History of Arles at the time medieval

To the the Middle Ages, after one period of conflicts during which Arles initially tests émanciper by the Consulat in 1130 then by the République of Arles starting from the end of XIIe century, the city passes in 1250 under the domination of the first dynasty Angevine and the city, although having carried out its unit, loses of its political importance. On the other hand Arles and its territory develop by agriculture, the breeding and the trade and accommodate as of the medium of XIIe century the military religious orders, in particular the Templiers, and the Cisterciens and at the century following the Ordres beggars.

11th century

Weakening of the capacity comtal

As of the first years of the 11th century, the counts Guillaume II known as the Piles (993-1019) and Roubaud of Provence, his/her uncle, which divide undivided the county of Provence, are not any more able to hold great chalk-linings in respect. In 1008, with died of Roubaud, thus opens a period of disorders, worsened by the increasing power of the big families, fastening with the Saint Germanic Roman Empire and the papal policy with the Gregorian Réforme.

Of feudal increasingly powerful the

The various factions of the nobility try to impose their law while resorting to the recruitment of professional warriors. Thus in Arles, the easy layers of the population are militarized ( miles ) following the example of the Piglet and adopt a warlike way of life. One of the consequences is the transformation of the frame of the city with the construction of many urban private bastions.
The capacity comtal wavers then, between 1018 and 1035, in front of the revolts of the lords of Fos. A first revolt (1018 - 1022) bursts against the count de Provence, Guillaume II, which will perish besides at the time of the seat of this castle in 1018; it will be followed of the one second sedition in the years 1031 - 1038.
Lastly, on the level of the land richness, the inheritance of the big families, in particular that of the Beams and the Vicomtes of Marseilles, increases until the years 1030 - 1040, less by ecclesiastical spoliations of goods that by concessions archiépiscopales in benefit or precarious quickly integrated into the genetic inheritance. These concessions are often the counterparts of the support to the Church arlésienne of the aristocratic families from which the prelates come.

fastening with the Saint Worsens Roman Germanic

In September 1032 with died of Rodolphe III of Burgundy, Arles which belongs to the Royaume of Burgundy since 934 is attached to the Empire. This situation does not change anything: the Germanic emperors not possessionnés in Provence do not lay out in spite of their title and their suzerainty, of any additional capacity. Nevertheless close links are drawn up between the Empire and the town of Arles. For example, in 1046 the archbishop of Arles Raimbaud (1030-1069) acts as prelate of the Holy roman Empire: it takes part in the Concile of Sutri and attends Rome, with the crowning of the emperor Henri III which it meets personally. The archbishop becomes to some extent the vicar of the Emperor in Arles. Arlésiens thereafter will benefit from this situation until the middle of the 13th century to play the distant emperor against the count relatively too present.

The Gregorian reform in Arles

The papacy on its side goes instrumentaliser a reform, the Gregorian Réforme, to make of it the vector of a policy directly aiming the archbishop of Arles and a more subtle way, the count of Provence.

objectives of the reform

Initially, in reaction to this violence, the Church tries to promote the peace of God. In 1037 and 1041, the councils held in Arles or in its surroundings and chaired by Raimbaud de Reillanne, archbishop of Arles (cf Councils of Arles), specify the rules of the Paix of God: the knights have prohibition to make the war, initially saturdays, then of Wednesday evening until Monday morning.

Within the framework of this reform, the the Holy See also tries to eliminate the prelates resulting from the big families of Provence which tend to follow a personal policy more in the interest of the family inheritance that of that of the Church. In Provence, this policy is radicalized after the archiépiscopat of Raimbaud which although active promoter of the Gregorian Réforme, household until the end of his life aristocratic big families of Provence.

the political crisis and ecclesiastic of 1078-1096

The case of Aicard, archbishop of the city, the family of the Vicomtes of Marseilles, which took party for the emperor Henri IV against the pope Gregoire VII in the Querelle of the Nominations at the end of the years 1070, is an good example.

In the species in Arles, these tensions of order politico-monk with the pope double of a political problem between the count and the archbishop who at that time is also a feudal lord. The count of Provence Bertrand (1063-1093) is three times over opposed to Aicard: initially in connection with the discussed nomination of Bermond like abbot of Montmajour, then probably as the historian arlésien Anibert underlines it, because Aicard approached as of 1076 the count Saint-Gilles, excommunicated by the pope and rival of the count de Provence, finally and especially because he fears the power of the family of the archbishop, that of the Viscounts of Marseilles.

The count of Provence is already weakened: he transferred the residence comtale from Arles to Tarascon in 1063 and, incompetent to ensure peace, he asks for in 1065 to the powerful arlésiennes families to ensure the protection of the goods of the Abbaye of Saint-Victor of Marseilles. In the same way, justice comtale seems nothing any more but one to remember. A scribe of Montmajour writes in 1067:

It has there no more duke nor marquis who returns right justice .

