History of Mulhouse

Origins

The surroundings of Mulhouse were inhabited since the Paléolithique, but the site even as occupies the city today did not present enough advantages so that an agglomeration was constituted there. The first mention of the city dates from the year 803 when some Achito made gift of properties, of which Mulinhuson (Mulhouse), with the monastery of Fulda.

At the 11th century, the bishop of Strasbourg obtains the administration of most of the territory of Mulhouse, held hitherto by abbeys of the area.

To the 12th century the territory of Mulhouse passes to the hands of the emperor Frederic 1 {{er}} " Barberousse".

Towards 1222 - 1224 Mulhouse is equipped with privileges and is high with the row of city.

In 1261, the middle-class men revolt against the domination of the bishop of Strasbourg, which had taken again the city meanwhile, and place themselves under the authority of Rodolphe de Habsbourg.

In 1308 Mulhouse becomes imperial city. It is managed by a imperial provost and a council of 12 members including 4 noble and 8 patricians. The city then occupies the surface of the current old city.

After having concluded a series from alliances with other cities, Mulhouse adheres to the Décapole in 1354.

The craftsmen raise as of 1340 - and again in 1350 and 1354 - against the aristocratic council. But it is only in 1445 - 1449 that the middle-class men of the corporations finally manage to expel the noble ones and the patricians, those having fact causes common with the House of Austria which had made besiege Mulhouse by the Écorcheurs. The council of the city is composed from now on of 12 elected magistrates: Mulhouse was transformed into a middle-class republic.

Mulhouse within the Swiss confederation

But, attacked of any share by the partisans of Habsbourg and in particular by the noble ones who kept the resentment of their expulsion, Mulhouse must conclude in 1466 an alliance with Bern and Soleure to obtain reinforcements of troops.

This alliance extends in 1515 with the 13 Swiss cantons.

In 1523 Mulhouse adheres to the Réforme, which takes place by stages before leading in 1529 to the complete and exclusive establishment of the Protestant worship.

After the fire of the town hall the 1551, a new building, that which exists still nowadays, is built. The city counts approximately 2000 inhabitants then.

The Traité of Westphalia, which puts a term at the Guerre Thirty Year old, gives the Alsace to the France, but Mulhouse remains independent city, allied with the Swiss cantons. One era of work and peace opens for it.

In 1746, the first manufacture of Indian is created in Mulhouse. It is the beginning of the industrial development of the city which does not count whereas 4000 inhabitants.

The March 15th 1798, the small Republic of Mulhouse being then encircled by the France, which with ended up harming its economic advancement, is linked with the France.

XIXe century

During all the 19th century the city increases at an astonishing rate and new industries are born. After manufactures of impression of printed fabrics are created the spinning mills, weavings, the workshops of mechanical engineering and the factories of chemicals. From 6000 inhabitants in 1798, the population passes to 30.000 in 1850, 63.000 in 1880 and 90.000 in 1900.

It is in 1848 that the French name of Mulhouse - used since several years within the French-speaking middle-class was officially adopted to replace the old Germanic name of Mülhausen .

First German invasions

September 1870: The Badois occupy Mulhouse. The city will be then, like the very whole Alsace, annexed to the German Empire until in 1918.

Mulhouse, as well as Alsace and the the Moselle, was not annexed after 1870. The preliminaries of peace of the February 26th 1871 and the Traité of Frankfurt of the May 10th 1871 speak about transfer to the German Empire. The above mentioned preliminaries (Article 1) stipulate " France gives up in favor of the German Empire all its rights and titles on the territories…, etc It is thus of a Cession and not about a annexation.

XXe century

The June 7th 1914 the village of Dornach is attached to Mulhouse and becomes a district about it.

First World War

The Battle of Mulhouse: the August 7th 1914 the French general Bonneau accepted the order to enter in High Alsace and, as of the following day, the French made their entry in a black city of world. But the German fold was provisional, and the August 9th, the counter-attack was started starting from the north and of the east of the city. A furious battle began which lasted all during the night. The French folded up and left the city to German. The August 16th, the taken again French Army the offensive and Mulhouse changed a news foits camp the August 19th, after hard confrontations in front of Dornach. Finally, the August 24th, German returned, but this time for a long time…

November 11th, 1918 following the armistice, Alsace in the dash of the German Révolution proclaims the Alsatian Soviet republic, for the first time Alsace becomes républque independent but French enters to Alsace put annex it gradually.

November 11th - November 17th, 1918: Mulhouse under the Alsatian Soviet republic is organized in Soviet.

November 17th 1918: Following the Armistice of the November 11th 1918, the French enter finally released Mulhouse. The city returns to France at the same time as all Alsace.

Second world war

The June 18th 1940, around 8 hours of the morning, a company of scouts German cyclists, strong of about thirty men, enters to declared Mulhouse open city. The French flag of the town hall is replaced by that with swastika: it is the beginning of the occupation. Adolf Hitler will come to visit, the June 20th 1940, by keeping the incognito, the city reconquered with the French.

For the anecdote, the Germans rename the street of the Savage, main artery commercial of Mulhouse, “Adolf Hitlerstraße”. The Mulhousians laugh under cape: “Lastly, the name of the savage is known! ”

In 1944 the city undergoes 4 air raids by the allies, the May 11th, the May 25th, the August 3rd and the August 11th, which caused the death of almost 350 people on the whole. These bombardments aimed mainly the 2 Mulhousian stations but, following the inaccuracy of the shootings, of extensive damage were caused in various districts of the city.

Release

November 20th 1944: The combatants of the 1st French Army, breaking through the Sundgau out of armoured tanks, stop with the doors of Mulhouse of with dimensions Rebberg where the first shots are heard towards 16:00. German fleeing in their cars towards north and is.

November 21st 1944: the French Armies under the command of the general of Lattre de Tassigny, coming from Bruebach and Zimmersheim out of armoured tanks, release Mulhouse starting from 8:00 of the morning. The pockets of resistance German, in particular around the barracks, are cleaned by the army and FFI. The particular administrations and houses are cleaned their accessories Nazis, two enormous bûchers, place of the Meeting and suburb of Colmar, being used to burn all the German effigies. And as of the November 24th appears the new daily newspaper Alsace which replaces the " Mülhauser Tagblatt" Nazi.

The September 6th 1947 the common neighbor of Bourtzwiller is attached to Mulhouse from which it becomes a district.

XXIe century

  • December 26th 2004: an important explosion with gas causes the destruction of an apartment building of 4 stages with 12 rue de la marten, making 17 victims.
  • March 24th 2006: important a Explosion at the 3Ecole Nationale Sup3erieure of chemistry of Mulhouse because the death of a professor and makes 11 wounded.
  • May 13rd 2006: inauguration of the tram-train and popular holiday of the tram. The access to the two lines of the tram-train is opened to the public. The official unveiling takes place the May 20th with the visit of the president of the republic, Mr. Jacques Chirac.

Tour de France

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