New York constitutes today more the big city of the the United States, and one of the most important cities in the world, as a decisional center of foreground, but also as a world capital of finance and the Bourse. Its history spreads out over several centuries, and began well before the arrival from the first colonists in what was going to become Manhattan, with the occupation by the populations autochtones. The negociations which led the city to its current configuration, a division in five Borough S go back only at the any end of the XIXe century and to first half of the XXe. Before this consolidation , the city underwent many crises, was the theater various conflicts, but all the same succeeded in gaining gradually in importance, at the point to constitute since the final formation of the city one of the most dynamic centers in the world.
Exploration of bay of New York
The attraction of the new world
An advantageous geographical location
The principal attraction of the area of New York for the explorers is due to his exceptional situation from a geographical point of view. Indeed, the maritime space delimited by the islands and the continent which constitutes bay of New York, separated in a Upper New York Bay and a Lower New York Bay offers not only one access to islands located at various places of bay, but allows moreover, thanks to the Hudson River located upstream, to go up inside the continent. The area of New York thus had an interest commercial and strategic of first order, which explains why the port of the city exceeded that of Philadelphia.
Dutch commercial motivations
With the XVe century, in Europe, commercial great powers, in which one saw the Mercantilisme more and more developing, the prospect to find more richnesses (especially of the Or), the ascending value of the productions of Sucre of the Cape Verde, and the trade of the slaves became reasons for remote maritime forwardings. The impulse of this movement of conquest was given by the invasion of the Central America and the Aztèque S by Hernán the Cortes in 1519, after the Spain had acquired an experiment in the field of plundering and the conquest at the time of the Reconquista which was completed in 1492, date on which Christophe Colomb ateignit the the Bahamas, by giving to the Europe additional prospects in the Nouveau World.
The reign of Philippe II of Spain, which became King of so sovereign Espagnes but of the Spanish Netherlands in 1555, was marked by many movements of revolt against the Spanish domination with the Netherlands. Spain thus not only was touched in the Dutch territory and its seventeen provinces, but also knew attacks against its economic interests throughout the world. At the time of their arrival in the “New Netherlands” ( New Netherland ), the colonists met a colony of Indians algonquins who occupied the area of the city, with the Lenapes. The occupants of the island of Manhattan were Munsee , considered by the colonists Dutch as being violent ones and aggressive. The other Indian tribes installed in bays for some gave of the names to certain districts of the current city; one thus found the Canarsies in Brooklyn, the Matinecooks on the level of Flushing, the Rockaways in the Queens and the Wecquaesgeeks , tribe Mohican S alive in the area of Yonkers.
Giovanni da Verrazano skirts the coasts…
In 1523, François Ier de France was convinced by the navigator Florentin Giovanni da Verrazano to gather a fleet to discover a maritime access to the Cathay (access giving on the Pacifique), while passing by the west. Verrazano obtained what it wished, and embarked with Dieppe in a small caravel, “ Dauphine the ”, accompanied by about fifty men to the end of the year 1523. After having skirted the Atlantic coast , it left in direction the American continent. In March 1524, it explores the coasts of North Carolina, then continuous to sail towards north. April 17th, it drops anchor near bay of New York, before carrying on its road towards north. It is the first European exporter to discover the site of the future town of New York which it baptizes News-Angouleme in the honor of François Ier, ex-duke of Angouleme which financed its voyage. September 2nd 1609, Hudson penetrated in bay formed by the “Large River of the mountains”, i.e. the current bay of New York. September 10th, the explorer continued his voyage while advancing in the strait while following the river which was going to bear its name: the Hudson To rivet. September 20th, it turned back, arrived according to him at the navigable limit of the river. Hudson thus discovered the site of New York in the name of Dutch, who undertook a forwarding of colonization later fourteen years. The colony of the New Amsterdam ( Nieuw-Amsterdam in Dutch) was founded in 1614, however, the island of Manhattan, which will be thereafter the center of installation of the colonists only is populated very little during the first years. The explorers spend indeed more time in the drills, and concentrate upstream Hudson River in the area of the current capital of the State of New York, Albany.Among the explorers, eight men unloaded on Governor' S Island to build there a Fort whereas other merchants were sent towards other Dutch colonies located in the area of Albany, with the Fort Orange , along the river Delaware, or of the river Connecticut.