In 1078, the count of Provence seeks the support of the pope by showing the archbishop of Simonie, then in 1081, while being placed under papal suzerainty, disavows its bonds of vassalage with the Germanic Emperor. The prelate arlésien however is supported by the people, the clergy, the families of the Beams and of the Piglet and the count of Saint-Gilles, Raimon IV. Thus, the city refuses the dismissal in 1080 of its Aicard archbishop and prohibits the entry with Gibelin de Sabran, the new prelate designated by the pope with the council of Avignon.
Finally, it is only after 1096 that the Church benefitting from the absence of the local dynasties, left in Croisade, will be able to put order in its hierarchy, placing reformers nonrelated to the viscontal families with the head of évêché sound.

If the épiscole rebellion of Aicard will involve a decline of the diocese arlésien until the middle of the 12th century, Anibert sees there, at the political level, the leaven of the ideas of emancipation of the city which will be concretized fifty years later by the consulate.

Economic life of XIe century: clearings and trade

On the economic plan, the movement of recovery started as of the end of the 10th century continuous after the year 1000. Grounds are given in culture and in the area of many vaults are built for the parochial service of the plowmen lately installed. The city itself develops: a charter of the year 1015 announces the presence of houses outside the walls of the city, not far from the Saint-Etienne door.

After the years of tension and conflicts 1015 - 1040, the city opens to the Italian tradesmen in the middle of the 11th century at the time where Genoa and Pisa become powers in the Mediterranean. A notarial act precise: Pisans, Génois and other Lombards which come to Arles . They replace the Jewish merchants, the Radhanites of the previous centuries, which starting from the ports of the frank country moved towards the Middle East.

In the second moist one of the century, the extension of the arable lands includes primarily in the form of drainings of marsh, such as for example those surrounding the Abbaye of Montmajour on which the monks and the town of Arles are opposed before concluding a compromise in 1067. In the same way in 1073, a document indicates that the monks of Saint-Victor can drain the marshes of Vaquières in Crau.

12th century

XIIe century arlésien is occupied by complex adventures where the two large Italian ports clash Gènes and Pisa and where the families of Barcelona and Toulouse are opposed supported by their respective allies arlésiens, mainly the archbishop as well as the Beams and Piglet. In this context of great political instability partly related to the installation disputed in 1112 of the 2nd dynasty of the counts de Provence which will be one of the causes of the Guerres Baussenques, Arles will be the object as of 1131, of a movement of urban emancipation, called Consulat, one of oldest of Provence and a development as well economic and commercial as religious, with in particular the installation of the Templiers.

Installation of the 2nd dynasty of the counts de Provence

// recall of the beginning of the century: weakness of the successional counts, Pb of the first dynasty of the counts de Provence, aimings of the house of Toulouse on the county of Provence,… //

a marriage arranged

February 3rd 1112 with Saint-Victor of Marseilles, the count of Barcelona Raimond Berenger Soft wife the oldest daughter of Gerberge of Provence, countess of Provence. The Church which benefits from the absence of the house of Toulouse could have arranged this marriage. Edouard Baratier written: perhaps

This union was supported by the cardinal Richard of Millau, former abbot of Saint-Victor, become archbishop of Narbonne. In a minimum of time several successive donations legitimate the authority of the count inhabitant of Barcelona on Provence .

One can also recall that the abbey of Saint-Victor at that time had many fields in Catalonia, which probably explains the contacts of the Church with princes Catalans by the interlude of former abbots of this monastery. At all events, by this marriage, the county of Provence passes thanks to a series of donations, of the Gerberge countess of Provence with Raimond Berenger. It is the official beginning of the second dynasty of the counts de Provence .

a marriage disputed

However this transaction is disputed and at the beginning of the century, between 1112 and 1125, Provence is torn by the competition between the various counts who can claim in the county by the female branch (counts d' Urgell, of Barcelona and Saint-Gilles). This conflict which obliges each one to come to a conclusion about its camp by taking account of its interests (impacts of the Gregorian Réforme , patrimonial policy…), is spread out in several phases and leads to the partition of Provence.
At the time of the 1st phase, the families of the Beams and Piglets choose the support for the count while that of Fos is opposed to it.

Between 1110 and 1116, the Beams intervene with the count of Provence in a faide against the murderers of the count Gerbert (or Gilbert) assassinated in 1110, whose they recover the fields (in particular in the Camargue).
In 1114 - 1115, of many noble arlésiens (the Piglet, Beams) take part with the count of Provence and Pisans in the crusade of Majorque. This known as, this participation of laic in this forwarding does not translate inevitably, as the history will show it, an adhesion with the program of reform of the Church.
In 1113, at the time of the homage to the new count de Barcelone Raimond Bérenger the counts de Fos do not appear among the families represented. In 1115/1116, Raimond-Berenger thus conducts a campaign to subject the recalcitrant ones and, on this occasion, seizes the castle of Fos where it receives the homage of Pons V of Fos for the territories of Fos and of Hyères.

