Henry All Saints\' day

Biography

Born on April 30th 1847 in a small village from the the Vosges, Reopen-the-Weak, Henry All Saints' day is wire of carpenter and an embroidering-machine.

In October 1865, it begins its studies at the school veterinary surgeon of Lyon.

In 1869, it obtains there its diploma of Vétérinaire. A few months afterwards, he exerts in his school as veterinary surgeon until November 1876. At the same time, it contributes to the School veterinary surgeon de Toulouse and passes the baccalaureat to be able to postulate at a station of teaching

In December 1876, it is named professor of Anatomie, Physiologie and Zoologie at the School veterinary surgeon of Toulouse, pulpit which became later that of physiology and therapeutic.

It passes a Doctorat science to Lyon and simultaneously its doctorate in Médecine.

This last rank enables him to be named professor of Physiologie at the Medical school of Toulouse in 1878.

From 1881, its health declines: reached of a nervous disease whose exact diagnosis was never established with certainty, intellectual faculties of Henri All Saints' day worsen gradually.

He is put of availability on July 1st 1887.

The ministry for agriculture, recognizing its services rendered to science, allots a generous annual allowance to him. In spite of its health condition, the learned societies of its time do not forget it: they are shown also generous by granting several prices to him: price of the foundation Montyon (experimental physiology, medicine and surgery), price of the Bréant foundation decreed by the Academy of Science (1877, 1880, 1881), price Barber decreed by the Academy of medicine (1882), Valiant price (1883), price of Behague by the National company of Agriculture (1885), price Gegner (1889).

Thanks to these various contests, it is saved misery and a decent treatment can be to him assured at the end of its days.

After 9 years of disease, he dies at 43 years, on August 3rd 1890, surrounded of the affection and the care of his wife.

Titles and distinctions

Montyon Price of the Academy of Science for its work, in collaboration with Dr. Morat, on the " Variations of the electric state of the muscles in the various forms of contraction" (1877)
Bréant Price of the Academy of Science for its thesis of doctorate in medicine " Experimental research on the disease charbonneuse" (1880) (it also accepted the Bréant price in 1877 and 1881)
Prix Montyon of the Academy of Science for its work " Immunity for coal acquired following inoculations préventives" (date?)
Knight of the Legion of honor (1881)
Price Barber of the Academy of medicine (1882)
Valiant Price of the Academy of Science (1883)
Béhague Price of the National company of agriculture of France (1885)
Price Gegner (1889)
Member corresponding of the central Company of veterinary medicine
corresponding Member of the royal Academy of agriculture of Turin (1880)
Member corresponding of the Royal College off veterinary suckers of London (1880)
Member corresponding of the Royal Company of Medical sciences from Brussels

Chronology of work of All Saints' day

Henry All Saints' day, veterinary surgeon and young veterinary professor at the School of Toulouse, made research on the carbonaceous bacillus. It takes as starting point work of Casimir Davaine which had presented many articles to the Academy of Science on this disease.

1877

From 1877, All Saints' day makes two presentations which are read by Mr. Bouley, general inspector of the Schools veterinary surgeons to the Academy of Science.

1878

This year, All Saints' day makes many presentations to the Academy of Science, always read by Mr. Bouley.

March 18th 1878, All Saints' day presents a new article to it on the coal. It presents evidence of parasitic nature of coal and watch which the lesions of the disease are identical at rabbit, the guinea-pig and the sheep.

April 4th, 1878, Bouley makes another presentation of All Saints' day. This one shows the inflammatory action of carbonaceous blood.

April 15th, 1878, he proposes a theory of the action of the carbonaceous bacteria. July 8th, 1878, All Saints' day sends another note.

1879

In 1879, it goes in Beauce (France) to study the carbonaceous disease (also called there " blood of rate") and it publishes its results in a report/ratio addressed to the Minister for agriculture: it shows there clearly that this disease is communicated by food, that there is no spontaneous coal, and that the inoculation is always the requirement of the appearance of the disease.

In 1879, to the Medical college of Lyon, it submits a thesis which summarizes its work on coal. This memory also contains a work on the cholera of the birds of farmyard: it shows the presence of the microbe of this disease and the analogy with this one with septicaemia (another disease described at the time of Henry All Saints' day).