The passengers do not remain together, they disperse in various places:
- Eight of them unloads on current the Governors Island, at the time the island with the Nuts
- Four couples and eight sailors will descend the river Delaware and to accost near the town of Gloucester (New Jersey) where they will build the Fort Nassau
- Two families and six men go up the river Fresche (Connecticut) to the town of Hartford to build a fort
- Environ there eighteen families go up the river Hudson on board Nieuw Nederlandt. They will unload with the current site of the capital of the State of New York, Albany and will found Fort Orange.
The constitution of the colony
Indeed, in 1625, other families were sent to Manhattan in several ships. Among the new arrivals, one found the engineer Crijn Fredericxsz who had been charged to extremely direct the erection again, but which would be this time not located on an small island of bay, but with the southern point of the island of Manhattan, whose population was going to very quickly grow in the years to come. The management works, just as the choice of the exact site of the construction of the fort were reserved for Willem Verhulst, which was to direct the colony. The vocation of the fort was not exclusively soldier, but also Re civil, since it were to accommodate a Marché, a Hôpital, a school as well as a church (that is to say 24 $) of small glassware and other trinkets. The colony of the New Amsterdam is then officially founded. February 2nd, 1653, the city was constituted in Municipalité.
The Company of the Western Indies builds a counter of trade which exports furs, as well as a fort called Fort Amsterdam. The first managing director is Pieter Stuyvesant as from 1647. The last Dutch governor grants a charter to the city in 1653.
From 1640 to 1664, the colony passes from 400 to: 1500 inhabitants. The trade develops with the English colony of Virginia and the Antilles. It exports towards the metropolis of wood, the fur, the tobacco.
XVIIe and XVIIIe centuries
British domination (1664-1775)
The maritime competition between Netherlander and English is completed by the victory of the latter. The king d' Angletterre Charles II fact gift with his brother, the duke of York, of a vast territory including the Dutch colony; the Amsterdam News goes to the English without resistance in 1664. It is at once renamed “New York”. The city develops quickly: in 1700, it counts close to: 5000 inhabitants. the trade diversifies; the flour became one of the principal food products of export. This is why, today still, the weapons of New York carry barrels of flours on a flight of four wings. In 1664, ships English seize the city without combat, the governor Peter Stuyvesant goes and it was famous “New York” in the honor of the duke of York, brother of the king Charles II. At the conclusion of the second war anglo-Dutchwoman in 1667, the Traité of Breda definitively grants the sovereignty of the colony to the English, the Dutchmen receiving in return the Suriname (Dutch Guyana). The economic advancement begins towards 1730. Puritain S English flee religious persecutions in their countries of origin and settle. They engage in the triangular Commerce by selling African slaves in the Antilles and in the British colonies of Virginia, of Maryland and in both Carolines.
Questioning of English supremacy (1765-1785)
In 1765, the British Parliament vote the Stamp Act. This law imposing an excise tax on the English newspapers and official documents causes, the meeting in New York of delegated of nine of the Thirteen colonies British of America which protest against the tax. This iniquitous tax will be repealed the following year. The New Yorkean merchants play a big role in the beginnings of the fight for independence, organizing the Boycott English products. New York sees being born the movement from the Fils of freedom; disorders burst in 1767. The British governor is driven out in 1775. The city, which is joined the thirteen English colonies on July 9th, 1776, becomes the bastion of the Loyaliste S.
At the beginning of the War of independence, the city is the theater of important combat at the time of the Bataille of Brooklyn (sometimes called battles Island Length), the August 27th 1776. The overcome Americans beat then reprocesses some towards Manhattan. September 21st, after the unloading of the British with Kip' S Bay and the battles the Tops of Harlem, a large fire destroys the quarter of the city. This episode, one remembers the sentence of the young American captain Nathan Hale, carried out by the British after his capture at the time of a mission of espionage: “My only regret is to have only one life to lose for my country”. The fall of Fort-Washington, the November 16th 1776, mark the beginning of British reoccupying. The city remains with the hands of the British until the November 16th 1783, when the last British troops leave New York. This day, “ Evacuation Day ”, was celebrated a long time. The end of the hostilities, in 1783, sees George Washington entering as a winner to New York.