The second phase which extends from 1119 at the end of the years 1120 sees changes of alliances. The conflict begins again in the majority of Alphonse the Jordan which marks the return of the house of Toulouse after twenty-five years of absence in Provence, following the crusades and of the youth of the prince. On this occasion Alphonse the Jordan receives the support of the big families, in particular arlésiennes, in memory of the bonds woven by his/her father Raimon IV with the nobility of Provence and because of the oppositions caused by progress of the reform of the Church. In this conflict opposing the houses of Toulouse and Barcelona, the archbishop of Arles follows the party of the pope, i.e. the counts of Barcelona. This conflict will involve sharp tensions between the house of the Beams, which supports Alphonse the Jordan, and the archbishop Atton (1115- † 1129). the engagement of the Aton archbishop at the sides of Raimond Berenger I…, whereas the Beams choose the camp of Alphonse the Jordan, undoubtedly causes a first rupture, that comes to consume the statute of the papal legates Innocent II (1130-1143) of its two successors . Thus the February 3rd 1120, the pope Calixte II mande the archbishop of Arles, to repress the depredations of Guilhem Piglet, lord arlésien combined Beams. This same pope, the April 22nd 1122, informs Atton of the excommunication of Alphonse the Jordan of Toulouse.

Partition of Provence

Finally an agreement is signed on September 15th 1125. This treaty which divides Provence in a marquisat in the North allotted to Alphonse the Jordan (count de Toulouse) and a county in the South, of which Arles is the capital, ghost with Raimond Bérenger (count de Barcelone), does not inaugurate however a period of calm.

Creation of the consulate and Wars baussenques

the preparations

The death of Douce in 1130 makes re-appear the latent problems of succession of the county of Provence, and that of Raimond-Berenger, on July 19th 1131, weakens the house of Barcelona. From now on the counts of Toulouse, supported by the Beams which again changed alliance, and of Barcelona-Provence seize all the occasions to improve their respective positions. This set of intrigues and competition will be the reason of uninterrupted shocks more especially as the capital of Provence, Arles, is itself in an unstable political situation. The city indeed is cut out in districts belonging to feudal lords (archbishop, families aristocratic, count de Toulouse) different, often in conflict, but objectively plain in the refusal to leave the count Provence become possessionné in the city.

the creation of the consulate

The death of Raimond-Berenger and his consequences also give the additional impulse in the city of Arles to creation as of 1131 of a consulate. Arlésiens take as a starting point the Italian cities Pisa and Genoa whose merchants attend their port, and by their neighbor Avignon who founded a consulate two years earlier. According to Anibert, historian arlésien of the 18th century, the consulate would have been created in answer to the rise of the threats of conflict between the House of the Beams and that of the counts de Provence:

the preparations of war which the lords of the Beams made dully, against the House of Barcelona with died of Raymond-Berenger first (it acts of Raimond Berenger III count de Barcelone, 1082-1131, sometimes called Raimond Berenger Ier count de Provence) and perhaps some time before, had to decide Arlésiens with this great change, and to urge the archbishop to it to be lent itself. The circumstances required that one give to the city of the chiefs able to carry the weapons to the need… At all events, the archbishop himself contributed to the institution of the Consulate, not as a lord who authorizes the steps of his vassal, but as chief of the confederation.

A modern historian, Jean Pierre Poly precise:

it is the force and the power of the town knights who give rise to the first communes of Provence, before the middle of the 12th century .

Is the growing role of Arlésiens thus devoted by the appearance of an aristocratic consulate of character with the support (opportunist?) archbishop of Arles, Bernard Guerin (1129-1138). A few years later in 1150, this consulate is reinforced by a charter of the archbishop Raimon de Montredon (1142-1160), prelate of Languedocien origin who expresses a benevolent neutrality with respect to Alphonse the Jordan in the conflict opposing the houses of Aragon and of Toulouse. However in 1156 (or in 1150?), one announces a revolt of the town of Arles against his archbishop, without knowing the details and the reasons of them very well. At all events, the first statutes of this consulate are written as of the years 1160.

In the years 1130 - 1140, in spite of the treaty of 1125, the authority of the count around the area of Arles is almost null, apart from a nominal suzerainty. And the lords of the Beams which put forward as of 1131, under their union with the girl junior by Gerberge, Étiennette, their rights to the county of Provence near the emperor Conrad, prepares with an open conflict with the count of Provence. All the more, that their richness strongly increased.

the conflict enters the house of the Beams and that of Barcelona: the wars Baussenques

In 1144, the nonfortuitous death undoubtedly of the count Berenger Raimond in Melgueil killed by Génois allied of the count de Toulouse starts the Guerres Baussenques which will last until in 1162 and to end in the defeat of the Beams.
Ces wars, in which initially take part Arlésiens like allied of the Beams, has as a framework the area of Arles and more particularly the castle of Trinquetaille, fortified town of this family. It is probably in relation to these fights that it is necessary to apprehend the revolt evoked previously of Arlésiens against their archbishop in 1156 or in 1150. At the end of successive conflicts (1144-1150, 1156 and 1162), the count of Provence makes shave the castle of Trinquetaille and blocks the economic development of this district it thus controls the richness of the house of the Beams by prohibiting port and trade fairs.

