The history of Internet goes back to the development of the first telecommunication networks. The idea of a Data-processing network, allowing to the different users Computer S to communicate, developed by many successive stages. The sum of all these developments led to the “mother of all networks” ( network off networks ) that we know today as a Internet . It is the fruit at the same time of technological developments and the regrouping of Infrastructure S network existing and of systems of Télécommunication.

The first versions putting in scene these ideas appeared at the end of the Années 1950. The practical application of these concepts started at the end of the Années 1960. As of the Years 1980, technologies which we recognize now as the bases of the modern Internet started to be spread around the sphere. In the Années 1990 its popularization passed by the appearance of the World Wide Web.

The infrastructure of Internet was spread around the world to create the broad world network of computers which we know today. It was spread through the Western Pays then knocked on the door of the Pays in the process of development, thus creating a world access to information and the communications without precedent as well as a Digital divide. Internet contributed to modify the worldwide economy basically, including with the repercussions of the Bulle Internet.

Principal dates of the history of the Internet

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Before Internet

Miss connections internetwork

Before the propagation of connections internetwork which brought the current Internet, the majority of the communication networks were limited from their nature to communications between the stations of the network. Some networks had footbridges or bridges connecting them between them, but most of the time they were limited or conceived for a single use. A method already used in the telecommunication networks rested on the use of a central Ordinateur, simply making it possible its terminals to be connected via long lines. This method was used in the Années 1950 by the project RAND in order to allow the collaboration of researchers such as Herbert Simon, then located at Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, and the researchers of Santa Monica in California, all working on the demonstration computer-assisted and the Artificial intelligence.

Three terminals and an ARPA

An important pioneer in the history of the world network, J.C.R. Licklider, proposed the idea, in its publication of January 1960, " Symbiosis" Man-computer; (“Man-computer symbiosis”):

“a network of the such, connected ones to the others by lines of telecommunications broad band” which provided “the functions of current libraries coupled with the projections made in the storage and the recovery of information and functions symbiotic. ” - J.C.R. Licklider

In October 1964, J.C.R. Licklider was promoted with the head of the office of data processing of the DARPA under supervision of the Department of Defense of the United States, and formed an abstract group inside the DARPA in order to develop data-processing research. Three terminals were installed under the supervision of the office of data processing. For System Development Corporation with Santa Monica, California, for Project Genius with the the University of California to Berkeley and for the project Multics with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). From the encountered problems, the needs for creation of internetwork of J.C.R. Licklider became obvious then:

For each one of these three terminals, I had three plays different of orders. So that if I were speaking on line with somebody at SDC and that I wanted to discuss that with somebody that I knew in Berkeley or MIT, it was necessary that I rise of front terminal S.D.C., that I will be recorded on the other terminal in order to come into contact with eux.

I said myself, He, guy, which it remains to me to make is obvious: instead of having its three terminals, it is necessary a terminal for us which goes everywhere where you want and where there exists an interactive computer. This idea was the ARPANet. - Robert Taylor, joint author with J.C.R. Licklider of The Computer ace has Communications Device , in a discussion with the NewYork Times

Acicular packages

In the middle of the crossnet problem of connection the question resided of connecting several physically separate networks to form one logic network. During Years 1960, several groups worked on the development of the shunting of packages ( packet switching in English). Donald Davies (NPL), Paul Baran (RAND Corporation) and Leonard Kleinrock (MIT) was seen allotting the invention simultaneously. The concept of Internet developed to survive an nuclear attack finds root in the first theories developed by the RAND. The searchs for Paul Baran approached the shunting of package by studies of decentralization in order to prevent that degradations related to engagements can call into question the integrity of the network.

The networks which led to Internet

ARPANET

Promoted with the head of the office of data processing to the ARPA, the purpose of Robert Taylor was to concretize the ideas of J.C.R. Licklider on the systems of inter-connected networks. Introducing Larry Roberts MIT, it began the project of realization of such a network. The first bond ARPANET was established between the the University of California to Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute on November 21st, 1969. As of on December 5th, 1969, by adding it to it and the the University of California to Santa Barbara, a network with 4 nodes was born. As from 1972, ARPANET (built on the ideas developed in ALOHAnet ) developed quickly until 1981, dated to which the number of hosts amounted to 213 with a constant growth rate reaching then a new host every approximately 20 days.

ARPANET became the technical heart of what became Internet, as well as a primary education tool for development of this new technology. The development of ARPANET was centred on the processes RFC, always used nowadays to propose and distribute the protocols and system Internet. RFC 1, called " Host Software" (literally " Hôte" software;), was coded by Steve Crocker of the the University of California to Los Angeles, and was published on April 7th, 1969.

