The State of Chad in its current borders is a creation of European colonization. Its borders are the resultant of negotiations between French, English and Germans in the Années 1880. But Chadian space has a rich and relatively well-known history. It is undoubtedly one of the cradles of Humanity (recent discovery of “Toumaï”). It was thereafter the seat of three large kingdoms sahéliens: the Kanem-Bornou, the Baguirmi and the Ouaddaï.

Regarded as Protectora T French starting from 1900, Chad was set up in colony in 1920 within the framework of AEF (French equatorial Africa). Under the impulse of the governor Felix Swept, it was the first French colony to adopt the free France in 1940.

Become autonomous republic in 1958, Chad reached independence the August 11th 1960 under the presidency of François Tombalbaye. This one had soon to face the revolt of the populations of North, in majority Musulman are, which led it to request the assistance of the French troops in 1968. After the assassination of Tombalbaye in 1975, the capacity échut with the general Felix Malloum, who had to yield the place in 1979 to the northerner Goukouni Oueddei, following the first battle of Ndjamena. In 1980, the second battle of Ndjamena allowed Goukouni Oueddei évincer its rival, Hissène Habré, with the decisive assistance of the troops Libya.

After the failure of a merger plan between Chad and Libya in 1981, the Libyan troops were withdrawn within the framework of an agreement concluded with the French government. In 1982, Goukouni Oueddei was reversed in its turn by Hissène Habré, which had to call the following year upon the French troops to contain a new Libyan invasion. In 1987, a counter-offensive of the Chadian forces forced finally the Libyan troops to evacuate the country, except for the band of Aozou, which was restored in Chad only in 1994.

In 1990, Hissène Habré was driven out capacity by Idriss Déby Itno, which is in place since then. Paradoxically, this last seems to profit today from the support of France and Libya, vis-a-vis the various movements of rebellion which would be more or less encouraged by the close Sudan, in connection with the conflict of the Darfur.

Idriss deby killed 25000 Chadians and Chadian since its accession with the capacity, it does not have anything make for its country with share plunder it (subjective and debatable point of view).

Prehistory

Toumaï is the nickname of a fossil cranium of primate discovered in 2001 in Chad. It led to the definition of a new species, Sahelanthropus tchadensis, that some Paléo-anthropologist S regard as one of the first species of the human line.

History

The almost complete cranium of Toumaï (image) was put at the day in the desert Djourab in Chad, to 800 km in the north of Ndjamena within the framework of the free-Chadian paleoanthropologic Mission directed by Michel Brunet. It was discovered the July 19th 2001 by a team of four men (Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye, which was the first with touching the fossil, Fanoné Gongdibé, Mahamat Adoum and Alain Beauvilain, who directed the mission) in service at the National center of support to research (Ministry for the higher education of the Republic of Chad).

Five fragments of jaw and some teeth having been able to belong to nine individuals were discovered on three close sites, of July 2001 in March 2002. Toumaï could not be gone back to absolute manner but of the biogeochronologic methods of Datation S allow to evaluate its age to approximately 7 million years.

Characteristics of Toumaï

Toumaï measured approximately a meter and weighed nearly 35 kg. For its discoverers, Toumaï would be a male. Its very strong know-orbital pad also pleads in favor of the attribution of cranium to a male. He lived in the forests which were next to the vicinity of a lake or near a river. Discovery of Toumaï, 2.500 km in the west of the East-African rift, obliged the paléo-anthropologist Yves Coppens to give itself causes of it its theory of the East Side Story formulated in 1982.

Denomination

Toumaï means “hope of life” in language Gorane or Toubou. This name was chosen by the President of the Republic of Chad. It indicates in this language of the newborns right before the dry season. The chances of survival of these children then are limited.

Old States

Several political entities existed in current Chadian space. They often coexisted, maintaining between them the reports/ratios competition, domination, suzerainty or alliance.

Each one has its history and its characteristics. The nature of the capacity and the chief is not the same one everywhere and at all the times: religious leader, political leader and soldier.

Some of these formations are very old and have a prolongation in Chad of today by the traditional authorities (Sultan S, traditional chiefs) which coexist with the administrative authorities.

the kingdom of Kanem (Kanem-Bornou)

The kingdom of the Kanem is founded towards VIIIe century by the dynasty Teda (Toubous, black population originally established in the North of the Tibesti). Its capital was the town of Ndjimi.

Moslem starting from the reign of Oumé (about 1085), it reached his apogee with Dounama Dibalami (1220/1259), which extended it towards the Fezzan and the the Nile and bound relations with the kingdoms Berbère S, in particular with the Almohades.

After the death of Dounama the kingdom was parcelled out quickly. In XIVe century, he was threatened by the Sao S and the Boulala come from the east. To escape these external attacks, the sovereigns of Kanem had to take refuge on western bank of the lake Chad where they founded the kingdom of Bornou in 1395.

