History of California

The California was inhabited since more: 13000 years by many born tribes Amerindian, when the European explorers reach it at the 16th century. Forgotten during the 17th century by the Spanish , it is colonized only starting from 1765 under the impulse of Charles III of Spain. This colonization rests on three pillars: the missions, which convert the Amerindians, the “presidios”, who ensure the defense of the territory, and finally pueblos, where resident colonists. They is at that time that the Britanniques and the French start to be interested in California, followed by the Russian at the beginning of the 19th century.

Following Mexican independence, California becomes a Mexican State , but the the United States are interested very quickly in California, so that they annex it after the américano-Mexican Guerre, in 1847. The Gold rush makes flow more: 200000 colonists in the new territory, which becomes as of 1850 the 31e State of the Union. California is combined with the northerners at the time of the American Civil War and develops quickly thanks to the railroad. This development is blocked at the 20th century only by the problem of the Eau and the Pollution, which are always of topicality, just like the problems involved in immigration and the racial tensions.

The Prehistory and Amerindian domination

The Geography of California, various rich person and his climate, of Mediterranean type, allowed the Men, to settle there as of the Préhistoire. Indeed, water is abundant (the Pacific Ocean and rivers: Colorado) and the climate is moderate (dry summers, soft winters. Even latitude that the France: approximately 35°N ). However, most of California is mountainous, since it is bordered by the Sierra Nevada, whose culminating point is the Mont Whitney, it has also very hot deserts, like the Vallée of Dead the.

One knows very few things on the Californian Préhistoire. Remainders of the Arlington Springs Man , , found on the Island Santa Rosa (at the time island of Santa Rosae), located at the south of California, indicate that the area is inhabited since at least the glacial last era (Glaciation Wisconsin), there is approximately: 13000 years (end of the Paleolithic superior). It is the oldest known human skeleton of North America.

According to the anthropologists, this population aboriginal would go down from the older tribes which passed from Asia (Siberia) in North America when the two continents were still connected, towards the end of the Pléistocène, by a ground arm. (See Theories of the first settlement of America).

The Amerindian S were divided into many tribes distributed through the territory, of which the Chumash, Maidu, Miwok, Modoc, Mohave, Ohlone and Tongva, as well as a hundred others. These groups spoke various languages such as the chimariko, esselen, karok, salinan, washo or yana . Their lifestyle was different according to their localization: on the coast, for example, Chumash lived of fishing and collection of the shells since while at the interior of the grounds, the Amerindians had recourse to the irrigation and used water to cultivate melon S, Maïs, Haricot S and Potiron S.

Research carried out established six cultural surfaces inside from which the various people shared similar manners and characteristics: territories of the California of the south, central California, California of the North-West, the North-East, the Large Basin and the river Colorado.

Discovered and exploration

In the search of a eldorado

The 16th century is that of the first explorations carried out by the Européens on the coast California. Around the year 1530, the rumor arrives to Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán, administrator of the News-Spain, that the Seven Towns of Cibola have paved money and gold streets. At the same time, Hernán the Cortes is attracted by similar stories describing Ciguatan, a marvellous region located far in the North-West, which would be populated by Amazones and would abound in gold, pearls and invaluable stones. Thinking that these rumors and legends perhaps conceal a suspicion of truth and would indicate the same place, a forwarding is launched to try to discover this country.

In 1533, this one discovers a bay, undoubtedly that of Paz, but must set out again within sight of the difficulty which an exploration of the more remote grounds would represent. The Cortes carries out other forwardings, in 1534 and 1535, without to find the country which he seeks. However, the May 3rd 1535, it decides to call the area discovered “the island of Santa Cruz ” (today, it is the Peninsula of Low-California|peninsula of Baja California]] ) and the city founds which becomes La Paz thereafter, a little later this spring.

In July 1539, the stories which had pushed the explorer with the adventure re-appear. The Cortes sends Francisco de Ulloa with three small ships to carry out a new forwarding, which reaches the mouth Colorado, makes it tower of the peninsula and sails until the Île Cedros. It is at the conclusion of this voyage that for the first time the name “California appears”, used to indicate the new territory.