International collaborations on the project ARPANET remained rare. For various political reasons, the European developers worked on the development of the network X.25. With some exceptions such as: Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR) in 1972, followed in 1973 by the Sweden and its satellite connection between Tanum and the University College of London by continuing research of the DARPA and by using the form of network X.25. In 1974, the X.25 is used as a basis for the development of SERCnet connecting the English academicians with their sites of research. SERCnet

Contrary to the ARPANET, the X.25 was available in the world of the company. X.25 will be used for the first public phone networks, such CompuServe and Tymnet. In 1979 CompuServe was the first service able to propose a Email as well as a customer support with the users of Personal computer. This company pushed back once again the barriers of telecommunications by proposing the following year of the discussions in real-time thanks to its CB Simulator , a radio operator simulator. There were also the networks America Online (AOL) and Prodigy as well as many networks BBS like The WELL and FidoNet . This last was particularly popular in the medium of the Hackers and Radioamateur S.

Unix to Unix Copy Protocol

See also: UUCP, Usenet

In 1979, two students with the University Duke, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis, had the idea to use simple scripts in Bourne Shell in order to transfer from information and messages while making use of a connection series with the university close to Chapel Hill. While following the public updates of the software being propagated on the Usenet, the network of host UUCP developed quickly. UUCP Net, as it will be named later, generated many Passerelle S and other bonds between the FidoNet hosts and BBS. The networks UUCP because of their cost relatively low and of their capacity to use the existing lines telephone like the bonds X.25 and even connections ARPANET, were spread quickly. In 1983 the number of hosts UUCP was of 550 and passed to 940 the following year.

Unification of the networks and the creation of Internet

Protocol TCP/IP

See also: Continuation of protocols Internet

The abundant diversity of the methods of communications network brought a need for standardization. Robert E. Kahn (DARPA and ARPANET) recruited Vinton G. Stag of the Université of Stanford with an aim of working together on this problem. In 1973, they had already carried out a major reformulation, in which the differences between the protocols grew blurred by the use of a Communication protocol: instead of sitting the reliability of the network on connections, as with the ARPANET, the hosts of it were now responsible. Vinton G. Stag allotted to Hubert Zimmermann and Louis Pouzin (developers of the network Cyclades) an important work of development.

With the role of the physical network reduced to its strict minimum, it then became possible to amalgamate about all types of network without taking account of their characteristics and thus solving the problem that Robert E. Kahn at his beginnings had been posed. DARPA agreed to finance the development of the prototype software, and after several years of work, the first somewhat rustic demonstration of what had then become TCP/IP take place in July 1977. This new method was spread through the networks, and on January 1st 1983 protocols TCP/IP became officially the only protocol on the ARPANET, replacing the precedent protocol CPC.

Of the ARPANET in NSFNet

See also: ARPANET

After the ARPANET was in service during several years, ARPA sought another entity to deal with the network because that exceeded its initial attributions: ARPA was supposed to finance the research and the development and not to maintain a telecommunication network. Finally in July 1975 the network passed under the responsibility of the Defense Communications Agency , integral part of the Department of Defense. In 1983 the part of the ARPANET pertaining to the Armed forces of the United States was separated from the remainder of the network and became the MILNET.

The networks built around the ARPANET were financed by the government and of this fact restricted with a not-commercial use and in particular research, any use commercial without base was then strictly prohibited.

Connections were initially restricted with the sites of the Armée and the Universités. In the years 1980, connections extended at many education institutions like with a growing number of companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation and Hewlett-Packard, which took part in the research projects or offered their services to connected.

Another part of the American Administration, the the National Science Foundation (NSF), was implied largely in research and began the development of the successor of the ARPANET. In 1984, this leads to the first Wide area network conceived especially for the use of TCP/IP. This one increases through the Dorsale Internet NSFNet, installation in 1986, the purpose of which was to connect and provide the access to a number of center of Superordinateur S set up by the NSF.

Transition for an Internet

It is at the time where the ARPANET started to amalgamate with NSFNet that the term “Internet” appeared, “an Internet” then meaning network using the protocol TCP/IP. “Internet” took the new direction of a wide world network using the protocol TCP/IP, which at the time meant NSFNet and ARPANET. Previously “Internet” and “internetwork” (crossnet in French) were used in equivalent manner, and “protocol Internet” referring to the other systems networks like Xerox Network Services.