June 2nd, 1879, All Saints' day addresses to the Academy of Science, for the contest Bréant, its report on its " Experimental research on the carbonaceous disease. On the cholera of the birds of farmyard. Study from the point of view of the microbe parasitizes this maladie" : for this work, it receives the price the following year.

1880

Beginning 1880, All Saints' day uses in its first tests a process containing filtration of carbonaceous blood. It will give up this process because “It is a dangerous means and by no means practices, because often the filters let pass from the bactéridies that the microscope recognizes with difficulty, because they are very rare, and one kills the animals which one wanted to preserve”.

Thereafter it replaces the process of filtration by a heating with 55° degrees of the carbonaceous blood défibriné during 10 minutes, in the presence of a weak phenol concentration (0,25%).

It notes, at the beginning of May 1880, the effectiveness of heating to 55°, and notes that it is necessary, to obtain the effectiveness of its process, to renew the injection of the product once.

July 12th, 1880, Henri All Saints' day deposits a “fold sealed” with the Academy of Science: he speaks about the possibility of making acquire an immunity against coal.

August 2nd, 1880, it sends a note on the cholera of hens.

Because of the importance of the communication of July 12th, 1880 on the process of immunization against coal, and at the request of some academicians, the secrecy is quickly raised.

For this purpose, All Saints' day addresses a note on August 2nd, 1880, to require the opening of the sealed fold which it had deposited on July 12th, 1880.

It is learned there that it recommends the heating of carbonaceous blood défibriné with 55° degrees during 10 minutes. It succeeds in thanks to this process obtaining the immunity of the young dog and the sheep.

The August 6th and 8th 1880, All Saints' day organizes a vaccination with the farm of the school of Alfort to Vincennes (double inoculation of twenty sheep).

August 19th, 1880, All Saints' day makes with Rheims a communication with the congress of Association for the advance of Sciences: it speaks there about its processes of vaccination; he thinks that its vaccine has an immunizing action and postulates that this action is due either to the production of substances antibactériennes, or with the action of disinfectant (phenol) present in its process.

1881

It still publishes an article on some points relating to carbonaceous immunity and on a new process of vaccination of the cholera of hens.

But it will publish nothing any more but four articles on the Tuberculose: thereafter, because of its health issue, it will not produce any more publications.

In May 1881, with Pouilly-le-Fort, close to Melun, Pasteur carries out a great experiment of vaccination against coal on 50 sheep. It prepares two batches of 25. The first batch receives, at 15 days of interval, two injections of anti-carbonaceous vaccine prepared by Louis Pasteur and his collaborators. Then the two batches receive an injection of alive culture of carbonaceous bacillus. All the not vaccinated animals die. All vaccinated survive. Pasteur, who is not Médecin but Chimiste, is from now on famous.

In its book " In the shade of Pasteur" published in 1938, Adrien Dormouse, nephew of Pasteur, write clearly that the vaccine used during the experiment of Pouilly-le-Fort is a vaccine attenuated by the Bichromate of potassium, i.e. according to a process similar to that of the veterinary surgeon and doctor Henry All Saints' day, which had published a method of attenuation by another disinfectant, the Phenol .

Here what the nephew of Pasteur tells on the experiment of Pouilly-le-Fort:

“At the same time as he (= Pasteur) sought the attenuation of the carbonaceous bactéridie by oxygen in air, Chamberland and Roux tested the action of various disinfectants on this microbe.

They had obtained, with potash bichromate, an obvious attenuation. They inoculated two sheep with this attenuated culture, and noted, after virulent inoculation, that these two sheep were vaccinated. At the laboratory of the street of Ulm, one worked each one on his side. All, the same question, but with the particular directive of its own spirit. One spoke little about the details of the individually made experiments.

Pasteur, at this time, continued the attenuation of the viruses by oxygen in air. It was a theory which it had conceived. Oxygen destroyed the virulence of all the microbes. It is, indeed, only a long time after Chamberland and Roux obtained the authorization to publish their own experiences.

But, at the time, Pasteur was involved with the Academy of Medicine to make celebrates it experiment of Pouilly-le-Fort. Its enemies made him sign the protocol of an experiment which they did not consider possible to be realized. Pasteur, in his ardor, signed the protocol. On fifty sheep, it was to vaccinate twenty-five of them, and, in the virulent inoculation, only the witnesses who had not been vaccinated, were to die.

