Henri III of England

Disorders outside the kingdom

It should however be recalled that at that time, Louis, wire of Philippe Auguste and future Louis VIII the Lion, had been called in England by the English barons, who did not recognize any more the authority of Jean without Ground. But, as this last died, the English joined themselves the young person Henri III of England. Henri III was thus crowned with Westminster, in 1216, by the faithful last of the Plantagenêt. As the king was still young, regency échut with the count de Pembroke (1216 - 1231). In 1224, Louis VIII took from Henri III all his possessions of the continent, except Bordeaux and the Gascogne (Louis VIII legitimated its annexations by stipulating that the English barons had not met the conditions of the treaty passed with him, when they had called it in England).

The Franco-English war of 1241

In 1241, the war burst between English and French. Indeed, in 1241, Saint Louis, king de France, Maria in Saumur her brother Alphonse with Jeanne, girl of the Count de Toulouse Raymond VII. The king of France also decided to invest his brother of the Comté of Poitou and part of the Auvergne, which it had received in Apanage by his father. They went then to Poitiers, where the new count was to hold his court and to receive the homage of his vassal. One of them, Hugues X of Lusignan, refused to pay the homage. Excited by his wife Isabelle of Angouleme, the mother of king d' Angleterre, it dared to defy the count publicly, and burned the house in which this last had remained in Poitiers.

Only, Hugues X of Lusignan was not very dangerous, but it poked old rancours thus, and at this point in time Henri III promised his support to him. A little later Raymond VII of Toulouse and the kings of Aragon, Castille and Navarre decided to join king d' Angleterre.

Henri III unloaded then in France, in bottom Poitou, with much of money but few men. He met Saint Louis close to the bridge of Taillebourg, on Charente. The French were appreciably more numerous, but the English were Masters of the bridge, and their adversaries could not cross the river, too boxed and too rapid. However, Saint Louis decided to make charge these men, who inserted the English lines. The king then had to fold up himself, overcome.

The English succeeded in taking refuge with Saintes, but the French continued there. A new battle took place then, and, overcome once more, Henri III had to withdraw himself. He moved towards Bordeaux, in July 1242, giving up most of his horses and of his crews. He turned over then to England, whereas the coalition was dissolved.

Saint Louis was, fortunately for Henri III, a king magnanime. Saint Louis restored the the Limousin, the Périgord, the Agenais, the Saintonge and part of the Quercy (i.e. conquests made by Louis VIII). Henri III, in counterpart, made an official renunciation of all the confiscated provinces with Jean without Ground (i.e. conquests made by Philippe II Auguste.). The two kings signed the Traité of Paris (1259), thus making peace.

See also: Battle of Taillebourg, Treated of Paris (1259)

Disorders inside the kingdom

Henri III, just like his father, refused to respect the Magna Carta. The barons revolted then, carried out by Simon V of Montfort, count de Leicester and seneshal of the kingdom. The barons imposed on Henri III a commission of 24 members, charged to prepare the reforms claimed by the good of the State. The latter, called the mad Parliament, because of its vehemence, then presented, in 1258, the Provisions of Oxford.

The civil war

The royalty, with the provisions of Oxford, was put in supervision. The lords would not allot a right of control on the government, but the government itself. The king did not accept such a situation and called some with the weapons. The “war of the barons started then” The conflict was one moment suspended by the mediation of Saint Louis. Indeed, one called the king of France as a referee in this conflict, which handed down its judgment in January 1264, in the cathedral of Amiens. On the one hand, it broke the statutes of Oxford and the installation of the police chiefs (whom it regarded as attentatoires with royal freedom.), but on the other hand, it renewed and confirmed old freedoms of the kingdom. However, Saint Louis was not listened.
Peu of time after, the things turned badly for the crown of England. In May 1264, Simon de Montfort, Count de Leicester, overcame the partisans of the king Henri III with Lewes, and managed to capture this last and its Edouard son. Triumphing, the Count de Leicester became the Master of the England. In 1265, it convened a large Parliament, in which it made sit, beside the prelates and of noble, of simple men of the boroughs and the cities.
Mais Simon de Montfort did not remain a long time victorious. Edouard, the crown prince, managed to escape from prison, and raised in the west the royalists. The Count de Leicester faced the latter during the Bataille of Evesham, in 1265, during which it was killed.
Les in favor of Edouard, winners, then attacked the close relations of the late count, making sure of their victory.
Henri III was restored on the throne, but he did not dare to touch with the work of Simon de Montfort. He died in 1272, leaving England to his son junior Edmond, count de Lancastre, who assumed regency until the return of Edouard I {{er}} of England, his oldest son who then fought with the Eighth crusade.

Wives and concubines of Henri III

Henri III marries in 1236 Éléonore of Provence (1217-1291) girl of Raymond-Berenger V count de Provence, who gives him four children:

Edouard I {{er}} (1239 - 1307),
Marguerite (1240-1275), which marries in 1251 Alexandre III, King d' Écosse,
Béatrice († 1275), which marries Jean II, Duc of Brittany,
Edmond of Lancaster (1245 - 1296) Count de Lancastre, which marries in 1276 Blanche of Artois († 1302).

Simple: Henry III off England

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