In the search of a passage towards the Indies

Other explorers rather sought in this area a means of reaching more quickly the Asia (it was the reason for the voyage of Christophe Colomb). As of the 16th century, Spanish galleons ghost of the Filipino skirt the Californian coasts to go down then towards Acapulco. The Portuguese João Rodrigues Cabrilho wishes to find thus there mythical the Détroit of Anián , also called Northwest Passage by the British navigators. Working for the Crown of Spain, it organizes a forwarding of two boats, the Victoria and the San Salvador , which leave the Western coast what is the Mexico today, in June 1542. It unloads the September 28th in the Baie of San Diego and asserts in the name of the Spain what it thinks of being the Île of California.

Carrying on its road, he discovers the Île San Miguel, one of the islands composing the Chanel Islands of California. It wishes outward journey more in north to try to discover the hypothetical passage, but dies during the voyage, and the remainder of forwarding is carried out by Bartolomé Ferrelo, the pilot of the forwarding, which arrives to the modern border between the States of California and the Oregon while following the last wish of Cabrilho, namely to explore the coast until the end. Ferrelo must however turn back when a strong storm damages the naves and costs the life many sailors. It is during this voyage that the first descriptions of the are made Amerindian S of California by Europeans and that the Alta California (High-California) is discovered.

Thereafter, in 1579, the explorer English Francis Drake, while sailing along the Californian coast, discovers the June 17th what it describes like an excellent natural port, where the repair and the restocking of its ships are possible. Drake asserts this new ground, which it calls { Nova Albion in the honor of the queen Elisabeth I {Re}}. One is unaware of however where this port as well as the exact extent of the asserted grounds was located.

The 17th century

In 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno continues the exploration of the coast until the Baie of Monterey, where it arrives the December 16th, and makes a detailed diagram of coastal water of the California, which will be used until the beginning of the 19th century. It re-elects many places already explored by the Spaniards at the previous century. Other forwardings of less importance follow one another: those of Divided into volumes Cardova in 1610 and 1636, of Francisco Ortega in 1632 and 1636, of Shine Cestin de Canas in 1642, To carry Casanate in there 1644, of Bernal de Pinadero in 1667, and that of Ysidro Otondo in 1683.

It should be noted that, until the 18th century, no colony was established in California. Spain prefers to center its attention on the Mexico, the Filipino Peru and the , and if she claims to control all the grounds touching the Pacific Ocean, of which California, she really benefits from the area only on the level of various explorations referred to above. The other colonial powers of the time do not consider, they either, California like gravitational. It is perceived like a wild ground having at first sight only few resources, which does not interest the colonists. It is necessary to wait the next century to witness the first colonization of the territory.

Spanish domination

Colonization

The threat of an incursion of the Russian since the Alaska and of a possible competition of the United Kingdom pushes Charles III of Spain to organize a Colonisation of California in 1765. However, the Spanish colonial empire does not have really any more the means of proceeding to such a great effort: they are thus the monks Franciscain S, protected by some troops, which will be the pivots of this colonization. Between 1774 and 1791, several forwardings are carried out to explore the area of the North-West of the Pacific, but the king decides to limit the Spanish action by not exceeding the California of North, because of the too important cost of such a project.

In May 1768, the general inspector Jose de Gálvez organizes a great forwarding. The captain Gaspar de Portolà goes voluntary to direct it. Terrestrial forwarding arrives on the site of current the San Diego the June 29th 1769 and establishes there the Presidio de San Diego. Avid to press the Bay of Monterey, the group advances towards north the July 14th. It quickly moves, arriving at current the Los Angeles the August 2nd, at Santa Barbara the August 19th, and at the mouth of the Rivière Salinas on October 1st. The October 31st the group reached, for the first time, the Bay of San Francisco, although the Spanish ships sailed along the coast lasting nearly two hundred years, without discovering it. The group turns over to San Diego in 1770. Leaving the captain Pedro Fages in load of the presido, of Portolà to the Mexico towards San Blas the June 9th turns over.

Following this forwarding, colonization will start through three elements: the installation of the missions, the “presidios” and the pueblos.

Missions

Junípero Tightened, a Spanish Franciscain of origin majorcaine, founds the chain of the missions of the Alta California with the Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 whose church is devoted the July 16th. Later the same year, it follows of Portolà to north and reached Monterey in 1770, where it founds one second mission, that of San Carlos Borromeo.