Arles loses its role of capital of Provence and sets up in Republic

the consequences

reinforcement of the count under supervision of the emperor
power of the Piglet
distance of the archbishop

The baussenques Guerres, which make it possible the dynasty comtale to put at the row the Beams and to sit their capacity in Provence, initially serve the interests of another big family arlésienne, that of Piglet. In 1162, the outcome of this crisis corroborates their policy option in favor of the counts of Provence. While the castles of Trinquetaille and the Beams are taken, the end of XIIe century devotes the power of this family. She then will play in Provence, until in the Années 1210, a political role of foreground and will lead a personal policy of prestige to the detriment of the old enemies of the family of Barcelona. This role is explained beyond the support for the comtale family, by a very important inheritance and incomes which bring the average hardware requirements to their policy and by a cohesion lignagère made solidarity and of a conservation of the inheritance in undivided . It is about at that time (1140 - 1150) which the archbishops of Arles which establish new bonds more political than spiritual with the family of the Beams, do Living room-of-Provence their main home when the archbishop of Arles, Raimon de Montredon becomes lord of Living room. The richness of the soil, the protection offered by the Castle of Empéri on the one hand and the urban agitation of Arles on the other hand, explain this choice during one time disturbed by the wars and the revolts. The city and its castle are thus bound during almost eight centuries to the temporality of the Church of Arles.

Arles at the time of the conflicts between the counts of Barcelona and Toulouse

… (1162-1175)/to make: peace of J. 1176

In August 1162, the count regent Raimond Bérenger IV dies on the road of Turin where it went to obtain from the emperor Frederic Barberousse the confirmation of the possession of the Comté of Provence, which was in right stronghold of the Holy roman Empire. Its nephew Raymond Bérenger replaces it and signs in October 1165 in Arles a treaty of neutrality with Génois in order to prepare his intervention in Western Provence which will be to him funeste.
The death of Raymond Bérenger killed in 1166 at the time of the head office of Nice starts again the conflict with the house of Toulouse. The problem of the succession to the throne of Provence arises again between these two families, more especially as the count of Toulouse Raimond V, puts to the hand on Richilde the widow of the late count de Provence, that he marries. But as of on April 16th 1166, the count Alphonse II of Aragon known as Alphonse Pure the and in Provence, Alphonse Ier of Provence , is in Provence to defend the family field and the engagements between the two applicants once more devastate the Argence and the the Camargue.

+ events until 1176: peace of Jarnèques

a powerful arlésienne family: the Piglet

Between 1162 and the beginning of XIIIe century the capacity of Piglet becomes considerable. They occupy a choice place in the continuation comtale and take part in the strengthening of the capacity of the house of Barcelona. Under Alphonse Ier (1166-1196), Porcel (1150-1184) is seen entrusting important diplomatic missions in the Languedoc which lead on April 18th 1176 to the peace of Jarnègues It takes part the same year in the military forwarding of the count in Western Provence and in December 1178, it is named at the cautious advice of the count Raimon Bérenger to which Alphonse Ier delegated his authority on Provence. The Piglet also lead a personal policy of prestige to the detriment of the old opponents at the house of Barcelona. In 1188, they thus beat in a private war the house of Fos, victory which enables them to increase their field in the country of the pond of Berre and in the town of Aix. The big role played by Piglet is explained by an important inheritance maintained by a cohesion lignagère which brings the average materials essential to this policy of prestige. They are possessionnés contrary to the other big families of older aristocratic origin, only in Western Provence where they have important goods in Arles Old man-Borough, in the Camargue and Crau with royalties on the trade, the sale of salt and the marketing of the livestock products and fishing.

a more marked presence of the Germanic emperors

During this time when the capacity of the counts is disputed, Frederic Ier Barberousse (1122-1190), Germanic emperor since 1155 and suzerain of Provence wishes to take again the old title of King d' Arles and to thus point out its authority. He then confirms many privileges of the Church of Arles in 1153 - 1154, intervenes diplomatically in the wars Baussenques and is made crown on July 31st 1178 in the basilica Saint-Trophime by the archbishop Raimond de Bollène (1163-1182) in the presence of all the large ones of the kingdom except notable for the count de Provence.

Arles loses its statute of capital of the county

Cause or consequence, it is at that time, towards 1180, that the counts de Provence forsake Arles and settle with Aix and that the city obtains a government known in the history under the name of République of Arles (1180-1251) following the example Italian cities with which the city maintains many relations. After the creation of the Republic of Arles , and the disappearance of internal conflicts between districts of the city, the inhabitants decide to lock up the old Borough, the Borough-nine and the Market in a new enclosure probably finished shortly after 1095.

