History of Bosnia-Herzégovine

Antiquity

The current territory of the Bosnia-Herzégovine was populated initially by probably matriarcaux farmers who left with Butmir the traces of a culture (named according to this site) related to Danubiennes civilizations of the Balkan Peninsula, venerating the cycles of nature and the goddess of fruitfulness (see Marija Gimbutas). The Indo-European patriarchal ones arrive here towards 1300 before our era: they are the Illyriens, people Indo-European of Iranian origin, like the Vénète S, the Thrace S, the Cimmérien S, the Scythe S, the Hittite S or the Phrygien S. At fifth century BC a Celtic influence is felt along Save, in north: Scordices settle there, while in the mountains Illysres continue to live in rival tribes. Between 200 and 150 before our era, the Romains settle in the south, but it only into 33 before our era that the country becomes Roman province, is named Illyricum; later on this name will be extended to the close provinces while current Bosnia-Herzégovine will be called " Dalmatie".

At the time of the divisions of the Roman empire, the country finds Western side. The sedentary populations, meanwhile romanized (there remain toponyms, such " about it; Romania planina" or " Vlasic"), were converted with the Christianisme, and are attached to the diocese of Rome. But " barbares" (Visigoths from 397 to 401, Ostrogoths from 454 to 535) put the hand on the country, which they devastate. The population takes refuge in the mountains. In 535 the Roman general of the East Bélisaire takes again the south of the country (current Herzégovine) attached to the diocese of Ravenne, while the Lombard S, then the Avar S, reign in north. At the same time the Slaves arrive, initially as combined of Avars.

The Slavic ones

Come from current the Poland southernmost and current the Czech Republic as from the 6th century, of the groups of Slavon S, Sorabe S and Horvate S settle and assimilate quickly the romanized populations (" Wallachian "). Their southernmost Slavic language is called by the linguists " serbo-croate". Horvates, in south-west, and a pertie of Slavons, in north, are christinaisent under the aegis of the church latinophone of Rome and adopt the Latin alphabet. Sorabes, in the center and the east, like another part of Slavons in south-east, are christinaisent under the aegis of the church héllénophone of Constantinople and adopt the alphabet " Cyrillic " invented for them by the missionaries Cyrille and Méthode. Certain Slavic, however, remain faithful to the former Slavic gods such Péroun. The Slavic ones are organized in principalities " knezats" or " canesats" more or less powerful, which seeks alliance and protection sometimes western powers (Carolingian Empire, Rome), sometimes of the Eastern powers (Bulgarian Empire, Roman Empire of the East known as Byzantine Empire). Result: in 870, current Bosnia-Herzégovine finds itself divided between the kingdom of Croatia in the West, and the Bulgare empire in the East. After the year 1000, the western part becomes Hungarian, while the east becomes again Byzantine. In 1166, in fact finally the country becomes Byzantine.

A great Slavic revolt bursts then: Bosnia-Herzégovine is the center. It is at the same time nun and policy. The Slavic ones remained Pérounistes, as well as part of the wearied Christians of the records of the churches and luxury of the clergy, adopted the faith preached by the pope Bogomil: the " Catharisme" (of the Greek " katharos": clean, pure). Bogomile S or Cathares, they militate for an independent kingdom and obtain win in 1180. It will be the Kingdom of Rama. This first independent Bosnia, with few things near in its current borders, will last 23 years. But the Churches do not tolerate l'" more; Heresy " in Balkans, that in the South of France: in 1203 catholic Hungary seizes the country and subjects its inhabitants to the alternative: conversion or death. The majority of the inhabitants turn over to catholic or orthodoxe Christianity, but of bad grace. Under the Hungarian domination, Bosnia septendrionale is organized in " banats" (semi-autonomous duchies with orthodoxe majority: Ozora, Shava), southernmost Bosnia forms a vassal kingdom with a catholic king, while Herzégovine is combined then is attached to close Serbia.

The Othoman and Austrian period

Of 1463 with 1483 the Othoman Turks put an end to this feudal order and at once, a third approximately of the inhabitants, marked by the memory of the Catharisme and forced conversions, converts with Islam. Privileged under the Othoman mode (they do not pay Haraç: tax on the infidels), they multiply with the wire of the four century of Othoman domination. When the empire Austro-Hungarian occupies the country in 1878, they are about half of the population. Other half is always divided between catholics (serbocroates Croatian) and orthodoxe (serbocroates Serbes): the latter assert the union with close Serbia and are, in Austria, of the second-class citizens. The official annexation of Bosnia-Herzégovine to the Austria-Hungary in 1908 precipitates some in terrorism of them. It is the case of Gavrilo Princip, the assassin of the archduke heir to the throne of Habsbourg, Franz Ferdinand, and of his Sophie wife), whose assassination with Sarajevo on June 28th, 1914, served as a pretext for the release of the First World War.