The September 17th 1776, a Spanish forwarding founds a presidio (extremely) in San Francisco and the October 9th the lately built mission is dedicated with San Francisco de Asis (holy François d' Assise). In 1794, the nine missions of California gather 4650 Indians and 38 franciscains. The number of the missions reaches the 20 in 1821.

The missions of California include/understand a series of religious outposts establish by the Jésuite S, Franciscain S and Dominicain S Spanish, with an aim of extending the catholic doctrines among the Amerindian S buildings, but also to provide to the Spain colonies and resources. The missions introduce industry and European food into the area. They are often small, with two fathers and six or eight soldiers; they are built and maintained by work the Amerindians without remuneration. They include/understand districts for the Amerindians, placed in agricultural huts, buildings, workshops and a church. In addition to the “presidio” (extremely royal) and pueblo (the city), the mission was one of the three major pillars of the Spain to consolidate and increase its colonies.

The various indigenous tribes do not react all in the same way on arrival of the missions: some cooperate actively with Spanish while others resist, passively (not-co-operation, voluntary destruction of the material) or actively (while escaping). In any case, the population decreases quickly under the effect of the diseases: one could count approximately: 300000 Amerindians in California in 1769; they are not any more but: 200000 in 1821. Those which try to flee are brought back by the soldiers and undergo punishments. One counts several revolts, in particular in 1769 with San Diego, and in 1781, where the Yuma destroy two missions and kill about thirty soldiers and four missionaries.

The divergent opinion as for the impact which the missions had on the Amerindians. The debate re-appeared in the Années 1980 when Jean-Paul II proceeded to the Béatification of Tightened. Several articles in the newspapers had titles similar to this one: “Tightened: Saint gold Sinner? ” (“Tightened, Saint or sinning? ”) - newspaper The Sacramento Bee , that it is on the level of the epidemics brought by the colonists or on the level of the missions.

Military districts and presidios

Four “presidios” are placed strategically along the Californian coast and are used to protect the Spanish missions and the other installations. Each one of these forts functions as a base of operations for a specific area. They are organized as follows:

El Presidio de San Diego , founded in 1769, is responsible for the defense of all the installations of the first district.
El Presidio de Santa Barbara , founded in 1782, is responsible for the defense of all the installations of the second district.
El Presidio de Monterey , foundé in 1770, is responsible for the defense of all the installations of the third district.
El Presidio of San Francisco , founded in 1776, is responsible for the defense of all the installations of the fourth district.
El Presidio de Sonoma , or barracks of Sonoma , is established in 1836 by Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo like part of the Mexican strategy aiming at stopping the Russian influence in the area.

Pueblos

In parallel several cities develop. The founded first is San Jose in 1777. El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora Reina of Los Angeles del Río de Porciúncula , known today under the name of Los Angeles, appears in 1781; and the third community is Villa of Branciforte in 1797 (Santa Cruz). The cities are directed by a alcalde (executive power and justice) or mayor, whose capacity is almost unlimited in its pueblo, although it remains under the orders of the military representative of the governor, the comisionado . The alcalde is used as president to the council of the city or ayuntamiento , composed of regidores , and which directs the general affairs of the pueblo. It is the beginning of an increasing interest of the French for California.

At the beginning of the Years 1800, merchants of fur of the Russian empire, which already took possession of the Alaska, briefly explore the Californian coast and install commercial counters until current the Comté of Sonoma. They drive out the otters for their peeling until the Chanel Islands considering the number of Phoque S and otters of Alaska starts to strongly decrease. One the their most known bases is Fort Ross, where also come from the scientists and the naturalists of the Imperial Academy of Sciences which hasten to study the California. The Spaniards see the arrival of the Russians like a competition. The metropolis prohibits any trade with them, but smuggling circumvents this principle. A marriage between a Californian leading family and noble Russian almost makes it possible the Russian trade to advance in California of the south. The noble one of Russian origin dies however, reaches by the disease, and the Russians do not advance thereafter any more: they leave the territory indeed on January 1st 1842.

The 19th century

The first quarter of the 19th century continues the slow colonization of the Californian coast. In 1820, the Spanish influence extends, of the south in north, San Diego in the north of the Baie of San Francisco. The colonists control broad coastal strips from 40 to 80 km, with beyond which approximately: 200000 Amerindians live with the variation of the Spanish capacity. In 1819, the signature of the Traité of Adams-Onís makes parallel 42e the northern border of California, which did not change since. However, the 19th century will be the framework great upheavals in the area, which will propel this little populated Spanish province to the row of American State famous and snuffed.

