The Normandy is a province of the North-West of France of the Ancien Mode. Populated initially Celtic tribes and Belgian (in the East), Ligure and Ibères (in the West), it were conquered in 56 av. J. - C. by the Roman legions before being integrated into the Lyonnaise by Auguste. At the 4th century, Gratien will divide the province into civitates which will constitute its historical borders. With the fall of Rome at the 5th century, the franques tribes which settle there there encourage the development of the monachism - Abbaye of Saint-Wandrille, (649), Abbaye of Jumièges, abbey of Fécamp, Abbaye of the Mount-Saint-Michel, (709) - and substitute the pagus for the civitas before its integration with the Carolingian Empire. Starting from the end of the 8th century, plunderers Viking S devastated the area then are established to with it by melting the Duché of Normandy in 911. After one century and half of expansion, the borders of Normandy remain very stable since they are still roughly those of both administrative areas, the Basse (Manche, Calvados, Orne) and the High-Normandy (the Eure, Seine-Maritime). Integrated into the kingdom of France in 1204, it was particularly struck by the effects of the Guerre One hundred Year old and of the wars of religion, the Norman ones being converted more with the Protestantisme than the other French. At the 20th century, the unloading combined in Normandy devastated the Normans cities, in particular Saint-Lo, Le Havre and Caen. Separated into two areas in 1956, of the projects of restoration of the unit of Normandy are being studied.

Prehistory and Antiquity

Normandy before the Roman conquest

The human presence in the area is attested as of the prehistoric times by many lucky finds of lithic Industrie especially in the the Eure and the Calvados. But also in Seine-Maritime: The Cave of Gouy, close to Rouen, which has engravings parietal S, is the cave decorated most septentrional with Europe (another cave, the Grotte of Orival very little studied, is to 11 km of Gouy on left bank of the Seine). Many a Mégalithe S still visible strews in a rather regular way the countryside Norman.

The Celtic history of Normandy is simpler to establish, thanks to archaeological sources rather abundant and gone back to unquestionable way. As of the 19th century, local scholars, like the abbot Cockerel and Leon Drill, studied archeology mainly High-Normandy and consigned their discoveries and excavations in reference books. The discovery of outstanding objects like the gilded Gallic helmet of Amfreville-the-Semi-Way (fourth century BC) or that out of iron of the museum of Louviers, to the sites like large the Necropolis of Clowns (the Eure) with its ballot boxes with incineration, its rolled up swords and traces of Tomb to tank, or of the Necropolis dating from the end of the period of Hallstatt or from the beginning of that of Tène to Yews in the Apple-brandy, testify to the Gallic presence in Normandy.

The Celtic people of the Belgian settle in Normandy by successive waves between fourth century BC and third century BC. It is the testimony of Jules César (the '' Guerre of Gaules '') which enables us to identify the various Gallic groups occupying the area and grouped in the oppida or of the agrarian villages with enclosure. In 56 or 57 before J. - C., these populations group to resist the occupation of the legions Cesareans. After the Gallic defeat of Alésia, the people of Normandy continue the fight for a restricted time and in 51 av. J. - C., all Gaulle is subjected to Rome.

List Gallic Peuples and of their chief town established in the current territory of Normandy:

Roman civilization in Normandy

In 27 av. J. - C., the emperor Octave Auguste reorganizes the Gallic territory and makes pass Calètes and Véliocasses in the province of Lugdunaise, whose capital is Lyon. The romanisation of Normandy, like elsewhere in Occident, passes by the construction of Roman roads and a policy of urbanization.

One knows many villa Gallo-Roman on the Norman territory, in particular thanks to the excavations of rescue operated during the construction of the A29, in Seine-Maritime. These rural dwellings, in the middle of a land field, could adopt two great types of plan. The first could be longiligne, with an open frontage towards the south; the second was inspired more by the Italian villas, offering an aspect collected and organized around a square court. It is the case of the rich person villa of Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Mer, between Dieppe and Saint-Valery-in-Caux. The manufacturers of these villas used local materials: Flint, Chalk, Calcareous, brick, Cob. The technique of the Colombage is inherited this time and the Celtic huts. The heating of the baths or certain parts borrows the process of the Roman Hypocauste (suburban villa of Old man-the-Roman).

Agriculture provides Blé and flax, according to Pline Old the. Lastly, in the campaigns Normans of antiquity, the '' faded '' (small temples in plan centered, in general square), are numerous. One locates an example of it at the west of Harfleur. The excavations also revealed the presence of many statuettes of goddess-mothers in Terra cotta, in the tombs and the houses Normans. Thus, with the Old-Évreux , there exists one of the most important centers of pilgrimage of Europe which included/understood a forum, Roman Thermes, a monumental Basilique, two faded and the larger second theater of Gaulle.

Crises of the 3rd century and changes of the Lower Empire

In the second third of the 3rd century, the cruel raids devastate many places of the area Norman. The traces of fires and the monetary treasures hidden with haste show progress of the insecurity as a Gaulle of North. The littoral must face the maritime piracy of the Saxons. The town of Coutances, then chief town of the Unelles, took the name of Constantia in 298 under Constance Chlorinates. It accommodated a legion charged to counter the maritime attacks saxonnes. The area of Constantia , known under the name of pagus Constantinus , will become the Cotentin. At the time of the reforms of the emperor Dioclétien (285 - 305), Normandy is made conspicuous while becoming the “  Second Lyonnaise  ” and while being detached from the close Brittany. It is as at that time as the Christianisation province begins: the historians know that in 314, Rouen has already a bishop. Starting from 406, the Germanic people break on the Occident. The Saxon ones come to settle on the coasts Normans. The authority of the Roman Emperor is erased and Normandy takes again its old name of Armorique. The rural villas are given up and destroyed, the cities are locked up in their ramparts. Toponymy reveals the installation of groups cruel having statute of lètes or federated, before the official end of the Roman empire of occident in 476.