… (1180-1200)/to make: before and after 1190, died of F Barberousse; the death of F Barberousse redistributes the charts in Provence…

urban conflicts

In 1191, at the time of the election of Imbert d' Eyguières as archbishop, the town of Arles is the prey of an urban violence between various parties. Thus when in November 1191, the pope Célestin III gives a bubble to him, Célestin described there the disorders which agitate the city archiépiscopale and which result in plunderings of the merchants, the arrival of mercenaries and the reception of the heretics. It grants the full powerss to him to extirpate the evil and allows him to use with its suitability of excommunication.

Economic life and nun at the 12th century

the economy arlésienne in XIIe century

On the economic plan, the knights and the probi homines arlésiens profit from the development of the exchanges, in particular by the incomes of the Lesde, the Tonlieu X and salt. Accumulating enormous richnesses which will make of them the backers of the counts, they become extremely puissants.
Arles also profits from the Croisades; one pays thus that the first certificate in France of windmills (of means-Eastern origin), figure in a charter of the town of Arles gone back to 1170.

At the 12th century, the wearing of Arles is active as the episodes to the maritime war and the statutes of the city testify some. There exists a military fleet arlésienne: in 1114 for example, boats of the city take part in the crusade of Majorque; in the same way, in 1120, the fleet of Arles (14 ships driven by the Beams and the Piglet) assistance Galicians against the Moslems of Spain; finally, in 1165, of the ships arlésiens take part with Pisans in the attempt at interception of the pope Alexandre III. Many articles of the statutes of the city also refer to the port activities, thus article 140 (written between 1160 and 1200) specifies the conditions of loading of the pilgrims with Arles.
However, at the 12th Arles century does not succeed in collecting with its profit the reappearing international traffic (cloths of Flandres, spices and produced Raising) which makes the fortune of Saint-Gilles, new city established with approximately twenty kilometers downstream from the Small Rhone beside an old market with the doors of an abbey, supported by a pilgrimage and the installation of Italian merchants which in a few years makes of it the commercial port most active of the Rhone-native area.

The Jewish community of Arles, relatively important, also benefits from the rise of the trade. In 1165, Benjamin de Tudèle counts two hundred household heads in the city; they control part of the trade of the luxury items and that of vermilion and some of them deal with the businesses of the archbishop, the count and the Beams. On this basis of two hundred Jewish household heads, one can try an estimate of the global population of the city: approximately 8.000 to 10.000 inhabitants. It is an estimate close to that of the historian Louis STOUFF who judges the figure from 5.000 to 6.000 advanced by Erika Engelmann at the date of 1200, like probably in-on this side truth .

In relation to the development of the exchanges, the notarial institution and communal freedoms, the Roman law reappears little by little in the provençaux acts coming from the Italian cities and of Septimanie. In the town of Arles, city of Provence the most opened with the emergence of these novel methods, the sale contracts replace as of the 12th century the remunerated donations and towards 1184, the institution of heir, element characteristic of the romanisation of the contracts, is established in the wills arlésiens. Also profiting from re-elected from its Chapter in canon law, Arles attracts international lawyers then, such as English Gervais de Tilbury who settles in the city in 1189.

religious life arlésienne in XIIe century

The 12th century is on the religious level one time of transformations.
on September 29th 1152, Raimon de Montredon organizes the translation of the relics of Trophime saint, of the Alyscamps to the basilica Saint-Etienne , which probably then loses this patronym with the profit of current the Saint-Trophime . In 1170, begins the realization from the carved frontages of the basilica Saint-Trophime of Arles and Saint-Gilles-of-Gard (Romanesque art) (fine in 1220). According to other sources, this work started rather as of the years 1152, would be completed in 1178, at the date of crowning in this basilica of the Germanic Roman Emperor, Frederic I {{er}} Barberousse. Rebuilding or alterations in the Romance style are also announced at that time in Arles even and of its area (cf the church of the Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, towards 1175).
Beside the modifications of the pertaining to worship frame, the new religious orders founded at the end of or the beginning of the 12th century are established in the city and contribute to the religious evolution of the city.

military orders:
- the Hospitaliers of Midsummer's Day create the house of Saint-Thomas de Trinquetaille;
- the order of Templiers, founded in 1119, is in Arles towards 1142 in the north of the door of the Borough-Nine to which they gave their name ( Porte of the Militia or Porte of the Cavalry ) and in the Camargue as of the years 1160 settles then quickly.
Les two orders acquire there very great fields what involves the hostility of the patriciat arlésien and of the conflicts of property and use with monasteries.
the Cisterciens: they found an abbey in the Camargue initially with Ulmet towards 1180, then with Sylvéréal.

