Heresy

A heresy (of the Greek hairesis , choice, preference for a Doctrines) is initially a school of thought. The garden of Épicure was such a haieresis . The translation Latin E is secta , Secte. The Antiquité does not attach a pejorative value in these terms. The pejorative value was born in IVe century in Christian medium, of a will of religious monopoly which prohibited the free opinion.

In a Christian context, and by analogy in other contexts, the heresy qualifies a complex situation of conflict and rupture, which generally superimposes the heresy itself (doctrinal: deviance on the contents of the faith) and the Schism (disciplinary: insubordination to the legitimate ecclesiastical authority). The heresy is born from a divergence between schools on what is the truth (formulated by the Dogme). It develops at the same time on the intellectual level, by the irreducible opposition of the theses, and on the Community level, by impossibility practices " to live in frères" with holding of the other school. Lastly, it is completed by a situation of paradoxical social rupture: on both sides, it is recognized that the communion between the antagonistic parts is at the same time impossible in practice, but would remain necessary.

The faith being necessary to the hello, the Orthodoxie is capital and the Hétérodoxie makes risk the infernal sorrows. The heresy is the drama of the enemy brothers, at the same time brothers and enemies, each one asserting the authentic heritage of the Father. In this it is distinguished radically from the conflicts inter-monk.

In Christian Antiquity, the association of some of these Doctrine S with the political power (after Constantin I {{er}} for example) will also give a temporal importance to these questions.

In the Judaism

The concept of heresy sticks to many the false Messie S which strews the history with the Judaism. Most important of them is that of Sabbataï Tsevi, founder of the community called the Sabbatéens. It is contemporary parents of Baruch Spinoza.

At the 18th century, this heresy made the revolution in the Jewish communities of Europe where the Marrane S prevailed, like Amsterdam or Venice. It thus reached more the communities Sépharade S that the communities askhénazes.

See Messiahs

Culturally, the Judaism develops the doctrinal discussions and divergences, as the saying " evokes it; when two talmudists meet, there are immediately three opinions which clash ". The divergence of interpretation allowed is even encouraged as the discussions recorded in the Talmud testify some. After a long discussion, intended to pass all the cases in review, the decision of Jurisprudence is voted; the minority opinion is preserved for the case where it could appear useful.

See also: Responsae

Generally, a heresy, in the Judaïsme leads to a scission, without true consequence for the minority ones, which is always regarded as pertaining to the Judaism, except in the contemporary ultra-orthodoxe congregations. This comes from what membership of the " populate élu" appears much more, in practice, by the division of statutory values (culture and religious practice) and the conscience that these people saw under the glance of God, that by the reference to a particular dogma.

Spinoza is an extreme case. Baruch Spinoza, was declared Herem , i.e. heretic by the community of Amsterdam. However, this judgment holds more with the history of the aforesaid the community, primarily made up of marranes come from the Portugal that to the heterodoxy from the positions from Spinoza, at least until its exclusion.

In the Christianity

Starting from the edict of Constantin I {{er}} in 313, and more particularly starting from the council of Nicomédie 317 set up in court, intended to impose on Arius a first Confession of faith under penalty of Excommunication. The Dogme was thus defined like normalizes " true foi" by reaction to the " déviances" heretics.

Later, with the I {{er}} council of Nicée, is heretic a divergent Doctrine with the official teaching of a Église and with its Dogme S, as devoted by its authority (bishop, council) on the basis of of the Writing and Tradition.

Some think of being able to generalize by saying that a heresy is very doctrines contrary with designs considered established without they requiring least the " preuve" : the capacity to condemn holds place of it.

The heresy (quasi-synonymous of Hétérodoxie ) is the occasion to create a new form of Orthodoxie. In the context of the development of the Hétérodoxie S of the 2nd century and 3rd century, a heterodoxy becomes a heresy as from the moment when a Concile condemns it.

See Raoul Vaneigem resistance to Christianity. Heresies of the origins at the XVIIIe century. 1993

In the Roman Catholicism

The bubble Gratia Divina (1656) defines the heresy as “the belief, the teaching or the defense of opinions, dogmas, matter, contrary ideas with the lesson of holy the Bible, the Évangiles saints, the Tradition (Christianity) and of magistère. ” The Enquiry, emergency court charged to fight it, is the work of the pope Gregoire IX (1231).

See also: Exemplum.

In the Islam

Introduction

“Interpretations of Coran are multiple and often contradictory. Never the commentators and the interpreters of the Saint Book did not arrive unanimously on the possible readings. Because Coran lends itself to always new interpretations. Many interpretations which “were almost sacrilized” by the Tradition are, actually, of the productions of the medieval time. And interpretations which rest on the Hadith S require so that the authenticity of those is checked, some entering in contradiction with the text even of Coran.”
Ali Asghar Engineer, “In connection with the methodology of interpretation of Coran”, Moslem Studies , 2003

The Indian thinker Asghar Ali Engineer pleads so that each generation is seen recognized the right to interpret Coran with its own lighting, in the light of his own experiences.

Kâfir

The Charter of Yathrib known under the name Constitution of Médine though the words Al Medîna do not appear there, defines the recalcitrant Kâfir or .

It is excluded from the security guarantees and assistance envisaged by this pact. Inter alia, it cannot exert the revenge according to the Loi on Retaliation.

trustworthy does not kill another trustworthy to avenge one to kâfir

The called upon reason is that the to kâfir trusts neither in God, nor in Mahomet.

See also: Apostasy in Islam

Exception to the rule

“Those of the Juifs which follow us are entitled to the assistance in parity: they are not injured and one is not combined against them”

Identical formula in Coran IX: 71-73

Further in the charter:

“With the Jews, their religious law ( DIN ) and with trustworthy the their religious law which it acts their allies or themselves”

However, the document never designates these allied Jews of their proper name of tribe, but only by their relation with the trustworthy tribes and proclamations a vigilance meticulous person in their connection. At the 8th century, the Jews of Yathrib made the subject of debate and polemics rather than of a quiet agreement.

Zandaqua

The term zandaqua indicates as well, in Perse,
  • the doctrines hétérodoxes,
  • those which adhere to the Religion S previous to the Islam: Mazdéïsme, Zoroastrisme,
  • all kinds of free-thinkers materialists, generally expressing by the Poetry included/understood like atheistic.

Will be condemned under this count of indictment:

and some ulémas of which:

Fitna

  1. the Fitna means the beauty with disorder and confusion

  2. the fitna, it is the innovation
  3. the fitna is what is condemnable.

Consequently, it is recommended not to judge what Allah revealed since the closing of the doors of the Ijtihad (*) in order to avoid mislaying the believer. Recently, these provisions led a Moroccan caricaturist to be condemned by an excessive religious court.

(*) closed at the 9th century in the Sunnisme, D-open to the 17th century in the Shiism

To also see to condemn the laughter is a totalitarian drift

One is thus in front of a Aporie because each believer must adapt personally the text of the Coran

“the questioning of the social sciences as the various ideological uses which are made Koranic text, invite to a reflection on the way in which the believer adapts the Word of God. Too much often, this one is regarded as a “solidified” text, “passive”, whereas an alive faith must cause a true dialog between the reader (or the listener) and the text. It is what Rachid Benzine in an article points out that has just published the review Islam , and that we propose to you with the agreement of the persons in charge of this publication. ” Rachid Benzine, To read Coran Differently )

The Faith bahá' íe on a basis hétérodoxe Moslem, born in 1817 regularly persecuted by the Islam with the title of heresy .

List principal heresies:

See: interreligieuse List of the heresies

See too

Related articles

External bond

  • Christianity hétérodoxe.

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