The Middle Ages

Early middle ages

As of 486, Gaulle between Somme and the Loire pass under the control of the frank chief Clovis. Franque colonization was not massive and appears by the Nécropole S with lines of Envermeu, Londinières, Hérouvillette and Douvrend. The toponyms downtown - short and - go back to this franque time. To this period goes back also administrative cutting and soldier in counties. Lastly, is area, near Paris, was a place of residence for the kings and princesses Mérovingiens.

Especially, the christianization started at the Lower Empire continues in-depth in the area: construction of Cathedral S in the suburban main cities, construction of church S dedicated to Holy S, oratories on the roads, etc the establishment of the Paroisse S is carried out gradually, over long time. Smallest occupied the plain of Caen, whereas the parishes of the Bocage were wider. With the Carolingian time, the tombs of the villagers gather around the parish church.

The Norman Monachisme really develops as from the 6th century, especially in the west of the area, more insulated. At the 7th century, Norman aristocrats found several abbeys in the valley of the Seine: Fontenelle in 649, Jumièges towards 654, Pavilly, Montivilliers. These Normans abbeys quickly adopted the Règle of saint Benoît. They had great land fields, dispersed in France, from which they drew from the high incomes. They were thus stakes in the political and dynastic competitions.

Scandinavian invasions

Normandy holds its name of the invaders Viking S who led forwardings in most of Europe to the end of in two phases (790-930 then 980-1030). They were called Northmanorum , “Norman”, étymologiquement “men of North”. After 911, this name replaces that of Low-Neustrie, under which this ground was known until at the time.

The Toponymy Norman guard of the traces of this Scandinavian colonization as well as a rather great number of family names: Toutain, Renouf, Turgis, Toustain, Anquetil, Angot, Tougard, Surcouf, Giffard, Osmond, Osmont, Onffroy, Onfroy, Hamon…

The first raids Vikings arrive between 790 and 800 on the coasts of Gaulle Western. The littoral neustrien is reached under the reign of Louis the Piles (814-840). The incursion of 841 made large damage in Rouen and Jumièges. The Vikings attack the monastic treasures, easy preys because the clerks cannot defend them. The forwarding of 845 goes up the the Seine and touches Paris. The raids took place during the summer, the Vikings turning over with their spoils in Scandinavia to spend the winter.

Starting from 851, they winter in Basse-Seine; they set fire to the abbey of Fontenelle: the monks had to flee with Boulogne-sur-Mer into 858 and Chartres into 885. The relics of Sainte Honorine were transported Abbaye of Graville to Conflans, in Paris region. Part of the files and libraries monastic were also moved (of volumes of Jumièges with Saint-Gall), but much were burned.

The Carolingian kings followed policies sometimes contradictory and fraught with consequences. In 867 by the treaty of Compiegne, Charles the Bald person must yield to the Breton king Solomon, the county of the Cotentin, in the condition that it lends oath of fidelity to him and that it helps it in his combat against the Vikings.

However, in 911, the chief Viking Rollon concludes an agreement with the Carolingian Charles Simple the, with Saint-Clearly-on-Epte. The king gave to him the guard of the county of Rouen, that is to say with few things close current the High-Normandy, in exchange of an oath of vassalage (delivery in 940) and an engagement to be made baptize. Rollon was to also protect the estuary from the Seine and Rouen from the Scandinavian incursions. Following progressive conquests, the territory under sovereignty Norman increases: the Hiémois and the Bessin in (924), Cotentin and the Avranchin in (933). This year there, the king Raoul of Burgundy was constrained to yield to the prince Norman Guillaume Long-Sword the “ground of Breton located in edge of sea”. This expression indicated Cotentin and undoubtedly also Avranchin until the Sélune of which it was then the southern border. Between the year 1009 and approximately 1020, the ground between Sélune and Couesnon were conquered on the Breton ones, making definitively Mont Saint-Michel an island Norman. Guillaume Bastard the supplemented the whole by the conquest of the Passais on the Maine in 1050. The archbishops of Rouen had pushed the Norman princes to widen their possessions until filling space of the ecclesiastical province of Rouen, making coincide one and the other about.

Although many buildings were plundered, burned or destroyed by the raids Vikings as well in the cities as in the campaigns, one should not too much blacken the picture drawn by the ecclesiastical sources: no city was completely shaven. On the other hand, the monasteries underwent all plunderings of the men of north and all the Normans abbeys were destroyed. The strong resumption in hand of Rollon and its successors restores however the situation rather quickly.

Scandinavian colonization gave mainly Danish, but also Norwegian contributions. Some Swedes were also established of small number. The settlement Viking was not a phenomenon of mass. Nevertheless, in certain sectors, the Scandinavians were established in a way denser than elsewhere: one can detect toponymic and linguistic indices of this establishment in the Pays of Caux and the north of the Cotentin.

Fusion between the Scandinavian elements and autochtones contributed to create the most powerful feudal state of Occident. The dynamism and know-how in fact of naval construction, to which testifies the Norman technical lexicon, then French, of the newcomers will enable them to launch out thereafter to the conquest of the England, of the Italy of the South, the Sicily and the the Middle East of the Croisade S.

Ducal Normandy (S)

See also: Duchy of Normandy

Before William the Conqueror

The historians have few sources written to reconstitute this phase of the history Norman: Dudon of Saint-Quentin, Guillaume de Jumièges, Vital Orderic, Wace… the diplomatic sources inform us about the court of the dukes.

