the first time with a nationalism occitan doctrinally definite and showing a certain admiration towards Ireland, as well as a federalistic strategy and a design of the populist world social. But it dissolved a few months to borrow afterwards not|passage to the League for the Fatherland Southerner-Federation of the Countries of Oc, which integrated also personalities of various points of Occitanie. Since then, Oc would become platform of the emigrated catalanists of State Catalan.

The 1925 Jòrdi Rebol (1901 -?) it|it founded in Marseilles the Social action you Felibrienne Lo Calen (the hearth), with communist chronicler A. Conio and the industrialist Paul Ricard, in order to educate with youth in occitan: they|they organize courses of occitan and study trips. Politically, one aligned with the Socialists and the catalanists of lefts (since 1923 one had revived a new kind of friendship occitano-catalana), sosbretot with the Catalan Center of Marseilles, founded in 1931. Catalonia was the example to be continued, and shortly after the reviews the Swing-plow were founded (1931-1933) and Occitanie (1934-1939), directed by Carles Campròs (1908-1995), which in 1935 the opuscule published For|By the field occitan where it|it developed a theory of the nation occitane, with a populist strategy which rejects|refuse the class struggle and call to the co-operative emancipation and reformist of the peasant and artesanat towards an interior federalism for|by France, but a federalism not at all capitalist. In 1935 the Federalistic Party Of Provence (PFP) would form, which will make countryside with the elections by|in the Popular front and Provence like national minority will define. But they|they will obtain only the participation in some protocolar acts of the Town hall of Marseilles.

For its part, another core of academics, in Montpeller, in 1928 would try to promote attitudes in favor of the language, and that would be constituted as in Nou Lengadoc (1929-1934), that it|it would make task of cultural and advertizing propaganda, but an ideology had confused force and it|it did not turn with the felibres, at the same time as they was more Languedociens than occitan, and politically they were neutral. Its|Their head|course, Joan Lesaffre, took as a starting point the federalism by Brown and authoritarianism by Maurras, but since 1933 was turned towards the catalanism. In 1933 it|it would leave the group and Nou Lengadoc would stick to the side-catalanisme occitanista Occitanie review, which had groups in Marseilles, Tolosa and Barcelona. Nevertheless, the contacts did not thrive, especially due to the long distance since the organisational point of view of two nationalisms, also for|by the Spanish civil war, that I stopped the contacts, and because of the fact that the catalanists, organized better, did not want to be to subject to a vague panoccitanism.

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