13th century

End of the republic of Arles

The movement of emancipation which undermined the political power of the archbishop and threatened that of the count de Provence at the end of the 12th century will continue until the middle of the century following in a different context with new belligerents. They are mainly the new aristocratic families arlésiennes, the lords of north attracted by the southernmost grounds, of kings de France with their ambitions on the Aquitaine and the Provence, of the house of Toulouse and the Germanic emperor, without forgetting the Church and the local episcopate confronted with the heresy cathare and allured, after the success of the Gregorian Réforme , by the introduction of a southernmost Théocratie. On the local plan, is added there the recurring problem of the urban capacity between the big families, the count and the archbishop, problem which becomes complicated with the political and economic aspirations classes arlésiennes.

The city thus knows at the beginning of the 13th century a series of urban disorders which will gradually oppose the whole of these protagonists, old and new, with the liking of fluctuating alliances and of the fate of the weapons.

1200-1203 - Initially a conflict between families of Provence

They are initially a conflict between the families the Beams and that of the Porcelet, between the old aristocracy of Provence and the news. This conflict which has local roots as of 1200, also results from a political process concerning the application of the treaty of 1193 relating to the county of Forcalquier. Starting from 1202, it opposes on a side Guilhem IV of Forcalquier, Raimon VI of Toulouse and the family of the Beams, and other side, the count de Provence and the Piglet. In Arles even, it degenerates into a fight between districts: the Old man-Borough of Piglet, the Borough-Nine of the Beams and the Quoted of the archbishop. The stake is the control of the Méjan, district frontier with the edges of the Rhone, the Old man-Borough and the City.

1203-1208 - Union of the nobility occitane against the threats of the Church

Then the count of Provence adopts a new anti-episcopal strategy and of alliance with the count of Toulouse insofar as it fears the political aimings of the Church, with the round of the legate Peire de Castelnau (1203). As of April 1204, Guilhem Piglet, according to the new policy of the count de Provence, is thus the witness in the town of Millau of the signature of a treaty of alliance between Pierre II of Aragon, Alphonse II of Provence and Raimon VI of Toulouse. In Arles, for the big families, the threat is done more pressing when in 1206, the archbishop increases his capacity in the city by arrongeant the right to name the consuls. Under these conditions, the Beams and the Piglet spend in July 1207 to Arles a pact with Alphonse II of Provence with which they decide to link their efforts against the archbishop of the city. In January 1208, this attitude anti-episcopal results in the murder of Peire de Castelnau assassinated by a close relation of the count de Toulouse and Piglet with the doors of Arles (probably with Fourques or Trinquetaille). Following the opportunity offered by the death of the count de Provence, Alphonse II, on February 2nd 1209 with Palermo, the conflict from now on will extend.

1209-1213 - consequences: the 1st Albigensian Crusade and the resumption of control of the city by the Archbishop

In this context more favorable to the Church, the consequences of this murder, it is the Albigensian Crusade undertaken as of the end of June 1209 by the troops led by the baron Simon de Montfort and the papal legate Arnaud Amaury who break in Provence and Languedoc. Arrived in the city about on July 15th, this army imposes its law and the party anticlerical arlésien is then severely punished: the castle of Piglet set up on the island of the Cape for example is dismantled.
La died of the count de Provence Adolphe II in Palermo and the distance of his/her son Raimond Berenger with Forcalquier, then in Aragon under the supervision of Sanche, had left the capacity orphan comtal. Thus benefitting from the situation, the suzerain of the county of Provence, the new Germanic emperor Otton of Brunswick crowned by the Innocent pope III in October 1209, names as of November English Gervais de Tilbury, a close relation of the former archbishop Imbert d' Eyguières, marshal of the kingdom of Arles resident in Arles. On his side, the day before the Battle of Low wall (September 12th 1213), the archbishop of Arles, Michel de Morèse which knew benefitted from the withdrawal of the count de Provence and the presence of the legates and crossed, manage to restore his complete domination on the city.

1214-1217 - After the failure of Low wall, the aristocracy leagues in vain against the archbishop of Arles supported by the inhabitants

In front of this situation of failure, Hugues of the Beams is combined in 1214, with Nuno Sanche, regent of Provence, and with Bertrand Porcelet against the town of Arles and its archbishop. The patriciat is indeed opposed to any shape of intervention of the Church in the urban government. It is particularly sensitive to the example provided by the consulate of Saint-Gilles in full decline under the influence of the abbot and encouraged by the emancipation of Marseilles against its bishop. By a common military action, this coalition temporarily gives again the consulate with the adversaries of the archbishop. Guillaume of the Beams approaches on its side of the new emperor Frederic II which entrusts to him in 1215, the Kingdom of Arles. After the council of Lateran of 1215 where Guilhem Porcelet advises the count Raimon VII of Toulouse, the Piglet take part in the seat of Beaucaire and the reconquest of Low Provence by the house of Toulouse in 1216. They do not manage however to rejoin the arlésiens with the cause of the count de Toulouse and to detach them from their fidelity to their archbishop. Indeed following conflict relationship between the patriciat and the other classes arlésiennes the archbishop, supported by the troops of Simon de Montfort, rejoins the large majority of the arlésiens while benefitting from these dissensions. Thus in 1217, the new elected consuls must make allegiance with the Church.