Mexican California

Although the California was an area located at the outside of the borders of the News-Spain, it becomes a State with whole share of the Mexico in 1821. Its population of approximately 3.200 colonists weak, is compared with that of the other States of the country. She concentrates especially on the south-western littoral, between Los Angeles and San Diego.

Not being self-sufficing, the missions do not receive any more a support after the Guerre of independence of Mexico in 1811, and the converts are left with their own fate. In 1832, Mexico orders the dissolution of the missions and the division of their grounds, which more often go to the colonists than to the Amerindian S. the sale of these vast territories, called ranchos , which were hitherto uninhabited, interests of new colonists. These possessions are especially used for the cattle breeding by the rancheros , their leaders, who are helped by the Amerindian converts of the missions. An elite is formed among these rancheros , which quickly takes importance within the Mexican province.

California is at that time controlled by a governor chosen by the federal leaders of Mexico City. The Mexican policy is to give an autonomy limited to the province. Thus a legislature, named disputación , meets in Monterey, but its capacities actually are very limited.

This state of the things is badly seen by the Californian ones, with which dissatisfaction appears through the revolt of the garrison of Monterey in 1828 against the governor Jose Maria Echeandia sent in 1825. The colony enters in dissidence and the new governor Manual Mexicain Victoria sent after that is rejected by all, including the big families which had hitherto supported the mode. In November 1831, an insurrection directed by the noble ones seizes temporarily Los Angeles and San Diego as well as the “revolution” carried out by Juan Bautista Alvarado in 1836. This one takes the control of the capital, Monterey, and makes off-set the majority of the official ones, while he proclaims the independence and the sovereignty of California in 1836. However, he does not refuse the post of governor offered by the Mexico in 1837, which puts an end to this quite relative autonomy.

At the beginning of the Years 1820, American and British trappers start to enter to California to seek there beaver S. Using the Piste of Siskiyou, Old Spanish trade route and, later, the Piste of California, these trappers generally arrive in the province without approval of the Mexican authorities or without their knowledge.

France and California

Eugene Duflot de Mofras, director of a French scientific exhibition in California, written in 1840, it is obvious that California will belong to the nation, whatever it is, which will send to it a general and two hundred men . In 1841, the Vallejo general written to the Avarado governor that there is no doubt in connection with the will of France to become main of California, but the problems of the French government prevent the country from concluding this will.

During one period of dissension with the Mexicans, francophile the John Sutter threat to make raise the French flag on California and places itself, like its colony of New Helvetia , under French protection . In 1845 the French vice-consul of California, Louis Gasquet, highly advises at the French government to send a naval force. When the American troops occupy Monterey, it creates an diplomatic incident while refusing to recognize the new government. During the 51 days of its detention in residence, it continues to hope that France intervenes, but that is not the case having heard rumors according to which the Mexican authorities want to stop all the Americans, 30 colonists revolt and seize the garrison of Sonoma. They hoist the Bear Flag of the République of California to Sonoma the June 15th 1846. The June 23rd Frémont arrives with its troops and takes the command of the two forces.

Commodore John Drake Sloat consequently orders with its naval forces to occupy Yerba Buena (San Francisco) the July 7th 1846 and to assemble the American flag there. The 15, Sloat yields the command to Robert Field Stockton, a more aggressive chief. The July 19th the war is officially declared. The American forces then take quickly control on California, in hardly a few days.

The Mexican Governor flees Los Angeles. When the forces of Stockton enters the city the August 13rd 1846, the conquest of California seems complete and not to have cost life. Stockton, however, leaves not enough men in the city and the Californian ones, of their own initiative and without the assistance of the Mexico, force the garrison to be withdrawn towards the end of September. The reinforcements sent by Stockton are pushed back during a small battle with San Pedro.

Finally, the forces of Stockton and a general, Stephen W. Kearny, enter to Los Angeles without resistance the January 10th 1847. Three days later the “Capitulation of Cahuenga” sees the rendering of the last body armed with Californian, in Fremont. The Californian revolt is thus finished.