Thanks to the growing interest for the vast communication networks and on arrival of new applications, technologies of Internet were propagated on the remainder of the sphere. The vision TCP/IP of Internet being deprived of network, brought a facility of use of any type of existing networks, such as the network X.25 of IPS, to transport the messages. In 1984, the University College of London replaced its satellite transatlantic connection by network IPS using the protocol TCP/IP.

Many sites unable to be connected directly to the Internet began the simple creation of gate allowing the routing of the mail, the most important application at the time. The sites having only intermittent connections used the networks UUCP or FidoNet and rested on the gates between the latter and the Internet. Certain gates went beyond the simple routing of E-mail and proposed the access to sites ftp via the UUCP or the email.

Protocol TCP/IP becomes world

The first connection leaving the territory states-unien was established with NORSAR This coincided with the creation of the SCRAPER , at the beginning a group of administrators of networks IP which met regularly to speak about their common work. Later, in 1992, the SCRAPER was formally recorded as a cooperative society with Amsterdam.

Whereas the European network set up, another network was born between ARPA and based him on various technologies like the X.25 and UUCP Net. This last was limited in network connection world from the cost of the individual communications via the UUCP or X.25. It is into 1989 that the Australian universities joined the dash of standardization launched by the appearance of protocol IP. AARNet was formed in 1989 by and provides a base IP dedicated to the Australian network.

Internet began its entry in Asia at the end of the years 1980. The Japan which founded in 1984 the JUNET, a network built around the network UUCP, was connected to NSFNet in 1989. Kobe received the annual meeting of the Internet Society, baptized INET' 92. Singapore developed its network TECHNET in 1990, the Thailand received in 1992 a world connection Internet between the Université Chulalongkorn and the UUNET.

Digital divide

See also: Digital divide, Censure of the Internet in RPC

Whereas the developed countries reached Internet with their technological infrastructures, the Pays in the process of development started to suffer from a Digital divide depriving them of Internet. In the beginning of the year 1990, the African countries used the X.25 and the modem 2400 bauds UUCP for the international bonds and internetworks. In 1996 a project launched by, the '' Leland initiative '' started by developing a complete connection for all the continent. The Guinea, the Mozambique, Madagascar and the Rwanda accepted stations satellite in 1997, follow the Ivory Coast and the Bénin in 1998.

In 1991, the China had a first network TCP/IP, TUNET of. The China continued and developed its first connection Internet in 1994, it connected the electro-spectrometer of Beijing and the linear accelerator of the university of Stanford. Since, China continues and develops a filter of national contents.

Opening of the network to the trade

The interest for the commercial use of Internet became a subject of stormy debates. Even if the commercial use remained prohibited, its exact definition could be obscure and subjective. All were of agreement on the fact that a company sending an invoice to another company made a commercial use of Internet, but all the remainder was prone to discussion. UUCP and the X.25 did not have such restrictions which could have been concretized in the prohibition of use of the ARPANET and of NSFNet by the UUCP. However bonds UUCP remained active and the administrators closed the eyes on their activities.

It is at the end of the years 1980, that the first companies supplier of access were founded. Companies like, and transfer the day in order to offer assistance to the regional networks of research and to provide to the private individual of the access to the network, emails and Usenet news. The first Supplier of access to Internet by the phone network, The World opened in 1989.

This sowed the controversy among the university users, who were outraged with the idea to use the network at not-educational ends. Finally they are the suppliers of access which allowed the colleges and other schools to reach the new surfaces of education and research by the fall of the tariffs of connection.

It is in the 1990 that the ARPANET was exceeded and replaced by more recent technologies, thus ARPANET project taken end. In 1994 NSFNet, famous ANSNET ( Advanced Networks and Service for advanced Réseaux and service) and which gave access to the companies nonlucrative goal, lost its place of backbone of Internet. At the same time the government institutions and the suppliers created their own backbones and connections. The regional access points to the network (in English) became the principal bonds between the many networks and the last commercial restriction fell.

Maintenance of the infrastructure

The IETF and a standard for the standards

See also: Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC

Internet had generated an important community devoted to the idea that Internet did not belong and was governed by no person, any group, any company and any organization. However, of the standardizations and a control were necessary for the good performance of the system.

The free procedure of publication of RFC ( Request for comment in French) sowed confusion in the system of standardization of Internet, and introduced an high degree of formalism into the acceptance of the official standards. IETF decided in January 1986 to set up quarterly meetings with the researchers civils servant. As of the fourth assembly, in October of the same year, the IETF invited representatives of non-governmental organizations.

The acceptance of publication of a RFC by '' RFC Editor '' automatically does not imply its passage as a standard. It can be recognized as such by the IETF only after tests, use, and acceptance are proven and worthy of such a designation. The official standards are numbered with a prefix " STD" , just like RFCs. In the major part of the cases, even after their standardization, they are called by their reference RFC.