1217-1220 - Intervention of the new count de Provence who undertakes to reduce the autonomy of the big families

However, the conflict with the aristocratic party is likely to be an aubaine for the powers external to the city, in particular for the count of Provence. The young count Raymond Béranger, exfiltré from Aragon where it was retained, returns indeed to Provence in 1216 thus marking the final rupture with the Royaume of Aragon. He changes radically policy compared to his father Alphonse II of Provence and with his uncle Sanche and undertakes under the initial authority of his mother and his advisers, to reduce the autonomy of the aristocratic families while approaching the Church and while being based on the high clergy of Provence whose its representative in Arles, the archbishop Michel de Morèse deceased on July 21st 1217 is replaced by the former provost of Marseilles, CPU Béroard. In Arles, one can go back to this date the progressive decline of Piglets.

1220-1235 - In reaction, appearance in Arles of a new balance of the forces characterized by the presence of the potestats

In reaction to this attempt and encouraged by the fortune of the weapons which supports in its turn the house of Toulouse, the Piglet, the Beams and other families link their efforts between 1220 and 1235 with the oligarchy arlésienne ( République of Arles ) which starts a unit policy under the aegis of the Podestat. This form of government corresponds to a new balance of the forces and brings limitations to the prerogatives of the archbishop. Under the direction of these governors to the temporary but quasi dictatorial capacities, the arlésiens increase the territory of the commune and enter in conflict with Marseilles (towards 1228 - 1230) which also seeks to build a hinterland . The city, courted by the Emperor and the count of Provence, also has a foreign politics and makes from the agreements with close cities (Nimes…) and of the quoted Italian republics .
In 1225 - 1228, the city worrying about the power of the religious military orders, takes measures against the extension of their pastures, thus feeding a antireligieux movement which will be growing in the years which follow.
La city escapes the disorders brought by the royal troops from Louis VIII, which in spring 1226 descends the valley from the the Rhone besiege then, at the beginning of September, take Avignon which refused the passage of the Rhone to them. The city taken, the troops of the king launch out in the second crusade against the Albigensian. It is probable that suzerainty, even remote of the Emperor on the town of Arles, inevitably limited the ambitions of Louis VIII on this city more especially as the count of Provence gives his support for the crusaders, in particular at the time of the seat of Avignon.

Balance will break about the years 1232 - 1234 following the social transformations and of the surge of the richnesses which involve fights for a better allocation of profit and loads. Thus in 1234, the podestat and the archbishop conclude an agreement favorable to the average layers from the population.

1235-1238 - Then of an aristocratic gouvernememt, deeply anticlerical: the brotherhood of the buckets

But for the patriciat and the richest families of the city, the communal emancipation must take another way: that will be the Confrérie of the buckets (September 1235 - July 1238). Of primarily aristocratic origin with some enriched middle-class men, this brotherhood is directed by Bertrand and Raymond Porcelet. She is deeply anticlerical and related to the heresy cathare, the patriciat fearing the increasing richness of the religious orders and reacting to the annoyances of the Church. This movement is extremely violent with assassinations, the bag of the palate of the archbishop who must exile himself, the usurpation of ecclesiastical goods and the suppression of the ecclesiastical sacraments.
Papacy, without repudiating the archbishop of Arles, also takes its distances. She fears in particular that in the agitation of the communal movement, the inquisitorial courts can serve the political interests of the local episcopate. Thus, the pope removes the jurisdiction of the enquiry to him and in 1235, the legate Jean de Bernin, archbishop of comes names judges resulting from the order of the preachers for Provence. The Dominicains control from now on the enquiry of the county, until 1249 when it passes to the hands Franciscains.
However, missing at the same time supports in the middle middle-class, the popular classes and the low clergy and threatened of outside, the brotherhood of the buckets must capitulate. It is a retreat on the way of the communal emancipation. In spite of the compromise set up between the patriciat and the archbishop, the new agreement does not bring the appeasing and does not answer the aspirations of the middle-classes and lower arlésiennes.
This new situation is nevertheless an aubaine for the external powers; the emperor Frederic II seizes it in first by indicating as of November 1237 an imperial vicar Supramonte Loupo, then in 1238 by naming Béroard de Lorette, viceroy of the imperial kingdom with Arles like residence. These men of the emperor, like the papal legates in the opposed party, are already aguerris in Italy with the confrontations which divide the Provence. The men of Frederic are sent in the city with for mission of drawing aside at all costs the kingdom of Arles and Vienna of the influence of the local episcopate and papal legates. Béroard de Lorette which settles in Arles at the beginning of 1238 thus encourages the Confrérie traditionally anticlerical and ant-comtale which reappears in substitution of the consuls, and is made mainly responsible for the disorders who end to a new banishment of the archbishop of Arles, Jean Baussan. At the beginning of 1239, like those of the other large metropolises of Provence, Avignon and Marseilles, also shaken by revolts against the episcopal seigniories, the brotherhood of Arles east on the side of Frederic II and Raimond VII. 1239-1245 - the seizure of power by the count of Provence

The new excommunication of the emperor Frederic II, pronounced by the pope Gregoire IX on March 24th 1239, cools the heat of many fellow-members.