Gold rush in California

The accession with the statute of State

Before California is not officially allowed in the Union it occupied an ambiguous place at the political level. It had indicated itself as a free republic but was controlled by a governor throughout this period. It was neither really a republic, neither really a military district, nor even a federal territory. Bennett Riley, the last military governor, organizes a constitutional convention in 1849 with Monterey. The 48 deputy ones are for the majority of the colonists made before 1846, of which eights are Californios . Convention unanimously decides to prohibit the Esclavage, sets up a government of interim which will manage the area for ten months and writes the first Constitution of California. Finally, the September 9th 1850, it joined the United States as a free State thanks to the Compromis of 1850, only two years after the end of the war against the Mexico. However, instability still will reign until the beginning of the Années 1860. The very fast increase in the population makes first of all the administration difficult and obliges the too fast choice of a capital where to install the government, which leads to several successive removals of this one.

Thus San Jose is first of all chosen, however, if it represents a symbol since it is the first city to have been founded in California, it does not have the infrastructures necessary to become a true capital and dissatisfaction gains the elected officials when, for example, its access becomes difficult in winter 1850 - 1851 because of the bad condition of the roads. A former general and senator of the State, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, offers grounds to the site of the future town of Vallejo to make a new capital of it. The Legislature meets there during one week in 1852 then for one month in 1853, but the same situation is repeated: the place cannot accommodate the government. The capital is very thus quickly moved close to the small town of Benicia, near the Baie of San Francisco. A statehouse is set up in an old American style. Although located at a strategic point between the territory of the gold rush and San Francisco, the main port of the area, the locality is regarded as misfit with future expansions. The capital is consequently moved again, this time more inside the grounds, with Sacramento, locality where it is always located.

The January 4th 1850, the constitutional committee of California recommends the creation of 18 counties whose list follows: Benicia, Ridges, Fremont, Los Angeles, Mariposa, Monterey, Mount Diablo, Oro, Redding, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Joaquin, San Jose, Obispo San Luis, Santa Barbara, Sonoma, and Sutter. The counties are modified thereafter very often, until arriving at the 58 counties current. As territorial divisions having capacities at the local level, they allow a better management of the territory.

On the level of the law and order, anarchy first of all seems to dominate the State. In 1851 and 1856, one off witnesses a rise to power of the “ Committees Vigilance ”, groups which benefit from the lack of authority - for example, the absence or the weakness of the police force - and of the instability of the government to make the law. These committees, which thinks that the government is mined by corruption, is generally occupied to punish the criminals, but also often tries to expel the immigrants, especially Irish and Chinese. Those undergo many lynchings. If these committees, very active to San Francisco, will disappear after 1856 and stabilization from the State, the feeling anti-immigrant and the Discrimination go, as for them, to persist a long time.

A law voted by the federal Congress in 1851 will put an end to another delicate situation: many immigrants settled in the ranchos , with the dissatisfaction with their rich person owners. The purpose of the law is to check the validity of the land titles of the rancheros, after which they can drive out the squatteurs legally. However the process lasts on average 17 years, and all the properties are not recognized, with the result that the majority of the rancheros lose most of their fortune. This old elite Mexican, to which one had however sworn after the American conquest that its grounds would be inviolate, loses thus his prevalence in California with the profit of the immigrants and their descendants.

California during the American Civil War

The role of California in the war is one of the least documented fields history of the United States and California. It is known nevertheless that this State played a distant part in the conflict and that it was at the time a kind of microcosm of totality of the the United States, representing North as much that the South. California first of all was indeed colonized by farmers of the South and Mid-West which were sympathizers of a policy of decentralized government and extension of the rights granted to the States. There was however a minority of capitalist come from the North-East which played a big role in the policy and the public purses. After the Sécession of the territory of the Arizona and its accession in the Confederation, the rumors said that California of the south would make it also secession, which did not arrive.

In all, 88 battles of variable importance were delivered in California, the majority with an aim of taking gold for the Confédération. California provides to the Union approximately: 15000 voluntary soldiers, of which little is useful during the major conflicts of the war, but which contributes as much as the other States to the effort of war.