New York, capital of the United States (1785-1790)
In 1785, the continental Congrès settles in New York, which consequently acts as provisional capital of the United States. But, under the pressure of Thomas Jefferson, the Congress moves with Philadelphia five years later. In 1789, the first US president, George Washington, lends oath on the Bible to the balcony of the Federal Hall, building renovated by the French architect Pierre Charles the Child. In 1790, the seat of the federal government is transferred to Philadelphia and, in 1797, the government of the State of New York intalle with Albany. From now on, its only economic role explains the growth of New York. Since 1792, a group of merchants starts to meet under a tree with Wall Street, preceding what became later on the Bourse of New York. This summer, an epidemic of Yellow fever causes an exodus of the New Yorkeans in direction of Greenwich Village.
XIXe century
At the 19th century, the population of New York knew a rapid expansion, thanks to the massive arrival of immigrants attracted by the economic dynamism of the city. In 1835, New York became more the big city of the United States by exceeding Philadelphia.
An exceptional economic growth
The development of New York was facilitated by the modernization and the extension of the grid systems: the Channel Champlain (1823) and the Canal Érié (1825) connect New York to its back-country and the Big lakes. The channel of Delaware in Raritan (1824) joined Philadelphia in south-west. Robert Fulton makes sail the first steamers on the Hudson. The rail links multiply starting from the Années 1830 and Cornelius Vanderbilt builds the station of Grand Exchange on the 42e Rue in the Années 1870. On sea, the transatlantic lines connect New York to Europe by the Paquebot S.New York quickly affirms its commercial vocation thanks to its port. About 1860, this last ensures two thirds of the imports and a quarter of American exports. In 1884,70% of the American imports forward by the wearing of New York. The goods which forward by the port are varied: cotton, flour and meats are dispatched towards Europe. Fabrics, alcohols, sugar, coffee, the, cigars are discharged on the quays from bay. At the end of the XIXe century, when the United States becomes an industrial power of first order, the manufactured goods represent an increasing share of exports. The wearing of New York is increased in the years 1850-1860, in particular with Brooklyn and on bank of the New Jersey. The first built piers (Piers) appear in the years 1870. On Hudson, the harbor installations reach the 70e Rue of Manhattan at the end of the century. In 1900, the wearing of New York is the first of the world.
With the Revolution and rise industrialists, the factories, the Manufacture S and the workshops are increasingly numerous: in 1806, William Colgate opens a factory of candles, starch and soap in the south of Manhattan. However, the place is quickly lacking on the island and of many industries are established in the peripheral districts. The main activities of the agglomeration are then related to the agro-alimentary sector (sugar refineries, slaughter-houses, breweries, tobacco), with the textile (spinning mills, workshops of clothes industry), with naval constructions and printing works. About 1900, New York is the industrial town most important of the United States.
It is also at the XIXe century that New York positions like first center of the businesses of the country: the financial vocation of the metropolis develops with the creation of the Bank off New York by Alexander Hamilton in 1784 and the opening of the Stock Exchange in 1792. Later, of the specialized purses are founded (purse with the grains in 1850, with cotton in 1868); the houses of trade concentrate in the south of Manhattan. Benefitting from the dynamism of the railroads, the trade banks multiply, passing from 25 in 1845 to 506 in 1883. The large signs such as Macy' S and Bloomingdale' S are born in second half of the XIXe century. Broadway becomes the commercial artery of the city.
An increasing and various population
In the middle of the XIXe century, more half of the New Yorkeans were born abroad; between 1820 and 1890, more than ten million immigrants settle in the metropolis, fleeing the economic crisis and persecutions which take place in Europe. Each community develops its networks of mutual aid, its associations and its newspapers. The tensions degenerate sometimes into riots: those of 1871 between catholics and orangists show 65 dead.
Vis-a-vis this population growth, the municipal authorities extended to the whole of the island of Manhattan the plan of urbanization, as of 1811. In 1900, Manhattan is entirely parcelled out. During first half of the XIXe century, the urban growth was however stopped several times, with the fires of 1835 and 1845 and by the economic crisis of 1837. Many buildings are then rebuilt in the neo-classic style, like Federal Hall (1842). With demographic rise, the offer of housing quickly becomes insufficient. The poorest New Yorkeans pile up in narrow and unhealthy apartments called holdings . A law of 1879 requires that each part have at least a window to improve ventilation and the luminosity.
The urban extension exceeds the framework of Manhattan: Jersey City and Newark increase thanks to industries and with the connections in ferry. The district of Brooklyn acquires the statute of city in 1834 and adopts a Town-planning orthogonal. The periphery of the city is stimulated by the suburban trains. The urban transport is modernized, passing from the horse-drawn buses to the Tramway S and soon to the subway.