Capacity of the dukes of Normandy at the 11th century
Rollon was the chief - the “jarl” - of its Vikings. After 911, he was count de Rouen. Its successors took initially the title of count de Normandie, until Richard {{Rom|II|2}}. Then they raised vacant ducal dignity left by the accession with the throne of Capétiens, dukes of France. Because there could be one duke in Neustrie, and it title was carried by the dukes robertiens of France before being it by the Norman princes. These dukes of Normandy exerted the power of round of applause, although they recognized the suzerainty of the King de France. Normandy did not escape the general movement from monopolization from the public authority by the territorial princes: the dukes struck their currency, returned justice and took the taxes (Tonlieu X, gravery). They raised their own armies and named the main part of the prelates of their archdiocese. They were thus practically independent of king de France, though they returned to them Hommage to each new reign.

They maintain the relations with the foreign sovereigns, in particular the king d' Angleterre: Emma, sister of Richard II|2 married Ethelred {{Rom|II|2}}, king d' Angleterre. They place family members ducal widened at the stations of counts and Viscounts, who appear about the year thousand. They preserve part of the Scandinavian traditions like the right to exile, the maritime law or the legal cohabitation. But with the difference of the other territorial princes of the north of France, the Norman dukes prevent the Châtelain S from obtaining too vast capacities, thus preserving theirs. In particular, the fields which had into clean the dukes of Normandy were much more important than that of the other territorial princes. This land richness enabled them to restore grounds with the abbeys and to guarantee fidelities near the vassal ones by the distribution of Fief S. But during the 11th century, this feodo-vassalic policy reduced considerably the land and buildings of the dynasty, until the conquest of England by William the Conqueror which restores the duke like land great landowner.

The court of the 11th century does not have a strict organization and often moves. It is made up aristocrats or “Large”, laic and ecclesiastical. These “Large” lends oath of fidelity to the heir to the duchy. The Chancellerie is not formed yet and the written acts are still very few.

The aristocracy was made up for a small portion of men of Scandinavian origin, like the chalk-lining of the Harcourt, the majority of Large of franque Normandy being of origin : the Bellême, the Tosny. At the beginning of and Breton elements with the west, German and Angevins mixed were incorporated. All these aristocrats lend oath of fidelity to the duke of Normandy and this one allotted land fields to them. As of the years 1040, the term baron indicates the elite of the knights and companions of the duke. On the other hand, the word Vassal appears in the documents only towards 1057. It is as in the middle of the 11th century as one starts to use the word Fief . Richard {{Ier}} appointed counts resulting from the dynasty and took care that they do not constitute too powerful chalk-linings.

Economy
Into the beginning of, Normandy is inserted in a network of commercial exchanges directed towards Europe of the North-West. The merchants rouennais attend already London where they convey wine. Rouen still receives slaves delivered by the Vikings. The circulation of the Monnaie was more intense there than elsewhere.

Rural life
Relatively rare fact at the time, Normandy is unaware of the Servage and uses the acre like unit of area of the grounds. Tenures are allocated under vavassories or villainage and gradually replace the Carolingian system of the Manse S. the Corvée S which had by the peasants on the Réserve seigneuriale are relatively weak, unlike the other French areas.

However, the question of the absence of serfdom is discussed. Denise Angers (University of Montreal), resting on the Burrow S (land registers of the seigniories), could show the persistence of loads considered in other areas as servile: formariage (marriage of a serf out of the seigniory or with a person of another condition) and mortmain (death tax charged by the lord on the goods of its serfs) as well as drudgeries (moreover sometimes called in the serfdoms sources) depriving the tenants of the free use of their time.

Rebuilding

See also: medieval Architecture Norman

For the list of the dukes, to see: List of the dukes of Normandy.

The urban and pertaining to worship rebirth of Normandy of the west after the time of the invasions is a relatively slow and progressive phenomenon: put aside the case of the Mount Saint-Michel, it is necessary to await the years 1030 to see reappearing the large Norman monasteries. The episcopal cities of Caen and Valognes are distinguished only towards 1025. The dukes got busy to restore the monastic life in Normandy: towards 960, the reformer Gerard de Brogne ressuscite Saint-Wandrille. Richard 1st makes rebuild the abbey church with Fécamp. But it is Richard {{Rom|II|2}} which made come Guillaume de Volpiano to revive the life of the abbey, according to the rule bénédictine. Robert Splendid the founded Cerisy in 1032.

The Italian and sicilian adventure

Several Norman went to try their chance in the Mediterranean and has even founded a new dynasty: wire of Tancrède de Hauteville, mainly Guillaume Arm-of-Iron, Robert Guiscard, Roger de Hauteville, then the son of this last, Roger {{Romanian|II|2}}, which becomes king de Sicile. The Norman ones of the south of Italy will play a considerable part in the Histoire of the Byzantine Empire and in the adventure of the Croisade S.

The work of William the Conqueror

See its biography.

We know the life of William the Conqueror thanks to the work of its biographer Guillaume of Poitiers. The duke Robert {{Ier}} '' Splendid the '' dies during a Pèlerinage: the disorders multiply then in Normandy, during ten years corresponding to the minority of Guillaume. Towards 1046, part of the lords form a coalition to draw aside Guillaume the Bastard one (William the Conqueror future) with the profit of Gilbert, count de Brionne and grandson of Richard {{Rom|II|2}}. Supported by the king of France Henri {{Ier}}, he subdues them in 1047 at the time of the Bataille of the Valley-be-Dunes. Until 1055, it must get rid of some Large too ambitious, resulting from ducal chalk-lining. It confiscated the strongholds of the duke of Arques. It restores the order by a skilful policy of distribution of the grounds. It more firmly controlled the agents of the capacities, the Vicomte S. It widens his network of fidelity by its matrimonial choice: he married Mathilde, girl of the count de Flandre Baudouin {{Rom|V|5}} and niece of king de France, in spite of the prohibition of the pope Leon IX.

