History of Greece

Prehistory

Some sites Paléolithique S are known today in Greece. The oldest traces of occupation go up with 40.000 front J. - C. Three caves of the valley of Louros were occupied during the Paleolithic one. A cranium of Homme of Néandertal was discovered in the surroundings of Thessalonique.

As of the thousand-year-old VIIe front J. - C., sites, announcing a “Neolithic revolution” already quite committed in the East, reveal the appearance of shepherds and farmers in particular cultivating the Vigne and the olive-tree.

The memory founder of successive migrations

The Greek tradition had the memory founder of successive migrations. The Greeks thus could recognize themselves, for example, among the Achaens evoked by Homère.

Also, with the arrival since the septentrional areas of Indo-European warriors, in IIIe and thousand-year-old IIe front J. - C., develops a more complex company, more hierarchical. The use of metal is spread, and one also discovers novel methods of navigation and agriculture. The Indo-European ones import finally their language and the practice to strengthen the villages.

Civilization mycénienne

With the Civilization mycénienne develops, characterized by fortifications of big size surrounding of the cities located in height such Mycènes or Tirynthe and of which it remains still today of many vestiges. According to the tradition (cf Trojan War), these warriors would be responsible for the destruction of Troy. This maritime power, that one finds of Sicily in Colchide, founds colonies, the achaies . Towards 1200 av. J. - C., splendor mycénienne ends. Then open a period that historiography called a long time the “obscure Siècles”, of which it remains traces relatively little, except some passages of the accounts of Homère or Hésiode.

From, the men gather in cities, which precede the city-States (see Synœcisme). In 776 are organized the Olympic first Games, in the honor of Zeus, the king of the gods in the Greek Mythologie. In addition to the sporting tests, whose tradition remains today still, the competitions relate then also to the literature and the music. It is at that time that Greek civilization starts again to radiate beyond banks of the Aegean Sea.

See also: obscure Centuries

Ancient Greece

See also: History of ancient Greece, ancient Athens

Périclès was, says one, re-elected fourteen times strategist. It is under its government which the construction of the Acropolis began.

The origins of Athens and the majority of the Greek cities do not belong to the history, but to prehistory. The Athenians claim themselves autochtones but actually the population had been formed by successive mixtures and contributions. The first inhabitants are of Pélasges. The first germs of civilization arrive of outside, in particular an influence mycénienne some. There was undoubtedly invasion by the elements doriens, where at least influence, in particular artistic. The population is homogeneous: there are neither winners, nor overcome.

The primitive grouping is carried out around the gênos , ancestor common. The génos is a community where all the members live on a field which is collective ownership and inalienable. The majority of the villages bear the name of the génos of origin. The position of the borough of Crécopides, dominating richest of the plains of the Attic, rather near to the sea routes, explains why Athens became the regional capital. The inhabitants of the Attic became all citizens of Athens.

One speaks about antiquated time to define the period before Ve century. The traditional time corresponds to the major part of the V {{E}} and IV {{E}} front centuries J. - C., i.e. since the fall of tyranny in Athens in -510 until the death of Alexandre Large the when Greece falls under the domination from the Royaume from Macedonia. After the wars Macedonians, it is under the control of the Roman . The Roman domination in Greece conventionally extends from 146 av. J. - C. after the bag of Corinthe until the rebuilding of Byzance by Constantin I {{er}} and its proclamation as a second capital of the Roman Empire in 330 a. J. - C..

Worsen Byzantine

See also: Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire or Worsens Roman of the East was the part of the Roman Empire which survived the fall of the Western Empire and which lasted of 395 with 1453.

Othoman domination

See also: Othoman Greece

Constantinople fell to the hands from the Othoman on Tuesday, May 29 1453, Athens in 1456 and Sparte (become Mistra) in 1460. Barbarossa seized the Cyclades in the years 1530. The Crete was removed with the Vénitiens in 1669. The system of the " millet" Othoman applied to Greece and the orthodoxe Church was used for its administration. The capacities of the Church and the orthodoxe clergy were almost more important time of the Ottoman Empire than of the time of the Byzantine Empire. In exchange, Greece preserved a relative religious liberty.

Commercial prosperity, the intellectual dynamism and the few religious privileges maintained the feeling national Greek and the will to be released from the Turkish yoke.

The Republic of the Seven-islands

The “République of the Seven-Islands” is the name given to the entity gathering seven islands of the Ionian Mer (in the past Venetian), formed in 1799, under the protection of the Russia and the Ottoman Empire, that the France had been allotted to the Traité of Campo-Formio in 1797.

The seven islands composing the Republic of the Seven-islands were:

The Republic of the Seven-Islands is recognized by the French Republic by the treated of Amiens in 1801. The 18 Vendémiaire Year X (October 10th 1801), Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord for France and the Count de Marcoff for Russia conclude a secret convention by which the two countries recognize and guarantee the independence and the constitution of the Republic of thePlain ones, and are appropriate that there would be no more foreign troops in these islands. The archipelago returns to France after the Traité of Tilsit in 1807.

In 1809, the Britanniques occupy the islands, except for Corfou, vigorously defended by the general Donzelot until in 1814, date on which the treated of Paris place the islands Ioniennes under British protectorate. They then take the name of “Republic of the Ioniennes islands”.

“the republic of the Ionian islands with 200.000 inhabitants, a public revenue of 2 franc million, and a national militia from 4 to 5.000 men, could not maintain her independence; but England maintains approximately 2.400 troops there, and some frigates often come there to show the British house. It is ensured that the English government spends up to 50.000 pounds sterling with the maintenance of the fortifications, and with the part of the pay of the troops which is not with the load of the islanders. This price, it holds the keys of the Adriatic Sea, and supervises the Archipelago. " (Malta-Brown, Precise of the universal Geography , 1837, volume IV, delivers 120, T, p. 350.)

It is only into 1864 that the the United Kingdom withdraws archipelago, which was consequently attached to the Greece.

The autonomy of Samos and Crete

The island of Samos in Aegean Sea was an autonomous principality of 1829 to 1913 pennies the local dynasty Fanariote of Stourdzas and of that of Kopassis. In 1913 it chooses fastening in Greece, like the Crete (revolts some since 1866, recognized autonomous since 1898, Greek de facto since 1908) and the majority of the Aegean islands.

Modern Greece: independence at our days

See also: History of contemporary Greece

The Greek State becomes again independent in 1830 after 8 years of war of independence against the Ottoman Empire. The the United Kingdom, the France and the Russia impose a king of Bavarian origin to him: Othon I {{er}}, to replace the short republic which had been born and whose Ioannis Kapodistrias was the first Head of State. Othon Ier set up an absolute monarchy, but it was constrained to convene a constituent assembly following the Coup d'etat of September 3rd, 1843 (September 13rd, 1843 for the Gregorian calendar). Georges Ier reigned then like King of Hellènes of 1863 to its assassination in 1913. Then, Greece saw following one another monarchical Républiques and restorations until abolition, for the moment final, of monarchy in 1974.

The Second world war started for Greece when the Italy of Mussolini sent an unacceptable ultimatum which Metaxas answered by a " Oxi" (" Non") from now on famous. At the conclusion of the conflict, the constitutional problem and the Cold war involved Greece in the civil war in which EAM-ELAS, its more powerful liberation movement, was implied. This one lasted until in 1949. Greece knew then the Dictature of the colonels of 1967 with 1974. In 1981, the PASOK of Andreas Papandreou reached the capacity whereas Greece joined the European Union.

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