History of Islam

The history of Islam implies the history of the Islamic faith like a religion and social institution.

Like the majority of the Religion S of the world, the historical evolution of Islam had a significant impact on the political, economic, and military history in and beyond its primary geographical areas (see Islamic Civilization).

The concept of the Islamic world can be more or less useful by observing the various periods of the history. The Islamic Culture encourages the identification with a community quasi-policy of the believers or Oumma, and this principle influenced the behavior of a certain number of actors in the Histoire. The history of Islam is closely related to the political, economic, and military history.

Islam appeared in Arabia at the 7th century with the appearance of the prophet Mouhammad. One century after its death, an Islamic empire extended from the Atlantic Ocean in the west towards the Central Asia in the east. That Ci did not remain unified a long time; the new mode has quickly finishes in civil war (see Fitna) and later affected by second Fitna. Then, it have rival dynasties claiming the Caliphate, or the control of the Muslim world, and much of Islamic empires were controlled by a Caliph unable to unify the Islamic world.

In spite of this parcelling out of Islam as a political community, the empires of the Abbasid caliphs of , the Empire moghol and the Seldjoukides were among largest and most powerful in the world. The Arab produced good number of Islamic centers, of scientists, astronomers, mathematicians, doctors and famous philosophers during the golden age of Islam (see Islamic Sciences and technology). Technology opened out; an investment supported in the infrastructures, such as systems of irrigation and channels; and especially, the importance of reading the Coran correlatively produced an elevated level of the instruction among the population.

Later, at the 18th century and 19th century, several Islamic areas fell under the European imperial powers. After the First World War, the remainders of the Ottoman Empire were divided in the form of Protectorat S Europeans.

Although affected by various Ideologies, such as the Communism, during a good part of the 20th century, the Islamic identity and the preponderance of Islam on political questions increased during the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21e century. The rapid growth, the interests Western in Islamic areas, the international conflicts and the Globalisation influenced the importance of Islam in the moulding of the world of the 21e century.

Origins of Islam

Prophète Mohamed

Caliphs Rashidun

Moslem conquest

See also: History of the Moslem conquest

Wars against the Byzantine empire (632-718)

See also: Wars between Arabs and Byzantine, Wars between empires Persian and Byzantine empire

635 : Conquest of the Syria;
639 : Conquest of the Arménie and the Egypt;
642 : Conquest of the North Africa;
717 - 718: Second head office of Constantinople.

Conquest of Persia (636-651)

Conquest of Afghanistan (637-709)

See also: History of Islamic Afghanistan#P.C3.A9riode, Conquest of Afghanistan

Until the arrival of the Arabs in 637, the Bouddhisme was present everywhere in Afghanistan with the Zoroastrisme.

Tamerlan included the Afghanistan in its empire, whose capital was Samarkand. Under its successors, the Timourides, Hérat was, with Samarkand, one of the headlights of the cultural and artistic period brilliant, which covers the 15th century, called Renaissance timouride.

Conquest of North Africa (640-709)

In 642, the Arab are present at Barqa and Tripoli; the Egypt is conquered, the Christian Coptes accommodate the Arabs as liberators. Al-Fustât is founded, which will be used as a basis back for the conquest. Omar ibn Al-Khattab refuses to annex the Ifriqiya, which he considers mufarriqa (perfidious), and is opposed to any forwarding. He dies into 644, and Uthmân, as of 647, authorizes the first raids.

Conquest of the South Asia (664-712)

Conquest of the Iberian peninsula (711-718)

End of the conquests (718-750)

732 In Poitiers, Charles Martel gives a crushing argument to the Moslem invasion of Gaulle.

740-741 Great Berber revolt kharidjite in the Maghreb.

750 The defeat of the caliph ommeyade Marwan involves the massacre of all its family, except for Abd Al-Rahman which succeeds in gaining Spain to constitute there into 756 the emirate of Cordoue.

Intellectual revolution

See also: Islamic Philosophy, Sciences and technology Islamic

The intellectual revolution begins very quickly. As from the 8th century the intellectuals of the Middle-East confront their convictions by using Greek sciences and philosophers. Then begin the old one of gold of the thought of the Middle-East which will know its apogee at the 12th century. The Philosophy, the medicine, the Science S and techniques of the area will remain most advanced of the world until the 14th century.

Three Islamic Empires

Worsen moghol

Worsen séfévides

See also: Séfévides, Empire Séfévide

Ottoman Empire

20th century

The 20th century brought radical changes, technological and organisational with the Europe, the Islamic states were found less modern than the Western nations. The Occident and its increasing Colonisation have enabled to him to dominate the sphere economically and to force the Moslem countries to question itself with the change. Today, the Moslem countries always undergo other kinds of colonizations.

Running sunnite: Wahhabism

Partition of the Indies and creation of Pakistan

Partition of Palestine

See also: Plane of division of Palestine

In November 1947, whereas the idea of a Holy Land State-refuge for the survivors of the Shoah is essential in the Western opinion, the British government gives its mandate to the United Nations. Resolution 181 on the division of the Palestine is presented by UNO as solution to the conflict between the Jews and the Arabs, granting, at the new Jewish State, 56% of the territory. After several wars arabo-Israelis, the Moslems lose Jerusalem, third place holy, annexed by Israel, but always not recognized by the International community.