Conquest of England

See also: Conquest of England

As of 1050, the English king Edouard the Confessor called upon Guillaume to face the threats of its aristocracy. Not having a direct heir, it lets think that Guillaume could collect his heritage after his death which occurred the January 5th 1066. However, Harold Godwinson, brother-in-law of the late king, is made crown with Westminster. Guillaume then decides to take his heritage by the force while unloading in England.

The army of Harold left then to push back the last invasion Viking on England, carried out by Harald Hardraada, king de Norvège and also claiming with the throne of England, with the Bataille of Stamford Bridge. The armies of Guillaume and Harold meet with Hastings, where Harold east demolishes, the October 14th 1066. The December 25th 1066, Guillaume is crowned and crowned king d' Angleterre with the Abbaye of Westminster.

Consequences
Equipped with this new royal legitimacy, Guillaume reinforced considerably the Norman duchy during his reign. This policy was possible thanks to the richnesses which it allotted after the conquest of England. The latter made it possible the aristocracy Norman to take ground possession in addition to Manche. Guillaume supervised closely the intrigues carried out by his son Robert Courteheuse. Its new power woke up the mistrust of king de France. The division of its heritage was decided as follows: England with Guillaume {{Romanian|II|2}} the Russet-red, Normandy with Robert Courteheuse. But that is not enough to avoid the feudal and fratricidal disorders, who burst with dead of the Conqueror, in 1087 and lasted until in 1106.

Period of anarchy
Robert Courteheuse left in Holy Land to take part in the First crusade. When it returned to Occident, his/her William Rufus brother had died and Henri Beauclerc had usurped the throne of England thanks to some supports. Henri triumphed over his brother in 1106 with the Bataille of Tinchebray.

The duke Henri Beauclerc had to deal with the ambitions of the house of Bellême, combined to the count d' Anjou and to king de France. Dynastic continuity was threatened when the single son of Beauclerc perishes in the shipwreck of the White-Nave in 1120. His/her daughter Mathilde was recognized by the Norman barons like heiress of the duchy. It Maria in 1128 with Geoffroy Plantagenêt, count d' Anjou and of Maine.

With died of Henri Beauclerc (1135) a new dynastic crisis opens; Etienne of Blois, nephew of Henri and grandson of William the Conqueror by his mother Adele, asserts the throne of England: the period of Anarchy opens for a score of years. Etienne of Blois returns Hommage for the duchy of Normandy to his lord, the king of France. Geoffroy Plantagenêt had to carry out several forwardings to recover the heritage of his wife: in 1144, it is victorious in Rouen and with Arques. To obtain the Homage of king de France, it must yield to him the castle of Gisors.

After the death of Geoffroy Plantagenêt, his son Henri {{Romanian|II|2}} inherits Normandy. He increases his possessions by his marriage with the heiress of Aquitaine, Aliénor, in 1154. Normandy is then integrated in a vast Plantagenêt state which goes from the Scotland to the the Pyrenees. The Vexin is always a stake between the king of France and the Norman duke. After the death of Henri II|2 , his/her son Richard Lion-hearted succeeds to him. This last leaves to the Croisade and finds captive in 1193. His/her brother Jean without Ground then tries to take his place. He seeks the support of the king de France Philippe Auguste and yields to him several grounds and fortresses in the east of the duchy, among which the area of Verneuil. In February 1194, Capétien seizes Évreux, the Neubourg and Vaudreuil and attacks Rouen. Richard was released and took again Verneuil. Benefitting from a one year truce, Richard undertakes the construction of Castle-Strapping man, downstream from Rouen.

End of Normandy of Plantagenêts (beginning of the 13th century)

Events
Richard Lion-hearted dies in 1199. The May 25th 1199, Jean Without Ground is made crown duke from Normandy to Rouen. This last had bad press with the Middle Ages, in particular because of the tax pressure which he exerted and it was even said had by the devil. It pays homage to king de France and of the negotiations lead to the Traité Narrow part. Jean without Ground married of force Isabelle Taillefer, promised with Hugues IX of Lusignan, vassal of king de France. This injured feeling last called upon the justice of sound Suzerain Philippe Auguste which pronounced the Commise of the Fief S of Jean Without Ground, because of his absence. In other words, the French lord confiscated the grounds of his vassal, pursuant to the feudal right. He gave these fields to the nephew of Plantagenêt, Arthur {{Ier}} of Brittany, with share Normandy which he reserved. At the summer 1202, Philippe Auguste seizes the Pays of Bray. Jean Without Ground makes assassinate his Arthur nephew of Brittany; its Norman barons, influenced by the king of France, give up it. As of the summer 1203, Castle-Strapping man is besieged and holds good until the March 6th 1204. May 21st, the town of Caen falls to the hands from the French. Lastly, on June 24th 1204, the troops of Philippe Auguste enter to Rouen, after having overcome the resistance of its inhabitants. The king conquered Normandy, which is incorporated in the royal Domaine: that means that the king will have new incomes and will impose his officers in the old duchy.

Assessment of the ducal period

The duchy of Normandy, as the remainder of the Occident, knew one period of demographic and economic expansion. It is the time of the great clearings, carried out by the abbeys or of the families: the essarts take the name of the clearers, follow-up of the ending - ery or - ière . New hamlets and villages are born at that time. The Norman lords dismember to them Réserve, causing ground the birth conceded under perpetual farm, the future strongholds commoners. Progress of agriculture is read in the generalized adoption of the Three-year rotation, which improves the outputs, of the collar of shoulder and the use of the horse like draft animal. The cash economy penetrated the rural world of way earlier than elsewhere: as of the 11th century, all the Norman ones pay a direct tax, the gravery, in cash. The ground rents are used as of the end of the 12th century.

The river trade also developed: the merchants rouennais had Franchise S with London. At the 12th century, several boroughs base their prosperity on drapery.