/to supplement…/

1245-1251 - the last sudden starts

The death of Raymond Bérenger calls in question the projections of the capacity comtal to Provence and particularly in Arles.

…

The episcopate of Jean Baussan mark a turning in the history of the town of Arles: following the disorders of 1234-1237 then especially of those of 1245-1250, the archbishop who asked for the assistance of the count de Provence in his conflict with the urban capacity, loses the majority of his temporal prerogatives on the city. The emancipation of the city is also stopped following the capitulation of the city in 1251 in front of the troops of Charles of Anjou. Indeed, the city having lost its principal guard, the emperor Frederic II, cannot prolong resistance a long time, especially when Charles of Anjou comes to put the seat in front of his walls.
C' is the end of the République of Arles which did not succeed in being released from the yoke of the bishop and the prince. Arles then loses most of its rights and its autonomy. It is despoiled of all its goods by the count of Provence which leaves him the pleasure however of it and the authority from now on is ensured by a representative of count, the viguier.

notes
- Until 1216…

Installation of the 3rd dynasty of the counts de Provence

On the political plan, the capitulation of 1251 mark a rupture in the history arlésienne.

Political decline of Arles

the installation of the administration comtale

The convention passed between the count and the city in April 1251, mark the entry of the city in a new phase of its history placed under the double sign of the tender to the new dynasty comtale (3rd dynasty comtale of Provence or Ière dynasty of Anjou of the counts de Provence) and of the defense of its privileges.
The new count sets up quickly an administration meddles and makes carry out the examination property rights big families and communities.

the administration comtale

The city loses its consuls replaced by the comtaux viguier and civils servant. The administration comtale seat with the Palate of Podestat, in the middle of the City. As in all the places chiefs of Viguerie, one finds with the head of this administration the viguier, i.e. the representative of the count who takes care of the conservation of the rights and possessions of the count, convenes and chairs the general meetings of the inhabitants and the meetings of the municipal council, ensures the role of captain of the city in charge of his defense (until in 1368). It is assisted by under-viguier. Justice is ensured by one or more judges and finances of the count are managed by a Clavaire. Four notaries and several sergeants supplement this administration.

… Recall of the investigations into the rights of the count, '

If this convention underlines the power of the prince from now on owner of all the communal goods, it leaves some mainly, according to the particular statuses of the city, the pleasure at the community. There is thus in this convention of the germs of a possible transformation of the relationship between the city and the count and the arlésiens will constantly assert this statute of adjacent ground in the county to work during more than two centuries to the widening of their privileges.

the defense of the privileges

In 1251, the count has all and the city does not have anything if these are not some privileges that it gets busy to defend bitterly. The arlésiens hear that these privileges are respected, in particular in the following fields: qualifications of the royal officers, the good performance of justice, the protection of the communal territory, conservation of the acquired tax incentives, the statute of the local Jews… These privileges are carefully consigned in the statutes of the city and systematically defended each time the comtaux officers do not respect them.

a new political center: Italy

But Provence is only one stage for the ambitious count Charles. Once its capacity strengthened, it launches out in 1266 to the conquest of the kingdom of Naples thanks to the support of the nobility of Provence within which the family of the Porcellets is distinguished. /voir impact of the Italian adventure for Arles/ Thus, the nobility arlésienne formerly proud and jealous of its prerogatives, changes and from now on will seek the honors, revenues and careers near the count. Arles and Provence then will gradually lose the central role which they hitherto had in the businesses comtales from now on monopolized by Italy.

The religious and economic development

the arrival of the orders beggars

In this context politico-monk, XIIIe century arlésien is that of the Ordres beggars which settle of number in the city, initially the Trinitaires in 1200, then the Dominicains in 1231.

economic prosperity

Lastly, on the economic plan prosperity continues, probably favoured at the end of the century by the peace and safety brought by the first dynasty of Anjou. Thus at the end of the century, Arles which extends and includes new districts in an increased enclosure, arrives at its demographic optimum of the Middle Ages with a population of approximately 15.000 inhabitants. Sign of its importance, the city intramurally has in 1300 15 churches of which 14 , that is to say more than any town of Provence.

Jacques de Molay, the large Master of the Templiers holds a meeting of the order in Arles in 1296

See too

History of Arles

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