In 1992, the Internet Society, an association of professional members, was formed and the IETF was put under its supervision as a independent body of standardization international .

NIC, InterNIC, IANA and ICANN

See also: InterNIC, IANA, ICANN

The first central authority to coordinate the operations of the network was the Network Information Center, shortened NIC, of the Stanford Research Institute located at Menlo Park in California. In 1972, the management of these problems was transmitted to all the recent Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, shortened IANA. In addition to its role of editor RFC, Jon Postel of the IANA until his death in 1998 will be the owner.

Whereas the ARPANET young person grew, the referencing of hosts was done by names and the file reference, HOST.TXT, were distributed by SRI International to all the hosts of the network. With the growth of the network this procedure quickly became tiresome. A technical solution appeared in the form of Domain Name System (System of domain name), set up by Paul Mockapetris. It is the service DDN-NIC of the SRI which dealt with (while signing a contract with the American ministry for defense) all the services of recording, including/understanding the fields of first level (Signal Domain Level - TLD), the management of the Serveurs DNS Root and of numbers Internet. In 1991, the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) transferred management and maintenance from DDN-NIC (then dealt with by SRI) to Government Systems Inc., which sub-contracted it at a private small company.

Whereas the major part of the growth of Internet came from not-soldiers sources, it was decided that the American Ministère of Defense would not finance any more the services of recording apart from the TLD in .mil. After a competitive phase of invitation to tender launched in 1992, it is the following year which the the National Science Foundation created the InterNIC in order to manage the allowance and the base of data of addressing; it signed from the contracts with three organizations. Henceforth the services of recording would be ensured by, the services of repertories and bases of data by AT&T, and the services of information par.

In 1998 the IANA and InterNIC were placed under the supervision of ICANN, a Association with nonlucrative goal Californian working on behalf of on management of tasks directly related to Internet. The operation of the Serveurs DNS Root was privatisée and opened with the competition, whereas the central management of allowance of the names was distributed by invitation to tender.

Use and culture

Email and Usenet: the development of forums of text

See also: Email, Usenet

The Email (email, email) is often regarded as the Killer application of Internet. Even if actually it preceded the birth by Internet and were a crucial tool for its creation. The emails transfer the day in 1965 as means of communication between the various users of a central Ordinateur with Temps divided. Even if the history is not very precise on this subject, among the systems having such resources one counts: the Q32 from System Development Corporation (SDC) as well as CTSS of the Massachusetts Institute off Technology. The computer network ARPANET contributed largely to the development of the email. There exists a report published just after the appearance of the ARPANET, which refers to experimental exchanges of mail inter-systems. In 1971, Ray Tomlinson created what was to become the standard of the format of addressing of mail, by using the sign @ to separate the name user from the host name.

A certain number of protocols were developed in order to allow the routing of the mail among the groups of computers time-sharing by using delivery systems different like UUCP and the system from mail VNET of IBM. The email could thus pass from a network to another (ARPANET, Bitnet and NSFNet inter alia) and also be transmitted to hosts who were connected on other sites through the UUCP.

Moreover, the UUCP allowed the publication of textual files which can be read per many others. The software News ( New French ), developed by Steve Daniel and Tom Truscott in 1979, was used for the routing of news and the publication of messages of the type small-announce. This quickly deriving worms from the newsgroups, known maintaining as a Newsgroup, tackling subjects various and varied. Similar newsgroups appeared on the ARPANET and NSFNet through Mailing list S, discussing at the same time engineering problems and more specific cultural subjects (such as the Science fiction, approached on SFlovers mailing list).

World library: of Gopher to the World Wide Web

See also: World Wide Web

Whereas Internet developed in the Années 1980 and beginning 1990, the need growing for means of research and organization of information and the files was made feel. Projects such as Gopher, Wide Area Information Server (wais) and archie were tried to create solutions for the organization of the distributed data. Unfortunately these projects were come up against the difficulties of management of the various types of data and unbounded growth.

At this period, one of the most promising Paradigme S of interface-user was the Hypertexte. The idea finds its origin in the Memex of Vannevar Bush and was developed by Ted Nelson through its Projet Xanadu like Douglas Engelbart with. Many small systems hypertexts had been created before, such as HyperCard of Apple.