At the 11th century, the Norman baron S have several Fief S. They hold these strongholds directly of the duke and lend Hommage to him. Then come the lords who have grounds and make build their residence within the framework of the feudal Motte, like that from Aplemont, close to the Havre. They encourage the creation of boroughs and of Faubourg S. Certains chalk-linings impoverish themselves quickly. The Vavasseur S are in the dependence of these lords and are Masters of a vavassorie, a fraction of stronghold. The strongholds known as “of haubert” are sometimes subdivided in half-stronghold of haubert or quad of stronghold of haubert. Among the Unpleasant S, i.e. the whole of the peasants, a part emerges within a group of easy plowmen, having at least a train of ploughing and draft animals. The cottagers or lopsiders form the rural proletariat, but there practically does not exist Serf S in Normandy.

Normandy become French

French integration

The policy of king Philippe II|2 Auguste was to do everything to facilitate the integration of the duchy to the royal Domaine: he preserved specificities Normans. The Établissements of Rouen, which gave the monopoly of navigation on the Seine for the merchants rouennais, were confirmed. He preserved the institution of the Échiquier, court legal and administrative of Normandy as well as the Coutume of Normandy. He took care to control his vassal and left in place the institution of the Viscounts. He installed Baillif S French in all the area. He returned in the cathédraux chapters the care to choose their bishop.

The 13th century is the time of economic prosperity: benefitting from safety capétienne, the peasants clear, often encouraged by the lords and the king himself. Boroughs and villeneuves, equipped with Privilege S, are born a little everywhere. Agriculture is diversified: corn, barley, guède, garance, flax, hemp, leguminous plants…

The cities also grow: Rouen obtains a third wall. The fairs attract the merchants of the close areas. Philippe {{Romanian|IV|4}} Beautiful the establishes an arsenal in the wearing of Rouen (the Clos with galées the). The merchants rouennais exported the wine and corn in England and returned with tin, wool and cloths.

Apogee of the Gothic
In first half of, architecture Norman keeps his originality: twinge, turn-lanterns at square base (Rouen). Then the French Gothic is essential. The innovations make evolve the buildings to more clearness (removal of the platforms, propping up). The kings and the Large ones finance work: Philippe Auguste contributes to the construction of the Wonder of the Mount-Saint-Michel.

Close crisis at the end of

The disorders related to the taxes multiply in Rouen: the riots of 1281 see the assassinated mayor and the plundering of the noble houses. In front of the insecurity, Philippe Beautiful the removes the commune and withdraws with the merchants the monopoly of the trade on the the Seine. But Rouennais repurchase their freedoms in 1294. The changes of the royal currency reduce the incomes of the revenues for the middle-class men. After the death of Philippe Beautiful the, agitation begins again and the capacity must concede the Charte with Norman the (1315), then the second charter with Norman (1339) which reaffirm autonomy Norman justice tax. The States of Normandy are assemblies convened to regulate the financial problems of the kingdom. They become perennial and influential.

Normandy in the One hundred Year old War ()

When bursts in 1337 famous the Guerre One hundred Year old, opposing the kingdoms of France and England, Normandy is not at the origin of the conflict. On the other hand, by its richness and its Anglo-Norman past, it quickly becomes a stake about it. In 1346, the king of England Edouard III and his army unload in Cotentin, cross all the area by plundering and destroying all on their road. The English turn over in their island after having gained the Bataille of Crécy in Picardy.

The Plague black key the Normandy as of 1348 and causes recurring epidemics in the area. Combined with devastations of the war and the famines, the plague makes devastations among the population of the area. This difficult context causes popular riots in Rouen against the taxes in 1382.

The Normandy was the theater of a violent opposition between the king of France Jean the Good and Charles the Bad, king of Navarre. This last was the grandson of Philippe Beautiful the by his mother and took advantage of her rights on the throne of France. It had grounds in Normandy, in particular the county of Évreux, and benefitted from the Guerre One hundred Year old while making play English alliance. After having increased its Norman fields by the Treated of Mantes the February 22nd 1354, Charles the Bad one is imprisoned with Castle-Strapping man, but the November 9th from it 1357 escapes. It pokes agitation antifiscale in Normandy. The French Army ordered by Bertrand of Guesclin finally beats it with Cocherel the May 16th 1364. By the treaty of Avignon in March 1365, Charles the Bad gives up with the king de France Charles {{Rom|V|5}} its possessions Normans in exchange of the town of Montpellier.

After a respite of a few years, the Guerre One hundred Year old takes again and relates to more the Normandy its first phase. In August 1415, the king of England Henri {{Romanian|V|5}} unloads in the estuary of the the Seine to reconquer its ancestral patrimonial grounds. It besieges the town of Harfleur which ends up falling. Then, it demolishes the French with Azincourt. After a stay in England, Henri V turns over to Normandy but this time in the objective to conquer all the area, even more. In 1419, the capital, Rouen, falls. The English put the hand on a good part of the kingdom of France. By the Treated of Troyes signed in 1420, Henri V|5 obtains the hand of Catherine, girl of the king de France Charles {{Rom|VI|6}}; with died of this last, Henri V|5 or his/her son will become king of France and England. In 1422, Henri V|5 and Charles VI|6 die. Like Henri {{Romanian|VI|6}} is yet only one infant, it is the duke of Bedford which assumes regency. He creates the Université of Caen in 1432 and tries to spare particularisms of the Norman ones. The nobility, the clergy and the middle-class in their great majority had been joined the king Plantagenêt, whose reign appeared legitimate like duke of Normandy like as king de France. But the tax pressure that it imposes causes dissatisfaction. Bedford intervenes so that Jeanne d' Arc is condemned to death. The May 30th 1431, captured with the seat of Compiegne, it is “  vendue  ” with the English and burned alive after a long lawsuit in Rouen. Its ashes are dispersed in the the Seine. In 1434, the taxes required by the English to finance their campaigns cause an insurrectionary climate in all the area. In spring 1449, offensives of the armies of Charles {{Romanian|VII|7}} of France in the Cotentin, in Basse-Seine and in the center of Normandy mark the beginning of the reconquest capétienne. The English occupation of Normandy ends in 1450 after the Bataille of Formigny which gained the constable Arthur de Richemont in the current Calvados. Cherbourg is the last city released in the summer 1450. The elites adopt the dynasty capétienne and the churches cover flowers of lily to mean it. The rebuilding of the buildings damaged or destroyed by the war can begin.