The social inequalities are important in the New York of the XIXe century: the number of rich people increases and certain names are detached by their fortune (Andrew Carnegie, John Davison Rockefeller, John Jacob Astor, etc). The rich person residences are built on Washington Square, Lafayette Place then on the Fifth Avenue, in the district of Brooklyn Heights and Marcus Garvey Park at the end of the century. The middle-class lives according to the codes of the company victorienne. A middle-class of craftsmen, accountants, salesmen, employees emerges little by little. With the industrial development of New York, the number of workmen strongly increases, passing from: 30000 in 1840 with: 220000 forty years later. The workmen meet in the taverns of Bowery. The city regularly knows strike movements as in 1833 and 1836.
The social problems are partly taken charges some by the Churches and associations which multiply, like the New Yorkean Company for the improvement with the condition with the poor (1843).
New York during the civil war
During the American Civil War, the strong commercial links existing with the Southerners created a dissension between the inhabitants, some fascinating part for the Union, others for the Confederation. These civil disorders culminated in 1863 with violent riots at the time of the call to the conscription launched by Abraham Lincoln ( the Draft Riots ). Five federal regiments are then deployed in New York in order to bring back the calm one. The riots make hundreds of death. After the war, the flow of European immigrants still increased. To satisfy the criteria of immigration, a center of transit was built on Ellis Island, an island close to that of the Statue of Freedom.
Municipal institutions and management of the city
Since 1821, the vote censitaire is abolished in the State of New York: the electorate widens and the democracy still progresses in 1834 when the mayor of New York east elected to the Direct suffrage. In 1844 a Municipal police is created. Following the epidemics of Cholera (1832, 1866), the municipality decides to carry its efforts on the water conveyance and the sewers: a service of the sewers is founded in 1849 and of the public baths are open in the years 1850. An aqueduct is put in building site in 1842 in order to bring the water of the Croton river in the city.Vis-a-vis the which gallops urbanization of Manhattan, several voices rise to claim the creation of a space of greenery, with the image of the Bois de Boulogne to Paris. Among those which claim the installation of a park, one finds the Paysagiste Andrew Jackson Downing, and of the writers like George Bancroft and Washington Irving. The poet and journalist of the New Evening Post William Cullen Bryant, which is one of the supports for the project, require thus that: The municipality opens a park, a large park, a true park, which, by the healthy entertainment of the people, moves away it from alcohol, the play and the defects, to educate it with the moralities and with the ordre. He then proposes in 1850 which the municipality buys a piece that he describes as “uncultivated land, ugly and feeling reluctant” on which the project can see the day what it makes in 1853. The park was completed in 1873 after thirteen years of work, according to the plans of Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux.
In 1898, the town of New York was organized administratively such as one knows it today. The foundation of the City off Greater New York (“Large New York”), which joined together the town of New York, the Kings County (Brooklyn), the Queens and the Richmond County (Staten Island) also posed the principle of the districts ( boroughs ) (see Manhattan, Brooklyn, Bronx, Queens, Staten Island).
Development of the culture
It is as in second half of the XIXe century as were created the majority of the cultural institutions (Metropolitan Museum off Art in 1870, Metropolitan Opera in 1883, American Museum off Natural History in 1877, New York Public Library in 1895, Brooklyn Museum in 1895 - 1915) and of new civil infrastructures, like the Pont of Brooklyn completed in 1883. Universities are born: University of New York (1831), City College off New York (1847). The Columbia university, founded at the 18th century diversifies by opening a school of right (1858) and school of Political sciences (1880). Great fortunes of New York make work of Philanthropie. Between 1888 and 1908, finances of the city increased by 250%.It is still at the XIXe century that the agglomeration obtains prestigious newspapers: the New York Sun (1833) and the NewYork Times (1851). A popular press develops around the Sun.
XXe century
Modernization of transport
In first half of the 20th century, the city became a center of international scale, at the industrial, commercial level and for the communications. Interborough Rapid Transit, the first company of subway, was born in 1904, followed rebuilding of the Grand Final Exchange in 1913. The authority of the wearing of New York is born in 1921; it makes build the George Washington Bridge inaugurated in 1931. The thickening of the automobile traffic leads the municipality to think a new town-planning and to connect Manhattan by new infrastructures: the Holland Tunnel is dug between 1920 and 1927 and of the fast tracks ( parkways ) girdle little by little the island.