While returning to the laboratory where he announced the thing, his/her collaborators asked him, by making objections, from which vaccine he was going to be useful himself. He answered: “That with potash bichromate”. It is indeed that which was used. It did not have a remainder not spoken in the protocol about the average employee to obtain the attenuation.

For him, vaccination until there was secondary, and it had just taken the first place”.

Adrien Loir writes further in its book: “Later, with those which work in its laboratory and say to him that they obtained the attenuation of the carbonaceous bactéridie by a disinfectant, he (= Pasteur) answers: “Me living, you will not publish that, before to have found the attenuation of the bactéridie by oxygen. Seek it. ”.

The secret notes of Pasteur, deposited by this one with the Academy of Science, and known today since 1988, explained why in fact, it had employed the vaccine heated and attenuated with the Bichromate of potassium, following in that an idea whose All Saints' day had the priority, at least as for the publication: attenuation by a disinfectant.

In his report of experiment to the Academy, on the contrary, Pasteur declares (or in any case implies) that it is its vaccine attenuated with the Oxygène which enabled him to make a success of the experiment on the carbonaceous sheep.

Let us announce that in 1883 Charles Chamberland and Emile Roux publish a note in the Reports of the Academy of Science: they begin the article while writing: " In many research which we have make, under the direction of our Master, Mr. Pasteur, on the carbonaceous bactéridie and its germs, we were led to examine the action exerted by a great number of substances Antiseptique S. We met in this study of new conditions of attenuation of the virulence". They speak in the note about the use of Phenol and potassium Bichromate, which is processes developped at the point by Henry All Saints' day insofar as they resort to disinfectants (All Saints' day had used phenol).

On the site of the Pasteur institute, one also learns (in the biography of Chamberland, one of the collaborators of Louis Pasteur) that the vaccine used with Pouilly-le-Fort was that which had been attenuated by Bichromate of potassium.

All Saints' day had deposited well a fold with the Academy about its revolutionary Vaccin with killed germ. It will modify it by replacing potassium the bichromate, too violent, by the Phenol allowing, this time, a stable and effective vaccine. Alas, its untimely death (at 45 years) will prevent it from patenting this discovery at the appropriate time. And it is Pasteur who will benefit from it to allot the paternity of a vaccine that it did not include/understand besides, since it could not admit that a killed germ can start an immunity which, according to him, could come only from one alive form.

In the case of the Rage, it is still the heated vaccine of All Saints' day which will save Pasteur of the disasters caused by his.

Quotations

His/her colleague and friend, Mr. Lauliané, known as these some words on its tomb " All Saints' day had with the more high degree qualities which make work fertile: a singularly perspicacious intuition in the choice of the assumptions, an untameable obstinacy in the determination of the facts of experiment which were to ensure the checking of it, an ability consumed in the experimentation, an almost impeccable method. Here what it brought in its research to the laboratory.

" It is as with the thought to rent it as I want to say that it was ambitious, but of this ambition which grows that she requests, which remains legitimate until in her roughnesses, because she proceeded of the feeling which one has of his own force and which she multiplies this force.

" All that composed a vigorous personality, an intelligence éprise of its own energies and which, without going until the scorn of the thought of the others, thought more readily its clean pensée." (Lauliané)

In a marked speech on October 25th 1900, A. Chauveau, the Master of All Saints' day, expressed himself in these terms: " Many were then those which sought to arrive at the goal that All Saints' day reached the first. I was, Pasteur also. All, we had to only incline to us in front of the accomplished fact, by proclaiming some the importance. As well this fact had it all the repercussion as it deserved to have. It was worth at All Saints' day an great honor, that to attract in its laboratory, at the School veterinary surgeon, illustrates it surgeon Lister, who continued there, during some time, of research expérimentales".

Chauveau also wrote " Well sinks is the destiny of the fathers who lead the mourning of their children. It is less sad that of the Masters who see falling before them, on the battle field of the intellectual life, the pupils who made their joy and their pride.

… The diagnosis which made sink remarkable faculties of All Saints' day was ever established with a rigorous precision. The evil was not less those which continue, in a manner relentless, their work of destruction. With each one of my voyages to Toulouse, I had sorrow to note ceaseless progress of them. It came finally a moment when the arrival of the former Master did not give birth to any more any evocation from the past, none of these affectionate demonstrations, if touching in their childish demonstration, whose All Saints' day was prodigal in my connection and who stirred up until the bottom of the entrailles" (A. Chauveau).

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