Revolt of Mr Charles

Mr Charles, prerogative in Normandy, want to reign on his duchy that his older brother to him the king Louis XI confiscated. In conflict with him, it takes refuge at the duke François II of Brittany. Together, they order a campaign in Normandy in 1467-68. But after initial successes, the Breton army will return to the house and a truce will be signed with Ancenis between the belligerents.

Rebirth in Normandy

The Prime Minister 16th century

Return of prosperity

The War One hundred Year old finished, Normandy is concerned its demographic and economic ruins. After the disasters of the period 1337-1450, the population growth makes it possible Normandy to find, towards 1530 its level of population of before the crises. In 1517, the king François {{Ier}} creates the port and the city of the Havre. In Rouen, drapery makes great strides without precedent. The Norman fishermen will seek the Hareng in the Baltic and the Morue with Newfoundland. They bring back salt of Guérande. Until 1570, the Manche is a crossing point for the commercial ships which move towards London or Antwerp. The Norman merchants import raw materials of the British Isles (Laine, tin, Cuir, etc), salt and Alun of the South; they attend the port of Antwerp. Harfleur accommodates Hispanic merchants.

Normandy takes part in the movement of the great discoveries, with in particular the departure, in 1503, of Binot Paulmier de Gonneville of Honfleur to the coasts of the Brésil, the visit of Newfoundland and the mouth of the the St. Lawrence by Honfleurais Jean Denis in 1506 or the departure, in 1608, of a forwarding directed by Samuel de Champlain, which leads to the foundation of the town of Quebec. Under the reign of François {{Ier}}, the Dieppois ship-owner Jehan Ango sends his ships towards Sumatra, the Brésil and the Canada. Dieppe is also the seat a school of Cartographie and Hydrographie under the direction of Pierre Desceliers. Rouennais send Giovanni da Verrazano to seek the wood of Brésil in South America. In 1550, a Brazilian festival is organized on the the Seine in Rouen, in the honor of the visit of the king Henri {{Rom|II|2}}.

The dynamism and prosperity in Normandy are seen through the innumerable manors which are built in the urban campaigns and hotels in the big cities. Lastly, Normandy is particularly open to the Protestant influence.

artistic Rebirth in Normandy

The economic advancement of first half of the 16th century and the presence of prestigious patrons make it possible the Rebirth to hatch in Normandy. The rural manors and castles do nothing but plate elements reappearing and italianizing on plans of Gothic tradition. A certain profusion of decoration knows an unquestionable vogue at that time, as well downtown as in the countryside. The materials used are the brick, wood and the cut stone. The rise of these constructions is broken by the wars of religion, in second half of the 16th century.

  • Patrons

  • Castles and palate
    • Castle of Fountain-Henry, Apple-brandy
    • Castle of Gaillon, the Eure
    • Castle of O
    • Castle of Carrouges
    • Castle of Tourlaville, Handle
    • Castle of Ételan, blazing Renaissance style, Seine-Maritime
    • Castle of Bailleul, Seine-Maritime
    • Castle of Lion-on-Sea, house rebirth, Apple-brandy
    • Manor of Ango, Seine-Maritime (1532-1534)
    • Manor of Saint-Germain-of-Livet (1561-1578)
    • Hotel of Escoville, Caen, Apple-brandy
    • Hotel of Bourgtheroulde, Rouen
    • episcopal Palate of Bayeux

  • Churches

    • Bedside of the Saint-Pierre church, Caen
    • Cathedral of Évreux, the Eure
    • Saint-Jacob Church, Dieppe
    • Church of Norville, Seine-Maritime
    • Church of Gisors, the Eure
    • Church of the Andelys, the Eure
    • Abbey church of Valmont, Seine-Maritime
    • Church of Vatteville-the-Street
    • Saint-François Church of the Harbor
    • Large Tower of the church of Gisors
    • Cathedral of Le Havre (turn and nave)
  • Other buildings
    • Office of finances, Rouen

The wars of religion

Protestantism is established early in Normandy (as of the Années 1530), especially in the cities. The first city acquired with the Calvinism, Alençon where Marguerite of Angouleme let it be established, quickly becomes a hearth of Réforme. The campaigns of the north of the Country of Caux, of the valley of the Seine (Caudebec-in-Caux) and of the Bessin are touched. The Cotentin is gained by the ideas of the Réforme later (second half of the 16th century): the sior of the Pond, Pierre de Comprond is burned alive with Coutances.

Successes of the Réforme are explained by the traffic of indulgences and the absence of the priests. The area relatively rich and is taught reading and writing, opened on the external influences by the trade. Rouen is the third center of impression of books in France. Many printers are also installed in Caen.

The Protestant are above all small noble, the middle-class men of Caen and the craftsmen of the textile.