The feeling anti-Chinese

After the end of the war in 1865, California continues to develop. The independent minors are now largely replaced by large mining corporations. Many workers are returned when Chinese immigrants are recruited by the companies (the “Coolie S”), which carried out most of work on the railroads. In 1859, approximately: 35000 Chinese are installed in California; in 1880, they are: 75135. The workmen of American origin to unemployment revolt when they lose their employment while the Chinese minors express their dissatisfaction towards the ill treatments which they undergo, as much on behalf of their employers that the other Californian ones. Of 1850 until 1900, the feeling anti-immigrants gives rise to many laws which remain in application until the middle of the 20th century.

Thus, in 1868, the treaty of Burlingame restricts Chinese immigration. But the most obvious episode of this time is probably the creation and the ratification of a new constitution of the State in 1879. Lobbies as Workingmen' S Party of Deanis Kearney are the initiators of article XIX, section 4, giving to all the Californian cities like in the counties the capacity to expel the Chinese or to limit the places where they can reside. This article voted in 1882 persists until in 1952 and leads to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. California also makes pass from the laws preventing the foreigners, especially the Asiatiques, to obtain a title of possession of ground, in the line of the Alien Land Act of 1913.

The development of California

Hitherto California was rather insulated compared to the other States, in spite of the attempts of the Pony Express (mail) whose impact was minimal and of the introduction of caravans of camels crossing the deserts of south-west. After the American Civil War, the arrival of the First transcontinental railroad (1869) contributes largely to the rapid development of the State. Agriculture also develops it, like all other industries, thanks to the arrival of the trains and with the boring of the Panama Canal, even if a period of depression follows the end of work.

However this development does not go without criticisms. At the end of the century, the many Californian ones think that the Big Four became well too powerful and rich, and that they corrupt the government. Many caricatures represent the large railway companies under the features of octopuses controlling all the economy and the richnesses of California. In its novel The Octopus: In Story off California , Frank Norris describes the economic control which the companies impose to the farmers of California. Indeed, of the problems often appear between these firms and the inhabitants, in particular on the level of the property of the grounds crossed by the lines, which carry out until law-suits. The novel mentioned above takes as a starting point the tragedy event which followed one of these lawsuits, the May 11th 1880, known under the name of “Mussel Slough Tragedy”, which saw the death of seven people. Another point which is badly perceived by the population is the fact that the directors of the large companies have a considerable political influence. Leland Stanford, for example, was elected in December 1861 at the post of governor of the State. It appears thus that the railroads played an ambiguous part in the history of the State: they brought to him the development, the richness and of new populations, but have on another side be in the center of corruption affairs and embarrassing conflicts

During the 20th century, it is also the face of California which was deeply transformed: certain lakes disappeared or reduced installations progressively considerably; certain rivers as the Los Angeles River underwent the urbanization (banks of the river are concreted on most of its course). The riots of 1992 in Los Angeles are an example among others of the principal social problems in California, namely the racial tensions and immigration.

21e century

The 21e century starts with a crisis of electricity making following the bad results of a semi Déréglementation of the gone of electricity in the State. This energy crisis is characterized by the combination of extremely expensive prices and power cuts repeated between June 2000 and the middle of the year 2001. The January 17th 2001 the democratic governor Gray Davis declares the state of emergency, which is raised only the November 13rd 2003. During the program of 2002 for the accession at the post of governor, this last gains the elections vis-a-vis Bill Simon with 47,4% of the voices. However, hardly the completed election, Davis is shown to have hidden a deficit of the budget of 34,6 billion dollars. This event, as well as the crisis of électricté mentioned above, makes it very unpopular, and about two million Californian signs petitions requiring taken back election against Davis. 135 candidates present themselves to replace the governor. The October 7th 2003 55,4% of the voters support the rejection of Davis at the time of the first phase of the vote. The second sees the election of the republican Arnold Schwarzenegger with 48,6% of the voices.

After a first year of mandate described as “disappointing” by the Los Angeles Times and which sees popularity Schwarzenegger to drop, this last fact of the fight against climate warming an central element of its policy, which is distinguished thus from that of the Bush administration. Thus, in 2006, the Californian State votes a law, the Global Warming Solution Act , of which the goal is to limit the emissions of Gaz to greenhouse effect. It is the first time that a state of the United States of America makes such a decision, whereas the Federal state does not accept the Protocole of Kyoto. The November 7th 2006, Schwarzenegger is re-elected with 56% of the votes vis-a-vis the democratic candidate Angelides, supported by 39% of the voices.

See too

Sources

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