The history is at the same time the study of the facts, the events of passed and, by Synecdoque, the whole of these facts, these events. The name originates in the Enquêtes ( Ἱστορίαι , Greek Historíai in ) of Hérodote, but it is Thucydide which applies the first of the critical methods to him, in particular the crossing of different sources and which endeavors to find the causes rational and either divine historical facts.

__TOC This article has the role to offer a general introduction to the history. The various aspects of the definition of the history are the subject of separate articles:

Periods

See also: historical Period

If the Histoire of the Earth starts with the geological formation of the terrestrial sphere and if the history of humanity starts with the appearance of the kind homo , one limits traditionally the use of the word “History” (with a capital letter) for the periods which are known for us via written sources, whatever the support of these sources and whatever the means by which they reached us. The periods for which such sources do not exist having been named, as for them, Préhistoire and Protohistoire.

The major periods of the history are, by convention:

  • Before the History:
    • the Prehistory (of the appearance of the man until the invention of the writing)
    • the Protohistoire (period intercalated of the “people without history”, i.e. posterior civilizations with the invention of the writing but by not making use; for example, the Celtic , pre-colonial civilizations of the black Africa or the “Indians” of America enter during this “time”.
  • History: (the limits given between brackets are those of traditional French historiography)
    • the Antiquité (of the first civilizations until the disappearance of the Roman empire of occident, in 476),
    • the Moyen-âge (until the discovery of America, in 1492),
    • the Modern times (until the French revolution, in 1789),
    • the contemporary Time (until our days).

a debate on the relevance of this cutting and the exact limits of each period exists. See: Question of the limits.

The discipline

See also: History (discipline)

The history, as a intellectual discipline, does not form part of sciences known as exact or hard but of sciences known as social and human , with the Sociologie, the Ethnologie, the Psychologie, etc the history also forms part of the literary disciplines as well as the Philosophie.

The history is distinguished from the Archéologie by the reference essential with the writing. And its distinction with journalism, theoretically holds so that the historian must employ files. However the concept of “immediate history” tends to make fuzzier this distinction.

Historiography

See also: Historiography

The Historiography (1550), literally “writing of the history”, is a name derived from the “historiographer”, i.e. “that which writes the history”. The name indicated originally a whole of historical works.

Several coherent whole of historical works - or “historiographies” - exists for the same period, generally offering from the different points of view on the History. Until second half of the 20th century, a “historiography” revêt often a national character , insofar as it brings back a political point of view on events. For example, it is possible to quote for the Middle Ages the Byzantine Historiographie and the franque Historiographie: those very differently present the problem of the Querelle of the Images which opposed a time the Roman Église and the Byzantine Church at the time of Charlemagne.

By extension, historiography indicated the history of the writing of the history. Set up in speciality of the historical discipline, historiography (German Geschichtswissenschaft or Geschichtsschreibung , English historical writing ) generally presents the glance of a historian on his predecessors and their work: historians and historiographies . Majority of the famous historians of the {{S|XX|E}} published at least a work with character historiographic, generally in end of a career.

Historiography deals with the same problems as methodology, but the approach of these questions is necessarily different: schematically, one can say that methodology has as an aim of study the work which the historian realizes upstream to write the history, whereas historiography sticks to the finished work of the historians. Also, historiography is often polemical. Lastly, the conclusions of the historiographic studies are generally at the origin of the methodological changes.

See too

history|history

Related articles

  • List of the national histories

  • History by topic
  • famous Historians
  • contemporary Historians
  • BP - ECB - THIS - seven wonders of the world - Little story
  • Two Wikipédia projects tries to organize a certain number of historical information according to a chronological axis:
    • the éphéméride aims at counting year per year and day per day the principal events of the world in all the fields (economic, cultural Politique , , scientific, Sport yew, etc), as well as the births and the deaths of personalities.
    • the “Line of time” or arrow of time aims at presenting the tendencies of average and long life; it includes elements which do not arise from the strictly event-driven history, such as the cultural Histoire (taken of load generally by the literary Histoire or the Histoire of art) and the Histoire of sciences and the technical . She proposes to locate the historical event in a unit at the same time synchronic and diachronic.

  • Gallery of images on the Middle Ages

Bibliography and bonds

  • Directory of treating Internet sites of the History

Works general practitioners

  • Bazin Abbot, the Philosophy of the history , 337 pages, Amsterdam, At Changuion, 1765

  • Atlas of Western civilization. Genealogy of Europe . Under the direction of Pierre Lamaison. 1994. Hachette Livre. ISBN 2-7242-8528-X
  • Large historic atlas , to dir. Georges Duby, Paris, 2006, Larousse. ISBN 2-03-583340-X
  • Historic atlas . Coordinated by R.I. Moore, with specialists in universities British (Sheffield,…). editions Fernand Nathan. 1980.
  • Christendom vis-a-vis the History. The old one and the new Will. Papacy, the Reform… the chronologies of Maurice Scratches. editions TSH. September 1999.
  • Siegfried Kracauer, " History of the penultimate things , Paros, Stock, 2006 (1966).
  • Paul Veyne, How the history is written, Paris, Seuil , 1979;
  • Collective: Christian Delacroix, François Slabbing off-cut and Patrick Garcia, History and historians in France since 1945 , Paris, ADPF, 2004. (the introductions of the work can be consulted on line on the site of “association for the diffusion of the French thought”: http://www.adpf.asso.fr/adpf-publi/folio/histoire/index.html);
  • History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development off Complex Societies. Moscow: KomKniga, 2006. ISBN 5484010020

Reflections on the History

  • Text of Jean the Round of Alembert: “Reflections on the history, and the various manners of writing it”

  • Text of Marc Pierre de Voyer, count d' Argenson “Reflections on the François historians and qualities necessary to compose the history” (1761)

Institutions

  • Site of the National school of the Charters

  • Site of the House of the social sciences
  • Department of and the Company Social sciences of CNRS

Higher education and research

  • To think the History: reflection on the program of the preparatory classes scientists 2007-2008

  • Conference on the History (video the University of all the knowledge ) on the site of Channel U: Web television of higher education and research. Of other filmed conferences is available to formats REAL and AVI.

  • the open File in Social sciences and Company on the site of the Center for the Direct Scientific paper of CNRS proposes gathers several sites offering of the resources, in particular, of the theses in history, available on the site thesis-IN-line.

  • Cyberthèses is a deposit of theses on line, fruit of a cooperative project between the Presses of the University of Montreal and the university Lumière, Lyon 2.

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