1562 : beginning of the wars of religion: iconoclasme in several cities (Alençon, Rouen, Caen, Coutances, Bayeux); sit and plundering of Rouen in October; Treated Hampton Court
1572: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: massacre Protestants in Rouen
September 21st 1589: battle of Arques
1590: battles of Ivry

At the end of the 16th century, Protestantism moves back in Normandy, even if there remains relatively well established in Caen and Alençon. Few before the revocation the Edict Nantes by the Edict Fontainebleau Louis {{Romanian|XIV|14}} in 1685, Normandy is the province of the north of France which counts the most inhabitants won over to the Réforme. With the number of 200  000, those form the most industrial part of the population Norman. With the revocation, not less 184  000 (92%) Protestant will make their proximity with the sea profitable to flee towards the England and the Holland, countries Protestant with which they maintained the followed relations. More 26  000 dwellings Normans are deserted. The population of Rouen falls of 86  000 with 60  000 inhabitants. The exit of the kingdom of richest of the 4  000 Protestants of Caen, who delivered almost all to the maritime trade, thus impoverishes the private population of the commercial relations previously maintained by those. The totality of the Protestants of Coutances emigrate, carrying with them in England all manufactures of fabrics which they had. The half of the 800 reformed which account Saint-Lo passes abroad. More half of the 300 reformed election of Mortain is established in England and Holland. The emigration of the Masters, follow-ups of their more skilful workmen - not only Protestant but sometimes even catholic eager to preserve their employment -, ruin for several years the various branches of trade and industry which flowered before in Rouen, Darnétal, Elbeuf, Louviers, Caudebec, Le Havre, Pont-Audemer, Caen and Alençon so much so that this formerly industrial province suffices from now on hardly for its own consumption.

Religious violences do not save the province: close to 80  000 Norman reformed exile themselves in Prussia, with the Netherlands and in England.

Normandy at the century of Louis XIV

The Révolte of the Flip-flops is a popular rising which touched Normandy in 1639 following the decision of Louis {{Rom|XIII|13}} to extend the Gabelle to the whole of the territory. The revolts had already shaken the province before, as the fiscal charge was weighed down: in 1623 with Rouen, in 1634… the revolt of 1639 is general: it touches the in August main cities.

In 1667, Jean-Baptiste Colbert creates the royal manufacture of draperies of Elbeuf. Normandy then knows a small boom. The fiscal charge is even decreased. Castles of traditional style are built (Balleroy, Beaumesnil, Cany, Flamamville).

But starting from 1689, the war begins again against the England: the Norman littoral undergoes several attacks. In 1692, the French fleet undergoes one shingling demolished with Hougue in Cotentin. In 1694, Le Havre and Dieppe are bombarded.

The transatlantic relations with America intensify. The Norman ones continue the exploration of the New World: Rouennais Rene Robert Cavelier of the Room voyage in the area of the big lakes of the the United States and the Canada, then on the river the Mississippi. He thus discovers the territories located between the Quebec and the delta of the the Mississippi, in other words the French Louisiana. Honfleur and Le Havre were two of the main ports slave traders of France. The draft enriches several Normans families like Fouache.

The colonists whom the Normandy provided (in particular the Basse-Normandie), with the News-France (Quebec) were among more undertaking.

Moreover, it is old province of the Perche that come from the most former families of the Quebec: Aubin, Barrel, Beaulac, Bouchard, Butcher, Nailsmith, Drouin, Gagnon, Giguère, Lambert, Landry, Leduc, Lefebvre, Draper, Furrier, Rivard, Tremblay and many others…

The Age of Enlightenment

The economy Norman

The 18th century constitutes the apogee of the traffic slave trader. The middle-class of Le Havre, Rouen and Honfleur profit from the economic consequences of the triangular trade. The work of cotton develops in the cities and provides the foundations of the Industrial revolution. The Manufacture S multiply and settle in the suburbs of Rouen. But these changes benefit Eastern Normandy especially (in other words current High-Normandy). The remainder of the province benefits less from the great maritime trade.

Agriculture remains important: cereal production (Country of Caux, Vexin, campaigns of the Neubourg, of Caen, of Nickel silver), dairy breeding (Country of Bray, Bessin), breeding for the meat (Country of Trough), apple trees for the Cidre are in progress, whereas the Vigne moves back quickly. In small sectors, the productivity increases thanks to the progressive disappearance of the Jachère in the Pays of Caux and the plain of Caen. The Norman Bocage provides poor outputs.

The spinning mill, weaving, the manufacture of fabrics are the artisanal activities most practiced in the campaigns Normans. Rouen remains the largest wool cloth production center. At the end of the 18th century starts to impose the spinning mill of cotton.

The metallurgy relates to especially the area of Alençon, the Country of Ouche and is of Normandy. Villedieu-the-Stoves manufactures copper ustensils. Rouen is a production center of glass, of Céramique, Porcelaine, books. The shipyards develop in Le Havre, but also in Cherbourg, Caen, Rouen, Villequier and Dieppedalle. In the valley of the Seine start to be established “chemical” production centres (sugar refineries). The British introduce some shy persons innovations into the sectors textile and metallurgical Norman at the 18th century.

In the Years 1780, the economic crisis and the crisis of the Ancien Mode strike Normandy and lead to the French revolution.

The Revolution in Normandy

In 1788 - 1789, the Registers of grievances reveal the difficulties and waitings of the Norman ones: the corporations and tolls are highly disputed. Bad harvests, technological advances and the effects of the commercial treaty of 1786 affect the use and the economy of the province. Especially, it is the important fiscal charge which the Norman ones have of the evil to accept. During the summer 1789, the province undergoes the Great fear, a rumor of an aristocratic plot to crush the Revolution. In 1790 are instituted the five departments of Normandy. The Terreur saw the application of the dechristianization in Normandy. The Cathédrale of Rouen was thus temporarily transformed into temple of the Reason.