Construction of the skyscrapers
With the multiplication of the head offices of companies and the lack of place in Manhattan, the architecture of the south of Manhattan became vertical: built in 1907, the Metropolitan Life Tower makes 213 meters height and account 50 stages. The Woolworth Building, completed in 1913, measurement 241 meters for 57 stages and highest remains the building of the world until 1930. In 1929, New York counts already 188 buildings of more than 20 stages. As of the years 1920, a second district of the businesses is constituted more in north, in the district of Midtown.
Starting from the Years 1930, the majority of the highest skyscrapers of the world were built there in the style Art déco. Quickly, several American architects (Louis Sullivan…) criticize this new vertical architecture. The vertiginous rise in the buildings prevent the light from reaching the ground. The orthogonal plan involves a clogging of circulation. Lastly, of the new problems of safety emergent, in particular as regards fire. As of 1916, to answer these difficulties is adopted in New York a law on zoning ( Zoning Law ). The payment obliges the architects to adapt the height of the buildings to the width of the streets. There remains in force until in 1961. That gives place to the construction of buildings of pyramidal form such as the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson, 1958) which spares a withdrawal of 28 meters compared to Park Avenue.
New Yorkean people
As of the last decades of the XIXe century, immigration changed nature: it brought from now on to New York Europeans South (Italian) and Is (Polish, Russian). Internal flows concerned the Afro-Americans, up to now very few in the city and the Porto Ricans. The Jews, fleeing the pogroms in Europe, settle in Lower East Side and in Brooklyn. Later, the Jews flee the Nazi regime and settle in particular with Washington Heights. The Blacks coming from the South of the country gather in the districts of Harlem or Bedford Stuyvesant which becomes in the Années 1940 Ghetto S.At the end of XIXe and the beginning of the XXe century, following reports/ratios and by the pressure of associations, the question of popular housing becomes a subject of concern. A municipal Department of the holdings , then a New York City Housing Authority are set up. : 40000 holdings are destroyed in the years 1920 and of the social housing are built. The Great Depression throws to the street of the thousands of New Yorkean, of which some live in the huts of the Central Park. The law Wagner-Steagall causes the multiplication of the great units.
New York, cultural hearth of national scale
New York became also a major artistic center, in particular with the musical comedies of Broadway and the Renaissance of Harlem. This role developed towards the end of the Années 1930 with the surge of European political refugees, who comprised many intellectuals, musicians and artists.It is in the district of Greenwich Village that the artists and the writers gather. The place is attended by the homosexual ones, the avant-gardists and the protestors. The galleries and the workshops are the privileged places of the evolution of painting: it is in Greenwich Village that work the realistic painters (Thomas Benton, Edward Hopper) and modern (Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning).
With the Armory Show (1913) then the opening of the Museum off Modern Art (1929), Whitney Museum off American Art (1931) and Museum Solomon R. Guggenheim (1937), New York becomes one of the capitals world of the modern art. This position is reinforced by the surge of artists, musicians and writers European during the Second world war (Marc Chagall, Béla Bartók, Hannah Arendt).
During first half of the XXe century, New York remains an important center for the media: the metropolis counts many agencies of information and prestigious newspapers. It is in the 1920 qu years ' appear the first Tabloïd S. In the years 1930, the radio stations CBS and NBC settled with the Rockefeller Center which was soon called “ Radio operator City. ” Two Théâtre S were arranged in the complex, on the one hand the Radio City Music Hall which was largest, with close to: 6000 seats and in addition the RKO Roxy or Center Theater which included/understood: 3509 places and which was destroyed in 1954. In spite of the competition of Los Angeles, New York remains until 1945 an important cinematographic center: she exerts the financial control of the industry of the 7th art, product of films in her studios and has very many rooms of projection.
Social problems of the Inter-war period
In 1919, New York is shaken, like other cities in all the country, by massive strikes: that of the dockers in January, the cigariers in July, the actors in August and the firemen in September. The workmen claim pay rises to compensate for the Inflation and better work conditions. In September 1920, an bomb attack blows the offices of the Morgan bank in Wall Street, making 38 died and 200 wounded.
The Années 1920 were also marked by the Prohibition, with the opening of the speakeasies , these establishments of sale and consumption of alcoholic drinks, and the bootleggers , the alcohol smugglers. Many bars and clubs of Harlem, reserved for the White, were then controlled by the Mafia S Jewish and Italian. The gangster “Dutch” Schultz controlled in particular the production and the distribution of spirits in the district.