Bornou reconquered Kanem and became Kanem-Bornou in XVIe century. The empire reaches its apogee under the reign of Idriss III Alaoma (1580 - 160 3).

At the end of the XVIIIe century, Bornou found an unquestionable power and extends its influence until on the tribes of the average Bénoué. Its prosperity is primarily based on the traffic of the Esclave S.

At the end of the XIXe century, the area is devastated by the Sudanese slave trader Rabah which is essential like the last sultan of the kingdom; then this last is crushed by the French Armies in 1900.

The kingdom of Ouaddaï

The kingdom of the Ouaddaï is an old State located in the Actual position of Chad. There does not exist today any more as an independent political entity, but only like traditional cheffery in relation to the modern Chadian administrative authorities.

The kingdom of Baguirmi

The kingdom of the Baguirmi is an old State located in the Actual position of Chad. There does not exist today any more as an independent political entity, but only like traditional cheffery in relation to the modern Chadian administrative authorities.

The kingdom bilala of Yao-Fitri

The principalities kotoko

- MANI - DOUGUIA - MANDELIA - LOGONE BIRNI - GAOUI - LOGONE GANA

The kingdom moundang of Léré

The kingdom Moundang of Léré is an old State located in the south-west of the Actual position of Chad. There does not exist today any more as an independent political entity, but only like traditional cheffery in relation to the modern Chadian administrative authorities.

The kingdom toupouri of Gilded

The kingdom Toupouri of Gilded is an old State located in the Actual positions of Chad (mainly) and the Cameroun. There does not exist today any more as an independent political entity, but only like traditional cheffery in relation to the modern Chadian administrative authorities

The kingdom kenga of Mataya

Colonial period

Chad, French colony

During the Second world war, in July 1940, the governor Felix Éboué decided to rejoin the general de Gaulle and Chad was the first colony to be joined “Free France”. Chad then served the starting point of several military operations directed by Leclerc in the Libyan desert (1941-1943).

Resistances to colonialism and repressions

Contemporary period

• 1960 : Chad reaches independence with in the chair François Tombalbaye. The northern half of the country will remain under control of the French Army until 1965.

• 1966 : Creation of the FROLINAT (Face of national release of Chad).

• 1968 : President Tombalbaye calls upon the French troops to come to end from the rebellion in north from the country.

• 1973 : Libya annexes the band of Aozou.

• 1974 : The ethnologist Francoise Claustre is taken as an hostage by the rebels toubous of Hissène Habré, in the desert of Tibesti. She will be released only in 1977.

• 1975 : President Tombalbaye finds death during a coup d'etat which ends to the seizure of power by the general Felix Malloum. This last requires the departure of the French troops later a few months.

• 1978 : The French troops intervene again to support the Malloum general. This one entrusts the direction of the government to Hissène Habré.

• 1979 : First battle of Ndjamena: the Malloum general must yield the place to Goukouni Oueddei, president of the FROLINAT, which takes the head of a government of national union of transition (GUNT). Hissène Habré becomes Minister for defense.

• 1980 : Second battle of Ndjamena, opponent Hissène Habré in Goukouni Oueddei: this last carries it with the assistance of the Libyan troops, which occupy the major part of the country.

• 1981 : After the failure of a merger plan between Libya and Chad, the Libyan troops evacuate the country, except for the band of Aozou.

• 1982 : Hissène Habré seizes Ndjamena to the head of the FAN (Armed forces of North). Goukouni Oueddei takes refuge in Cameroun.

• 1983 : The partisans of Goukouni Oueddei seize Faya-Largeau with the assistance of the Libyan troops, while the French troops are spread in the center and the south of the country (Manta Operation).

• 1984 : Agreement between Paris and Tripoli envisaging the “total and concomitant” evacuation of Chad by the French and Libyan forces.

• 1986 : The Libyan forces having begun again the offensive, France makes bombard the Libyan airport of Ouadi-Doum and deploys new troops with Ndjamena (Opération Sparrowhawk).

• 1987 : The Chadian troops take again Faya-Largeau, last Libyan fortified town in the north of the country. The band of Aozou will be restored in Chad only in 1994, on decision of the International Court of Justice.

• 1990 : Idriss Déby seizes Ndjamena to the head of the MPS (patriotic Movement of the hello). Hissène Habré takes refuge in Cameroun, then in Senegal.

• 2001 : Discovered cranium fossil of Toumaï, old man of seven million years and considered as oldest hominidé known.

• 2005 : Appearance of two new rebel movements, the SCUD (Base for the change, the national unit and the democracy) and the FUC (United front for the change).

to also see: Band of Aozou

The sovereign National conference

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