Tim Berners-Lee was the first to develop starting from 1989 a version of hypertext completely distributed on the network. Tim Berners-Lee proposed its idea with many recovery and during several conferences with the communities of the Internet and the hypertext without much success. Only his/her colleague Robert Cailliau was filled with enthusiasm immediately. Worker with CERN, Tim Berners-Lee wanted to set up a means to share information on their research. While making its application public in 1991, it secured a world diffusion. Thereafter, Gopher became the interface hypertext of reference for the Internet. Although the menu of Gopher consists of hypertext links, the users did not perceive them as such.

One of the first Navigators Web, conceived on the basis of HyperCard, was popular the ViolaWWW. It was finally détrôné by NCSA Mosaic, a graphic navigator developed by a team of the National Center for Supercomputing Applications of the Université of Illinois to Urbana-Champaign (NCSA-UIUC), where Marc Andreessen was particularly active. The financing of Mosaic came from the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative , a program of financing set up by Al Gore (senator at the time) and his High Performance Computing Act off 1991 . The graphical interface of Mosaic quickly became more popular than Gopher, which at the time was primarily text, and the Web became the preferred use of Internet. Mosaic was supplanted in 1994 by the Netscape Navigator, which became in a few months the most popular navigator in the world. Since, competition with Internet Explorer of Microsoft almost completely évincé it.

Search engine

See also: Search engine

Even before the World Wide Web , there were search engines which tried to organize Internet. The first of them was Université McGill of Montreal in 1990, followed in 1991 by wais and Gopher. These three systems existed before the advent of the World Wide Web but continued to index Internet after its appearance. The Gopher waiters always exist in 2006, even if there exists much more waiter on the fabric.

With the development of the fabric, one saw the appearance of the search engines and the repertories Internet allowing a census of the pages but especially the Net surfer to find things. First search engine Internet on whole texts was in 1994. Before him, research was carried out only on the titles of the pages. Another search engine was created in 1993 as a university project, Lycos was then one of the first business successes. As of August 2001, Google referred more than 1,3 billion page and the growth continues, even if the true projection were not made as well in term of basic size of data, as on the classification in degree of relevance, the methods with which the search engines try to order the results so that the best is in first.

These algorithms of classification did not cease improving since 1996, when that became critical because of the rapid growth of the fabric which made any research tiresome by the big number of returned results. Nowadays, in 2006, the methods of scheduling are more important than ever, since to traverse a whole list of result is not only not very convenient but humanly impossible, indeed the pages treating of popular subjects appear on the fabric too quickly so that no matter who can read them all. The method PageRank of Google for the scheduling of the results is that which received best criticisms, however all the large search engines refine their methods continuously in order to improve the classification of the results.

Bubble Internet of the dowry-COM

See also: Bubble Internet

The sudden fall of the cost of the access to million consumers around the sphere, and the possibility simultaneously of selling and of listening to the reactions of these people, announced the upheaval of all the economic dogmas of the Publicité, the Mail-order selling, the Gestion of the client relationship, like much of other fields. Internet was a news Killer application: it could join together purchasing and unspecified salesmen by fluid communications and with low costs. The visionaries of the whole world developed new economic models and ran in their investors in Capital closest risk. Obviously a proportion of contractors were really talented in the management of businesses, the sale and the growth, but the majority were simply people provided with ideas and did not manage their capital rather prudently. Moreover, one published many plans of business basing itself on the presumption that Internet was going to short-circuit the distribution networks of traditional companies and this fact that they would not return in direct competition. These new firms were selected dowry COM because they made rest all their businesses on their presence Internet through a Domain name in .com. These hopes grew blurred quickly when the traditional companies having of solids already existing marks developed their own presence on Internet, and the new arrivals are transfered constrained to try to penetrate a market dominated by larger and well established companies. Much did not have the adequate means to reach that point.

Bubble Internet burst the March 10th 2000 when the index NASDAQ culminated at 5048,62 points (up to 5132,52 points in the course of day) and more than had doubled in one year. In 2001 the caused deflagration beat full sound. A majority of dowry-coms were in discontinuance of business, after having flamed to all them Capital-investment, often without same to have seen the shade of a Profit.

Recent tendencies

The World Wide Web spread around the sphere a culture of the personal publication and also co-operative. Account from day to day of a Blog, with the setting in line of photograph on Flickr, while passing by the free encyclopedia of Wikipédia all is the result of the growing facility of creation of a public Internet site. Moreover, the communications via Internet were facilitated by the appearance of phone services VOIP such as Skype. The request for accessibility to contents with increasingly large complexity led to the provision on the fabric of media of all forms, including/understanding those which one found with the traditional format (Journaux, radio, Télévision and Film S). The structure Station at post of Internet, more known under dénominatif English of Peer-to-Peer , shortened P2P , also influenced the social and economic theories primarily thanks to the rise to power of the file transfer.

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