The “large apple” does not escape the Grande economic Depression from the years 1930; it is with the purse of Wall Street that the Krach of 1929 appears which gives place to a world-wide crisis. In March 1936, a New Yorkean on five receives a government aid. The various programs of the Works Projects Administration, the principal agency instituted within the framework of the New Deal, employ hundreds of thousands of people. Fiorello LaGuardia is the mayor of New York of 1934 to 1945.
New York after 1945
After the Second world war, New York knew a relative decline however, lost its inhabitants, and its industrial fabric started to age. Several factories moved in first half of the century towards the close belt (in the New Jersey for example). The crisis of the years 1960-1970 generated industrial waste lands in the Bronx and the Queens. For this period, the factories close because of the increase in the production costs and of international competition, move or delocalize themselves abroad. Thus, the shipyard of Navy Yard closes its doors in 1966. Between 1953 and 1992, New York loses some 700 000 industrial employment. The place of the wearing of New York moves back.New York strengthens its world position in the years 1950 and 1960. Thus, in 1952, it accommodates the permanent institutions of UNO. The World Fair of the International exhibition of New York 1964-1965, in the park of Flushing Meadows, attracts million visitors. New York affirms like capital of the abstract Expressionnisme and competes with London on the market of Article the district of Greenwich Village remains one of the cultural hearths of the city with SoHo which becomes a historical district in 1973. The counter-culture opens out in New York in the letters and arts. Off-off Broadway proposes an alternative to the commercial theater. The Pop Art denounces the Consumer society. Andy Warhol (1928-1987) installs its workshop on the 47e Rue. Frank Stella (born in 1936) tries out the Minimalisme and Christo (born in 1935) proposes with the New Yorkeans transitory works. The mural frescos multiply on the walls of the city. The culture of the street (Graffiti, Hip-hop) take their rise in the years 1980.
In the field of the culture, New York is competed with more and more by other poles in the country, in particular those of the Sun Belt: as of the years 1950, Hollywood becomes the heart of the film production. The New Yorkean press must face new rivals like the Times or the Washington Post .
With the migratory policy change, New York becomes again cosmopolitan. New ethnic districts are formed as of the years 1970. Years 1960 are also remembered by racial tensions (movement of the civic rights, riots of July 1964) and social (strikes of transport in 1966, demonstrations against the Guerre of Vietnam). The municipality entrusts to Robert Moses the responsibility to destroy the slums, to renovate certain blocks and to build social housing. In July 1977, a power cut involves plunderings in the black districts of the city.
Between 1940 and 1990, Manhattan loses: 500000 inhabitants, Brooklyn: 400000 and Bronx: 300000. However, the residential suburbs continue to extend thanks to the highway network and to construction from new bridges (Pont Verrazano, 1964). The city changes to face the increase in the automobile traffic: the carparks are multplient, the Fifth Avenue passes in one way.
In the middle of the Years 1970, disindustrialization and the demographic decline push the city at the edge of the bankruptcy. The expenditure of the municipality explodes and the Federal state is disengaged. Many urban infrastructures are left with the abandonment, for lack of subsidies. The multiplication of the short-term loans between 1965 and 1975 cause a considerable debt. The First oil crisis of 1973 does not arrange the situation. Several districts are inserted in criminality and drug (Harlem, South Bronx). The rebound of Wall Street, in the Years 1980, made it possible New York to find its role of leader in the economic and financial sphere world. The balance in the budget of the city is restored in 1981. The revival of immigration also stimulates the economic growth. In the Years 1990, the policy anti-delinquency carried out by the mayor Rudolph Giuliani gave again confidence with the Americans who reinvested the city, which is one of only with being able to offer this cosmopolitan lifestyle. The flight of communication and information technologies also contributed to this new rise. New York became a tertiary metropolis. New skyscrapers are built: the World Trade Center is inaugurated in 1973 and exceeds the Empire State Building. Since the Years 1990, several operations of rehabilitation were carried out in several districts of Large Apple. Several industrialo-harbor zones are reconverted (Brooklyn) in Loft S, in workshops of artists.
21e century
The terrorist attack of the September 11th, 2001 also struck Washington, D.C but it is well New York which left there most ravaged, with the destruction of the World Trade Center. In 2004, these wounds are partially closed again, and the city impatiently awaits the construction of the Freedom Tower, envisaged in 2010, which will replace the old temple commercial.
See too
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