The Norman ones refuse the levy in masse issued by the Convention. With the fall of the Of Gironde the June 2nd 1793, a certain number of them, whose Buzot, Gorsas, Barbaroux, Guadet, Louvet de Couvray, Pétion, takes refuge in Normandy where they try to raise an insurrection Fédéraliste against the Convention. They gather in Caen an army of 2  000 volunteers under the orders of the general Wimpffen. This attempt showed a failure during engagement with Brécourt the July 13rd.

The July 11th 1793, Charlotte Corday, which côtoyé the proscribed of Gironde ones in Caen, assassinates Marat.

The Chouannerie develops starting from 1795 in Basse-Normandie. Under the Directory, royalist bands carry out takeovers by force to Domfront, Tinchebray, Vire.

Under the Empire, the Blockade, the Conscription and bad harvests of 1811 involve once again the dissatisfaction with the Norman ones.

The change of the campaigns and industrialization (19th century)

The Norman ones react little to the many political upheavals which characterize the 19th century. Careful, they accept the regime changes overall (First Empire, Restauration, Monarchie of July, IIe République, Second Empire, IIIe République).

Changes of industry and transport

  • economic Revival after the revolutionary wars (1792-1815)
  • Abolition of the draft of the Blacks
  • Appearance of the steamers à on the Seine and first trains: inauguration of the Paris-Rouen line on May 3rd 1843, prolonged to Le Havre in 1848.
  • Mechanization of the textile, use of the hydraulic force. Multiplication of the factories especially in Seine-Maritime (Tweed, Bolbec, Le Havre, Louviers)
  • social Effects: proletarianization, unemployment, Rural migration, emigration relating to the the United States

The population Norman stagnates to approximately 2,4 million inhabitants between 1800 and 1900 but this apparent opposition to progress masks a demographic redistribution within the province. Generally, the cities grow, more exactly the cities into full Industrial revolution. They are mainly the cities of the valley of the the Seine (Le Havre especially, Rouen and its suburbs, Elbeuf). Important factories, especially textile S, develop and accommodate several hundreds of workmen. This industrialization is based initially on the use of the hydraulic power of the rivers then intensifies thanks to the steam engines and the creation of the first ways of Railroad. However, most of the Normandy (in particular the Basse-Normandie) remains well off these transformations.

Change of the campaigns

All in all, the campaigns Normans are depopulated. Among the reasons of this decline, conversion with the bovine breeding, which touches almost all the province. However this activity requires less labor than the cereal Culture. The Norman farmers transform their fields into pasture or in artificial meadows and starts to produce milk and its derivatives. Cream, butter and cheeses of Normandy (whose famous Camembert cheese) supply the Parisian markets. It is on these boxes of Camembert cheese that the somewhat caricatural image of opulent and green Normandy is exported: around the country-woman, spreads a landscape of Bocage with its cows, its hedges, its apple trees and its buildings with wood sides.

A new activity instigates the littoral: the Tourism. The 19th century marks the birth of the first seaside resorts. Dieppe initially, then a whole chain of modest ports (Saint-Valéry-in-Caux, Etretat, Tréport, Trouville, Deauville, Cabourg) see to rise villas, casino and large hotel. The aristocracy and the Parisian upper middle classes, without forgetting English, thus continue their fashionable life on the coast Norman, that painted by the Impressionnistes.

The success of these vacation resorts slices with the drowsiness of at one time rich cities (Bayeux, Falaise, Alençon), the decline of the proto-industrial campaigns (Pays of Ouche, area around Vire, Plaine of Caen…) and the constitution of unhealthy districts in the industrial towns (with a particularly high death rate, Rouen is true to mouroir).

Arts and letters

The industrial changes affect the company and Article Normandy holds an important place in the artistic movement impressionist which develops in second half of the 19th century. Many Norman sites, the such in particular cliffs of Étretat, Giverny and the cathedral of Rouen, inspired the impressionism whose term comes from a table of Claude Monet entitled Impression, rising sun presented to the exposure of 1874.

Normandy is the cradle many writers of the 19th century:

Under the Second Empire, Victor Hugo, opposed to Napoleon III, lives in exile with Jersey then with Guernesey. His/her Léopoldine daughter drowns in the the Seine with Villequier in 1843.

War of 1870

Rouen is occupied by the Prussian army.

Second world war

See also: Battle of Normandy

During the Second world war, Normandy was one of the starting points of the reconquest of Europe by the Allies, putting an end to the German occupation . The June 6th 1944 was launched the Opération Overlord, the greatest operation amphibian of all the world military history, simultaneously carried out on several beaches of the Calvados and the Manche, to which share the troops of the the United States took, of the the United Kingdom, of the Canada, like some quotas of other nations. It was the beginning of the Bataille of Normandy which was completed only the September 12th, by the capitulation of the garrison of the Havre, whereas several French areas were already released.

A great number of museums and military cemeteries exist over this period. There remain also reinforced concrete fortifications known as Blockhaus especially on the coast, which belonged to the Atlantic Wall built by the Germans.

Second half of the 20th century

Rebuilding

See also: Downtown area rebuilt of Le Havre, Rebuilding of Caen

Many cities and infrastructures were destroyed during the war.

  • Of very many houses with sides of wood with Rouen, whose cathedral escaped from little the destruction
  • All the historical center of Lisieux where miraculeusement were miraculeusement preserved the Saint-Pierre cathedral and the basilica in the course of construction
  • a considerable number of constructions in Caen
  • Saint-Lo, almost shaven
  • Vimoutiers, almost shaven

Policy

Several politicians of national scale come from the area or attaches to it:

New challenges

During the creation of the areas in 1956, the five Norman departments were divided into two administrative areas: the High-Normandy and the Basse-Normandie.

The bringing together of both Normandy is being studied. One of the promoters of the Réunification of Normandy is the deputy of the Eure Herve Morin: surveys show that the majority of the inhabitants of the two areas would approve this prospect.

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