The Yugoslav period

At the conclusion of this one, the union between the Yugoslav Committee ( Jugoslavenski odbor ) Slovenien and Croatian with Serbia, allowed the foundation of the Royaume of Serb, Croatian and Slovenien the, in which they are the Moslems who were second-class citizens (they were not recognized like one of the components of the country). During the Second world war which dismantles Yugoslavia in 1941 the représentats of the Moslem of Bosnia-Herzégovine rejoined with the State independent of Croatia, combined third Reich, while the orthodoxe ones were joined massively with the Tchetniks (resistant royalist Serbes) or the partisans (résitants communist directed by the Croatian Tito). The domination Nazi on Bosnia-Herzégovine involves a persecution of the Jews, the Serb ones and Gypsies. The November 25th 1943 the Conseil antifascist of release of Yugoslavia meets in Jajce and decides that Bosnia-Herzégovine will be restored like republic within communist Yugoslavia. The end of the war and the victory of the Partisans involve the creation of the socialist Federal republic of Yugoslavia.

The parliamentary elections of 1990 elect an assembly dominated by three parties based on ethnic criteria and which had formed a coalition to seize the power with the Communists. The preceding declaration of independence of the Croatia and the Slovenia and the wars having followed it then place Bosnia-Herzégovine in a difficult situation. The population was divided on the question of knowing if Bosnia-Herzégovine were to remain in a Yugoslav federation (a majority choice for the Serb ones) or to seek to obtain independence (the majority choice among the Bosnians and the Croats). The declaration of independence of October 1991 was followed from a referendum in February and March 1992, boycotted by the majority of Serb of Bosnia. For a participation of 64%,99,4% of the voters expressed themselves for independence. Followed then a period of climbing of the tensions and on April 6th the war bursts with Sarajevo.

Independence

The international recognition of the independence of Bosnia-Herzégovine forces JNA then to leave the territories of Bosnia-Herzégovine, but in the fact the soldiers change only badge and create then the Armée with Rebublika Srpska. Army and equipped by the JNA, supported by volunteers and paramilitaries coming from Serbia, profiting from a broad human, logistic, and financial support on behalf of the Federal republic of Yugoslavia, the offensive of the Serb République of Bosnia of 1992 succeeds in placing the majority of the country under its control. In 1993, 70% of the country was controlled by the Serb Republic of Bosnia.

In March 1994, the signature of an agreement with Washington creates a Federation croato-Bosnian, the Fédération of Bosnia and Herzégovine. That, as well as the international reaction to the war crime, in particular the Massacre of Srebrenica where 8.000 Bosnians were assassinated in July 1995, was revolving war.

The efforts of the International community to try to put an end to the conflict and to avoid the human losses among the population had few convincing effects until in 1995 in spite of the sending of more than 38.000 soldiers under the flag of UNO. The Forpronu lost 167 men and more than 700 were wounded, of which approximately the half were soldiers of the French Army .

November 21st 1995, the belligerents signed with Dayton, Ohio, a peace treaty in order to stop the engagements. The Accords of Dayton divided Bosnia-Herzégovine in two entities: The Federation of Bosnia and Herzégovine (51% of the territory and 70% of the population) and the Serb Republic of Bosnia (49% of the territory and 25% of the population). In 1995-1996, a international force of maintenance of peace (IFOR) directed by NATO, including/understanding 60.000 soldiers, was reached in Bosnia in order to set up and to supervise the military aspects of the agreement. The IFOR a force of stabilization (Sfor) more reduced succeeded (14 000 soldiers in 2003) whose mission was to prevent the resumption of the hostilities. This Sfor, succeeded in December 2004, the Eufor, a military force of the European Union of 7.000 men approximately.

The international police force of UNO in Bosnia-Herzégovine was replaced fine 2002 by the Mission of police force of European Union (MPUE), first example for the European Union of such a police force, having drive and surveillance missions.

In 2005, Bosnia-Herzégovine is a still separate country. Many mass graves were discovered after the end of the war. Croatia excused itself for the aggressions and the probable war crimes on the Bosnian people . Serbia is continued by Bosnia-Herzégovine for aggression and genocide on the Bosnian population in front of the the International Court of Justice.

The principal leaders of Serb resistance, made responsible for the events for Srebrenica, the general Ratko Mladić and Radovan Karadžić, former president of the Serb Republic of Bosnia, are always in escape. The war caused the death of 200.000 Bosnian civilians and tens of thousands of Serb and Croats; 1,8 million people were moved, all confused nationalities.

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