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This article relates to the treated of Utrecht of 1713, not to confuse with the treated of Utrecht of 1579).

---- The treated of Utrecht are two peace treaties which reflect fine with the War of succession of Spain. The first was signed with Utrecht the April 11th 1713 between the France and the Great Britain, the second was signed in Utrecht the July 13rd 1713 between the Spain and Great Britain.

War of succession of Spain

The Congress of Utrecht

The Congress begins in December 1712. France of Louis XIV is then with most badly, and irremediably yields ground vis-a-vis the troops of the Large-Alliance (which gathers the whole of Europe, except Spain). The victory of the marshal of Villars to the Bataille of Denain enables him to negotiate in extremis less unfavourable conditions.

The treaty is the first written in French: it inaugurates the primacy of French like language of diplomacy, until the Traité of Versailles, in 1919.

Elements of the treaties

Relegation of Spain to the second rank

The Spain is the large losing one of the war: it loses all its European possessions: Italy and southernmost Netherlands go to Savoy and Austria; its metropolitan territory even is amputee of Gibraltar and Minorque. However, the accession with the throne, of Philippe V, was synonymous with an administrative rectification. The resumption of Barcelona and the end of the war will sound like the beginning of a relative centralization. Philippe V, initially helped French advisers, then Italian, will rectify the diplomatic prestige of Spain. In particular with the retrocession by Habsbourg in 1738, of Naples, the Sicily and Parma.

Safeguard conquests of France

Spanish succession: the treaties of Utrecht recognize the small son of Louis XIV as king d' Espagne: Philippe V. If Philippe V gives up his rights on the crown of France, Habsbourg give up their rights on the crown of Spain. The Spanish Netherlands, the Milanese, Naples and Sicily return finally to Vienna (but Habsbourg will have to return to Philippe V Naples and Sicily in 1738).
European borders of France: on Right Bank of the Rhine, Louis XIV returns the cities occupied since the beginning of the war by the French Army Brisach, Freiburg-in-Brisgau, and Kehl. N the other hand, it obtains Orange Frederic I {{er}} Hohenzollern. The Valley of Ubaye, in the Alps, is attached to France. The towns of Furnes and Ypres are yielded to Habsbourg. It must also give up supporting Stuart in Great Britain and destroying the fortifications of Dunkirk. But Louis XIV safeguards his former conquests.
colonial empire of France: the Acadie (with the Canada) is yielded to Great Britain. To the Antilles, the island Saint-Christophe is yielded to the British. What will not prevent the French trade in the Antilles from being most flourishing at the 18th century. Thanks to Santo Domingo (annexed in 1697), France is on the way to become the first world sugar producer. Concerning New Ground and the Hudson Bay, Louis XIV does not yield them, since these territories did not belong to France, it does nothing but confirm their possession with the English. The modest establishment of Pleasure is left with the abandonment.

In Guyana, the treaty of Utrecht devotes the Oyapock like border with the Brésil.

These treaties devote a stagnation for France, after the reign of Louis XIV. However France remains the first military power in Europe. Its demographic potential is immense since at the time an European on four is French, and Louis XIV durably installed the French dynasty on the Spanish throne. Its colonial empire remains more important than that of the British until second half of the 18th century. Lastly, the cultural radiation of France, introduced by Louis XIV, is only at its beginnings.

Factitious rectification of Austria

Austria replaces Spain in Italy, where it takes again part of the Milanese, Mantoue, Naples and Sardinia, which it exchanges against Sicily with Savoy. It also obtains the Netherlands of the south (current Belgium).
However, this rectification is only artificial. Territorialement, since 1730 and 1738, Habsbourg will have to reassign Naples and Sicily with the Bourbons of Spain. Lastly, the rise of Prussia in 1740 will threaten the influence of Vienna in Allemagne.
Militarily, the Habsbourg power remains outclassed by the French Army, like showed it the campaigns of the French Army in Germany, in 1712 and 1713. In addition, Habsbourg must give up the crown of Spain, which belonged to their dynasty since Charles Quint, and they must recognize like final all the conquests of Louis XIV.

Declining United Provinces

Although victorious, the United Provinces do not withdraw almost anything the war. It loses even its position of mistress of the North Sea. Economically, after twenty years of ruinous wars, it starts its financial and commercial decline, with the profit of France and Great Britain.

It however obtains to occupy eight fortified towns which constitute a Barrier against France: Furnes, Ypres, Menin, Turned, Mons, Charleroi, Namur and Ghent.
The conditions are regulated by it after the death of Louis XIV, with the treated Barrier, signed the November 15th 1715 with Antwerp with Austria. The maintenance of these places proves extremely expensive for Dutch finances.

Beginning of the rise of Great Britain

Territorialement, Great Britain is seen confirming the possession of Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay. France yields the Acadie, very little populated, and Saint-Christophe in the Antilles.

It acquires a relative prevalence on the seas which border the British archipelago (the North Sea, the English Channel), at the expense of Holland. This prevalence is still reinforced by the bases of Gibraltar and Minorque, taken in Spain in 1704.

Lastly, it obtains the Monopole Asiento (milked slaves in the Spanish colonies) for 30 years.

Italy and Germany

The two areas remain divided, but the powers which will unify them at the 19th emergent century: Prussia and Savoy.

The Maison of Savoy finds the Savoy which had been occupied by France since the beginning of the war. It also obtains the Sicily, which it will exchange for the Sardinia and the royal title. Lastly, it exchanges Barcelonnette and Castle-Dolphin against Fenestrelle and the Val of Suse (Exilles, Bardonnèche and Oulx) with France.

The Voter of Brandebourg Frederic Ier Hohenzollern obtains the title of king in Prussia, high the Gueldre and Neuchâtel. But it yields its rights on Orange to Louis XIV.

Additional treaties

In addition to the treaty of Antwerp (known as of the Barrier ), in 1715, the treaty of Utrecht is supplemented the following year by the Traité of Rastatt. Signed the March 6th 1714 by the marshal of Villars and the prince Eugene, who represents the emperor of Germany, it specifies of them the modes of enforcement concerning France and the Empire.

The Traité of Bade of the September 7th 1714 extends the clauses from them to all the German principalities.

See too

Second intercolonial War

External bonds

Texte of the peace treaty enters France and England concluded to Utrecht on April 11th, 1713

Sources

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